Occupational and public health and safety in a changing work environment: An integrated approach for risk assessment and prevention

During recent years the work environment has undergone significant changes regarding working time, years of employment, work organization, type of employment contracts and working conditions. In this paper, consequences of these changes on occupational and public health and safety are examined. These include the disruption of human biological rhythms, the increase of workers fatigue due to changes in patterns of working hours and years of employment, job insecurity and occupational stress, which have a serious impact on workers’ health and may result in an increase in occupational accidents. Unsafe work practices related to workload and time pressure, the impact of work changes on public safety and the deterioration of workers’ living conditions with respect to income, social-family life, health and insurance benefits, are also described. In this context, difficulties that occur due to the changing work environment in conducting effective occupational risk assessments and implementing OSH measures are discussed (for example, frequent changes between tasks and workplaces, underreporting of occupational accidents and diseases, lack of methodological tools, etc.). A fundamental criterion used while studying consequences on health and safety and the relative preventive measures is that health and safety must be approached as ‘the promotion and maintenance at the highest degree of the physical, mental and social well-being of workers’ and not only as retention of their work ability. Limits in combining “flexibility” at work and overall protection of occupational and public safety and health in a competitive market are put forward for discussion.     

突发性环境污染事故应急系统探讨

根据突发性环境污染事故应急工作的特点，提出了突发性环境污染事故 应急系统指导原则,并对应急响应系统、应急监测系统进行了探讨。可供各地进行突发性环境污染事故应急处理时参考。     

An integrated approach to the analysis of incident causes

Root cause analysis (RCA) is a well-established method for the determination of incident causes. However, the application of the method, especially for accidents in complex socio-technical systems, encounters limitations. It cannot identify some types of causes. This article finds ways to deal with the limitations, and integrates them into the RCA procedure. It results in the proposal of the Integrated Procedure of Incident Cause Analysis (IPICA). The integrated approach is based on the integration of assumptions about the structure of safety management in the investigated process into a comprehensive picture. It offers an integrated view of various types of causes. To a necessary extent, it integrates a non-linear incident model into the RCA procedure. The example – an analysis of the Walkerton tragedy from 2000 – illustrates the application of the integrated approach. IPICA is shown to be more universal than RCA, just as effective, and not excessively complicated.     

城市小区下垫面结构对热环境的影响研究

基于Landsat TM遥感影像反演地表温度,获取下垫面覆盖信息;选取了兰州市的商业区、学校、生活区和公园4种典型小区,研究不同类型小区地表温度热场与下垫面结构的关系.结果表明,水体、绿地具有明显的降温功能,建筑地面则增温效果明显,这3种地表所占的面积比例与小区平均地表温度关系密切.在所选取的绿地结构指数中,对温度影响从大到小依次为绿地覆盖率、分离度、斑块平均面积、连通指数、形状指数和分维数,其中,分离度与温度呈现正相关,其他指数与温度呈负相关.在所有类型小区中,温度从高到低依次为商业区、学校、生活区和公园.公园的温度分布在所有类型小区中最分散,商业区最集中.     

An integrated methodology to manage risk factors of aging urban oil and gas pipelines

Aging urban oil and gas pipelines have a high failure probability due to their structural degradation and external interference. The operational safety of the aging urban oil and gas pipeline is challenged by different hazards. This paper proposes a novel methodology by integrating an index-based risk evaluation system and fuzzy TOPSIS model for risk management of aging urban oil and gas pipelines, and it is carried out by evaluating the priority of hazards affecting pipeline safety. Firstly, the hazard factors of aging urban oil and gas pipelines are identified to establish an index-based risk evaluation system. Subsequently, the fuzzy TOPSIS model is employed to evaluate the importance of these hazard factors and to decide which factors should be managed with priority. This work measures the importance of a hazard factor from three aspects, i.e. occurrence (O), severity (S) and detectability (D), and the weights of these three parameters are determined by a combination weight method. Eventually, the proposed methodology is tested by an industrial case to illustrate its effectiveness, and some safety strategies to reduce the operational risk of the pipeline are presented. The proposed methodology is a useful tool to implement more efficient risk management of aging urban oil and gas pipelines.     

An integrated off-on line approach for increasing stability and effectiveness of automated controlled systems based on pump dependability—case study: Offshore industry

Automated controlled systems are vulnerable to faults. Faults can be amplified by the closed loop control systems and they can develop into malfunction of the loop. A control loop failure will easily cause production stop or malfunction at a petrochemical plant. A way to achieve a stable and effective automated system is to enhance equipment dependability. This paper presents a standard methodology for the analysis and improvement of pump performance to enhance total operational effectiveness and stability in offshore industry based on dependability. Furthermore, it is shown how a reliability–safety analysis can be conducted through equipment dependability indicators to facilitate the mitigation of hazard frequency in a plant. The main idea is to employ principle component analysis (PCA) and importance analysis (IA) to provide insight on the pumps performance. The pumps of offshore industries are considered according to OREDA classification. The approach identifies the critical pump and their fault through which the major hazards could initiate in the process. At first PCA is used for assessing the performance of the pumps and ranking them. IA is then performed for the worst pump which could have most impact on the overall system effectiveness to classify their components based on the component criticality measures (CCM). The analysis of the classified components can ferret out the leading causes and common-cause events to pave a way toward improving pump performance through design optimization and online fault detection which ultimately enhance overall operational effectiveness.     

环境监测中如何提高水污染环境监测质量的分析

随着经济的不断发展,人类对于资源的消耗速度越来越快,使得环境正在逐渐的恶化。针对这种情况,保护环境成为了当前社会发展的重要手段。环境监测就是定期对环境中所含有的污染物进行分析,通过不断收集数据,来分析环境污染的变化,进而找出影响环境的原因。环境监测的内容包括空气、土壤等多个方面,水体监测是其中重要的工作内容,直接影响到对环境的正确评价。鉴于此,本文首先分析了水污染监测工作的重要性,然后提出了提高水污染监测质量的方法,希望能够为相关工作提供借鉴。     

基于城市火灾风险的消防站分级覆盖选址模型——以济南市区为例

为更科学规划消防站选址,实现有限资源下应急资源的合理配置,提高消防站联动效率,根据“不同火灾风险等级的需求点应得到主管消防站和不同数量增援消防站服务”的原则,提出1种消防站分级覆盖选址模型,同时使用覆盖衰减函数表示消防站对需求点的覆盖度;基于遗传算法设计消防站分级覆盖选址模型的求解流程;以济南市区为例,基于POI和火灾数据,使用核密度分析法进行城市火灾风险分级,进而对选址模型进行验证。结果表明:以覆盖火灾风险值为评价指标,分级覆盖选址模型的选址结果优于现状消防站、广义最大覆盖模型、P-中位模型和P-中心模型。     

广州城市路面径流COD污染特征分析

2006年4-7月,通过在广州市两条交通主干线上设点监测、采样分析,对城市路面径流COD污染特征进行分析.结果表明,市区和郊区路面径流COD浓度均超过<污水综合排放标准>规定的二级排放阈值;城市不同地区的COD负荷有较人差异,市区路面径流COD浓度高丁郊区,COD污染物质积累速度高于郊区;雨前干燥期是路面COD物质积累的重要影响因子;路面径流中COD浓度随降雨-径流过程呈现规律性变化,且径流COD与SS浓度具有显著相关关系;城市路面径流COD存在初期冲刷现象.     

Evaluation and improvement of a method for assessing HSMS from the resilience engineering perspective: A case study of an electricity distributor

This article presents an evaluation and proposals for improving a method for assessing health and safety management systems. This method takes resilience engineering (RE) as its underlying philosophy and was originally devised and tested in a case study of a manufacturing plant. Four main changes were proposed in comparison with the original version of the method: (a) a framework for assessing the use of RE principles more systematically; (b) guidelines for developing an action plan as a result of the assessment; (c) re-organization of the data collection tools in order to increase their ease of use; and (d) procedures for facilitating the assignment of scores to the items assessed. The evaluation of the method, which was not restricted to the changes described in this article, was conducted based on seven criteria for evaluating safety assessment tools. Both the evaluation and the impact of the changes are discussed based on a case study, in which the method was applied in a company that distributes electricity.     

基于CVM的城市突发停水事件导致居民家庭经济损失评估研究

基于停水时间长度的城市突发停水事件损失程度分类体系,采用条件价值评估方法评估了城市突发停水事件导致的居民家庭经济损失.以上海市为例,针对居民家庭在不同停水时间下可能受到的影响及采取的应对措施,采用基于条件价值评估法的连续型支付卡问卷,调查居民家庭的受偿意愿,间接估算其经济损失.结果表明,上海市居民家庭对停水1 d、2～3 d、4～7 d和7 d以上突发停水事件的平均受偿意愿分别为10.76元/(户·d)、63.20元/(户·d)、143.36 元/(户·d)和234.04元/(户·d); 突发停水1 d、2～3 d、4～7 d和7 d以上对上海市所有居民家庭造成的总经济损失分别约为0.22亿元/d、2.90 亿元/d、6.85亿元/d和11.19亿元/d; 突发停水事件中影响居民家庭经济损失的因素依次为家庭月用水量、家庭月总收入和居民家庭对突发停水事件的风险意识.本研究对完善突发停水事件应急管理体系、评估事件危害程度和提出补偿方案具有一定的参考价值.     

生态网络分析在滨海新区战略环评中的应用

以滨海新区卫星影像和规划图为基础资料,在GIS技术支持下运用景观格局分析法和网络结构分析法对滨海新区的生态网络现状、总体规划及战略规划进行评价.在考虑不同生态用地斑块间的距离和景观阻力的基础上,运用重力模型对不同斑块间的相互作用力进行定量分析.结果表明, 滨海新区2008年生态网络现状景观破碎化严重且连通性差;总体规划侧重于斑块间的廊道连接,景观连通性高,但大尺度斑块比例小;战略规划侧重于大尺度斑块的构建,但连通性较差.根据景观生态学原理,提出构建滨海新区科学合理的生态网络建议,促进生物多样性的保护.     

Workers' active involvement in the improvement of occupational safety and health in a textile enterprise--a case study.

Part of the Polish-Swedish OSHMAN project was carried out in a textile company. It aimed at implementing and improving effective health and safety management with workers' active involvement at all levels of the enterprise. The two main problems to be solved during the project were decreasing occupational risk and improving workers' poor knowledge on occupational risk. Training courses, workshops and practical activities were undertaken. As expected, there were changes in work organisation and improvement in the way workstations were looked after, which led to a decrease in occupational risk. Workers were highly committed during the project. Nevertheless it seems that more training should be directed at middle management.     

城市污水处理的优化对策及提高环境工程中城市污水处理水平

随着我国国民经济的快速发展,城市化发展的步伐也在逐渐加快,随之而来的是各种各样的环境问题,其中城市污水的处理是环境治理的重要工作之一,城市污水处理工作关系到人民的生活质量,同时也影响着我国城市化发展的整体进程,为了保证人们的用水安全,平衡环境生态与经济发展之间的关系,本文结合市环境保护局开发区分局多年来的污水处理经验,对城市污水处理的优化对策及提高环境工程中城市污水处理水平进行分析和探讨。     

关于环境监测中重金属污染现状及对策研究

随着我国经济正在不断发展,环境污染问题也在日益加剧,严重影响生态环境的稳定发展。尤其是重金属污染,会危害人们的身体健康,而且重金属一旦进入人体,就难以有效地排除。因此,相关环境部门应该重视重金属污染处理,提高环境监测的效率,制定针对性监测与处理方案,避免其影响人们的正常生活。基于此,本文分析了环境监测中重金属污染的现状,并阐述了相关对策,仅供参考。     

A rough set-based game theoretical approach for environmental decision-making: A case of offshore oil and gas operations

Environmental decision-making in offshore oil and gas (OOG) operations can be extremely complex due to conflicting objectives or criteria, availability of vague and uncertain information, and interdependency among multiple decision-makers. Most existing studies ignore conflicting preferences and strategic interactions among decision-makers. This paper presents a game theoretical approach to solve multi-criteria conflict resolution problem under constrained and uncertain environments. Uncertainties in the quantification of imprecise data are expressed using rough numbers. A multi-criteria game is developed to model a decision problem in which three groups of decision-makers (i.e., operators, regulators and service engineers) are involved. This game is solved using the generalized maximin solution concept. With the solution (i.e., optimal weights of the criteria), the rough numbers can be aggregated to an expected payoff for each alternative. Finally, the weights of upper and lower limits of a rough number are employed to transform the expected payoff into a crisp score, based on which all alternatives are ranked to identify the best one. A numerical example is outlined to demonstrate the application of the proposed method to the selection of management scenarios of drilling wastes.     

煤炭资源型城市大气环境污染损失核算研究

针对阜新市煤炭开采和环境污染现状,在借鉴环境经济学中环境价值核算方法的基础上,提出用实物量和价值量分别计算的大气污染核算方法.结合人力资本法和市场价值法等环境价值评价方法,对阜新市2010年煤炭开采造成的大气环境污染损失进行货币核算.结果表明,2010年阜新煤炭开采造成大气环境污染损失约12.660亿元,折合吨煤损失约80.09元.其中,人体健康损失最多,约占总损失的65.63％.由于所采用的某些计算方法本身具有不确定性,该计算结果只作为损失上限的参考值,未来的研究可以尝试建立配套的评估体系.