臭氧在"臭氧-生物活性炭"饮用水处理工艺中的作用研究

本文通过分析饮用水深度处理中试工艺各处理单元出水水质指标的变化研究臭氧在臭氧生物活性炭工艺中的作用。试验结果表明：在中试工艺中，臭氧具有很好的氧化、杀藻和消毒的作用；并且两级臭氧氧化分别对常规处理单元和颗粒活性炭去除污染物具有一定的促进作用。     

剩余污泥经臭氧破解后其中碳、氮和磷的变化

在臭氧对污泥进行减量的过程中,针对臭氧作用后污泥中碳、氮和磷数量的变化,对污水处理厂的剩余污泥进行了不同累计时间的臭氧作用研究,结果表明经臭氧破解后污泥中的TN没有较大改变,污泥中的TP最终呈减少趋势,破解液中的COD虽有所增加,但破解液回流到生物系统中反而可以补充反硝化过程中有机碳的不足,从而促进污水生物处理的脱氮除磷作用,臭氧的引入不仅可以减少污水处理厂的运行成本,同时可为城镇污水处理厂全面升级改造提供一定的参考。     

臭氧应用，正在普及

臭氧消毒作为一种新的消毒观念和消毒办法,经济、高效、灭菌快速、彻底。臭氧是消毒性能最强的消毒剂之一,其消毒能力超过漂白粉、二氧化氯、氯气酸、双氧水等常用的消毒剂,具有强氧化、高效消毒、灭菌等作用。与紫外线照射杀菌比较,臭氧消毒也有很大的优势。紫外线以光波辐射作用杀菌,只有光波照射到的位置并达到一定的强度时才有杀菌效果,因而在一些面积较大、空间较高的场所容易出现卫生死角。而臭氧由于是气体,扩散性好, 所以杀菌消毒彻底,无卫生死角。另外,紫外线杀菌在相对湿度60%以上时效果会急剧下降,湿度在80%以上时会发生渗透作用而使     

新西兰上空出现另一臭氧洞

与南极上空臭氧洞形成的时期大约相同,冬末春初,在新西兰和麦亏里岛上空发现一神秘的消耗平流层臭氧的臭氧洞。但是科学家们认为这一臭氧消耗与南极上空的臭氧洞没有关系。新西兰科学与工业研究部的安德鲁·马修斯说,他们正在考察一新的消耗臭氧的作用过程。他说来自热带地区的大气运动有可能引起臭氧的消耗,这些空气团带有低浓度的臭氧。     

臭氧氧化水中有机污染物作用规律及动力学研究方法

本文对臭氧氧化水中有机污染物的作用规律及氧化动力学研究方法进行了综述。臭氧是一种强氧化剂,它能通过臭氧直接反应或产生羟基自由基进行间接反应以及两者的结合对有机和无机化合物进行氧化。臭氧有选择性地氧化有机污染物,主要与双键、活性芳香系统和未被质子化的胺类发生反应,而羟基自由基则可以和水中绝大多数化合物无选择性地快速反应,臭氧动力学的研究也涉及到臭氧和羟基自由基的问题,其反应速率常数的测定多采用溶质消耗法和竞争动力学法。     

超声/臭氧氧化处理含酚废水实验研究

在实验装置上对超声/臭氧联合处理含酚废水进行了实验研究。考察了废水初始pH值、反应时间、臭氧通入量、超声功率等因素对酚去除率的影响。研究表明,超声辐射在臭氧氧化过程中起加速反应的作用,而且随着超声功率的增大,加速反应的能力增强;废水初始pH值为11时酚去除效果最佳;随着臭氧通入量的增大、反应时间的延长,酚去除率不断增大;超声/臭氧处理酚废水过程中酚的降解规律符合表观一级反应。     

臭氧污染及防治对策

臭氧在平流层可以吸收短波紫外辐射,减少对人类和动植物的伤害。而对流层臭氧是一种强氧化性的污染物。针对目前公众普遍关心的臭氧污染问题,介绍了对流层臭氧的特性及危害,概述了臭氧的来源及影响因素,并对臭氧监测技术、臭氧预报方法和防治措施等进行了阐述。     

济南城区夏季近地面臭氧浓度分析

为研究城市近地面臭氧浓度变化特征及臭氧浓度高值与气象因素的关系,于2015年夏季对济南城区近地面臭氧进行了观测与分析。结果表明:夏季大气中臭氧小时平均浓度为0.161 mg/m~3。臭氧具有明显的日变化特征,且晴天时臭氧浓度要比多云天气和阴雨时的浓度更高。高浓度臭氧的产生是多个气象因子共同作用的结果。一般晴天少云,气温较高,相对湿度较低,风速较小时,容易产生高浓度臭氧污染。     

信阳市臭氧污染天气的气象条件特征分析

信阳臭氧污染近年来呈现多发频发的趋势，为研究气象要素对信阳臭氧污染形成的的作用，利用2014～2018年信阳4个国控站的臭氧监测资料，国家气象站5年基本气象观测资料以及高空、地面实况天气图资料，通过person相关性分析研究了信阳市臭氧污染特征及其与气象条件的关系，结果表明：(1)2014～2018年信阳市臭氧污染呈波动上升态势。月变化呈现“双峰”分布的特征，4～6月、9月为臭氧污染的多发时段。日变化则表现为“单峰”分布的特征。(2)分析了信阳市臭氧污染与14时气温、相对湿度、风向风速、边界层高度以及云量等气象条件的关系，总结了信阳市臭氧污染的天气形势、影响系统及气象条件概念模型，当500 hPa为高空低槽后部的西北气流或高压脊(西太平洋副热带高压),或宽广低槽前部的西南气流，地面处于变性高压、入海高压后部或弱低压带(鞍型场)影响下，发生臭氧污染的可能性较大。为信阳市臭氧污染的预报和防治，提供了较为客观、有效的参考依据。     

美日臭氧污染问题及治理经验借鉴研究

以臭氧(O_3)为主要成分的"光化学氧化剂"是光化学烟雾的真身。臭氧污染受臭氧前体物排放及其复杂的相互转化关系控制,导致臭氧污染问题在治理过程中具有高度的复杂性和反复性,甚至成为全球性环境难题。我国城市群臭氧污染问题继PM2.5污染后日趋突出,本文探讨和总结了美国洛杉矶、日本东京等大都市在污染治理方面的经验,以期为我国构建更加全面、科学、系统的治理体系推进臭氧污染防治工作提供借鉴。     

臭氧降解有机污染物的反应机理及影响因素

论述了臭氧氧化有机污染物的反应机理,探讨了臭氧氧化反应的主要影响因素,及臭氧氧化反应器的材质要求,并对臭氧氧化技术在实践中的应用提出了基本的设计思路。     

循环冷却水处理中臭氧的杀菌作用

臭氧作为强氧化剂可以用于循环冷却水的处理中.试验研究了影响臭氧杀菌的基本因素,冷却水的pH和水温对处理效果基本没有影响.臭氧的杀菌能力取决于水中的剩余臭氧浓度,臭氧的消耗量与系统中的微生物数量有关.当水中剩余臭氧浓度为0.05mg/L和接触时间为14min时,可以使臭氧的灭菌力达99%.即在循环冷却水系统中,投加0.05mg/L臭氧,就可以控制系统中微生物的生长.由此确定了循环水处理过程中为控制系统中微生物的生长所需维持的最低臭氧浓度.     

The economic effects of stratospheric ozone depletion on U.S. agriculture: a preliminary assessment

The adverse effects of stratospheric ozone depletion on human health and welfare is a major environmental concern. One potential welfare effect is reduction in plant productivity, including agricultural crops, due to increased UV-B radiation and tropospheric ozone formation. This paper evaluates the economic effects of potential changes in crop yields due to hypothetical depletions in stratospheric ozone over regions of the U.S.A. Results suggest that increases in tropospheric ozone due to a 15 per cent stratospheric ozone depletion may cause economic losses of around 0·9 billion dollars. Combined effects of both tropospheric ozone and UV-B radiation range from 1·3 to 2·5 billion dollars. These estimates are preliminary, given the high degree of uncertainty in key plant science and aerometric data.     

石化废水深度处理用臭氧催化氧化体系的研究＊

文章就臭氧催化氧化体系在石化废水处理中的作用进行了深入研究,对催化剂载体、催化剂配伍体系以及臭氧的投加方式进行了优化筛选。根据实验,多元催化掺杂体系较一元催化体系氧化效果好,CODCr的去除率可由一元催化时的20%提高到多元催化时的33%;在臭氧的投加方式上,分段投加要优于单级投加,臭氧投加分配比例为6∶3∶1时,CODCr的去除率可由单一投加时的9%提高到分级投加时的19%。     

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: An Approach for Characterizing Tropospheric Ozone Risk to Forests

/ The risk tropospheric ozone poses to forests in the United States is dependent on the variation in ozone exposure across the distribution of the forests in question and the various environmental and climate factors predominant in the region. All these factors have a spatial nature, and consequently an approach to characterization of ozone risk is presented that places ozone exposure-response functions for species as seedlings and model-simulated tree and stand responses in a spatial context using a geographical information systems (GIS). The GIS is used to aggregate factors considered important in a risk characterization, including: (1) estimated ozone exposures over forested regions, (2) measures of ozone effects on species' and stand growth, and (3) spatially distributed environmental, genetic, and exposure influences on species' response to ozone. The GIS-based risk characterization provides an estimation of the extent and magnitude of the potential ozone impact on forests. A preliminary risk characterization demonstrating this approach considered only the eastern United States and only the limited empirical data quantifying the effect of ozone exposures on forest tree species as seedlings. The area-weighted response of the annual seedling biomass loss formed the basis for a sensitivity ranking: sensitive-aspen and black cherry (14%-33% biomass loss over 50% of their distribution); moderately sensitive-tulip popular, loblolly pine, eastern white pine, and sugar maple (5%-13% biomass loss); insensitive-Virginia pine and red maple (0%-1% loss). In the future, the GIS-based risk characterization will include process-based model simulations of the three- to 5-year growth response of individual species as large trees with relevant environmental interactions and model simulated response of mixed stands. The interactive nature of GIS provides a tool to explore consequences of the range of climate conditions across a species' distribution, forest management practices, changing ozone precursors, regulatory control strategies, and other factors influencing the spatial distribution of ozone over time as more information becomes available.KEY WORDS: Ecological risk assessment; GIS; Ozone; Risk characterization; Forests; Trees     

臭氧处理生活污水的应用研究

随着水质污染日益严重和可利用水资源减少，人们越来越重视污水回用技术的应用。传统的氯气处理工艺难以满足污水处理回用的要求，臭氧技术被认为是更适合用于未来水处理领域的新兴技术。本文主要研究臭氧对生活污水的处理。实验表明，臭氧对降低COD、去除亚铁离子等有显著的效果。     

Sensitivity analysis of ground-level ozone concentration to emission changes in two urban regions of southeast Texas

Air pollutant emission is one of the predominant factors affecting urban air quality such as ground-level ozone formation. This paper assesses the impact of changing emission inventory scenarios, based on combinations of point, mobile, area/non-road and biogenic sources, on the tropospheric ozone concentration in two southeast Texas urban areas, i.e. Houston-Galveston and Beaumont-Port Arthur, during the rapid ozone formation event (ROFE) on August 25, 2000. The EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with 1999 national emission inventory (NEI99) estimates and updated SAPRC99 chemical mechanism are used in the sensitivity analysis for twelve different emission scenarios. Based on model results, it is found that the point source emission of NOx and VOC contributes the greatest ozone peak in the ROFE. Removing Texas point sources of VOC and NOx emission from the inventory results in a reduction in peak O3 concentration by 128 and 70 ppbv in Houston urban area, respectively. Similar but less drastic impact from point source is also observed in the Beaumont-Port Arthur area. The effect on peak ozone concentration due to mobile, area and non-road sources emissions are less significant compared to that of point source emission. Reducing VOC emission appears to be more effective than reducing NOx emission in lowering peak O3 concentration in the studied region. Although biogenic emission can contribute up to 37 ppbv of peak ozone level over a large area, the affected area is away from the urban region of concern, and should not be the main cause for O3 non-attainment in the two urban areas. Removing CO emission from mobile sources does not lead to significant reduction (< 1 ppbv) in ozone concentrations. The modeled data also show that the transport of O3 precursors from adjacent states can cause a significant ozone plume near Beaumont due to its proximity to the state border based on the conditions during the August 25, 2000 O3 episode.     

Oxidation of organic impurities in the recycle and reclaim loops of ultra-pure water plants

 The oxidation of trace organic impurities in ultrapure water by ultraviolet light (UV), ozone, and the combination of UV/ozone is investigated. The emphasis is on the development of a global model to simulate the process that take place in the typical oxidation reactors used in ultrapure water plants. The study also focuses on reaction mechanism for oxidation of multi-component organic impurities. Eighteen organic model compounds are chosen as representative contaminants. The results demonstrate and confirm a significant synergistic effect between UV and ozone oxidation. A mechanism for the synergistic oxidation of organic impurities is proposed and validated with experimental data. The combination of the reaction and the reactor models is used to determine the fundamental kinetic parameters involved in the three oxidation processes. Received: 3 July 1998 / Accepted: 4 September 1998     

臭氧—活性炭技术处理石油微污染地下水*

在实验室及中试条件下研究了臭氧-活性炭技术对石油微污染地下水的处理效果。通过石油类和高锰酸盐指数两个指标,考察了臭氧投加量、pH值、过滤速率等操作参数对污染物的去除效果。结果表明:臭氧投加量和活性炭过滤速率是最主要的影响因素,pH值对处理效果影响不显著。中试条件下适宜的臭氧投加量应为8mg/L左右,最佳过滤速率在10m/h附近。采用臭氧氧化与活性炭过滤组合工艺,当进水石油类浓度在1.5mg/L以下时,出水石油类低于0.3mg/L,高锰酸盐指数低于3.0mg/L。