污染物总量控制制度与排污许可制度等环境管理制度衔接研究 ——基于海南省的实践

现行的污染物总量控制制度难以适应我国污染物排放日益复杂多样的需要。新的一轮环境管理体制改革将排污许可制度作为固定污染源环境管理的核心制度。研究总量控制制度与排污许可制度的衔接是改革工作的重要内容,有待学界探索和实践。有效整合污染物总量控制制度融入排污许可制度,将会极大提升环境管理效率和管理水平,从而进一步推进海南省排污许可制度改革的试点工作,对于全国的环境管理改革工作也有借鉴作用。基于海南省排污许可制度改革的实际情况,结合总量控制与排污许可的相关关系,本文研究提出海南省排污许可制度融合总量控制管理的对策建议。     

经济技术开发区环境管理模式的初探

本文针对我国现行环境管理制度在开发区面临的问题，提出了排污许可证制度是开发区环境管理的核心制度。探讨了开发区环境管理模式，运行及操作，突出了排污许可诈制度对各层制度的联系。     

论我国排污许可的设定:现状、问题与建议

全面推行排污许可制度是加强和完善环境风险管理、贯彻和落实新《环境保护法》的必然要求。我国现行排污许可制度存在两大问题,一是缺乏程序性、操作性的具体规定以致该制度未能在实践中落地生根、发挥应有的作用;二是地方立法和行政规范性文件逾越《行政许可法》所规定的行政许可的设定权限,存在违法设定排污许可事项的现象。欲解决当前困境,全面推行排污许可制度,最优选择是由国务院制定"排污许可证管理条例",在《大气污染防治法》《水污染防治法》所设定的排污许可事项之外根据实践需要增设一些新的许可事项;次优选择是由环境保护部制订"排污许可证管理办法",部门规章虽不能设定排污许可事项,但可以在上位法设定的排污许可事项范围内对实施该行政许可作出具体规定。     

环境影响评价与排污许可制度的有效结合研究

环境影响评价和排污许可制度作为我国重要的两项环境管理制度,是减少人类经济活动对环境影响的两个重要途径。两者需要有效结合,协同发挥作用,从而促进我国环境质量的提高和改善。本文针对如何在现行体制下将环境影响评价和排污许可制度进行有效结合提出了自己的意见和建议。     

落实排污单位主体责任,全面推进排污许可制度改革——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

《水污染防治行动计划》提出要全面推行排污许可制度。文章指出法律约束力不强、制度定位不明确、许可量核定方法不统一是现行排污许可制度未发挥效用的主要原因,进而对许可条件、许可内容、许可量核定等关键问题进行了分析。根据前述分析,文章提出推进排污许可制度改革的建议,应当构建基于排污许可的点源污染管理体系,以排放量核算为重点,结合总量控制制度、排污权交易制度,强调落实排污单位主体责任,严格执法与处罚。     

关于实施总量控制排污许可制度的几点建议

实施排污许可制度被证明是市场经济条件下进行环境管理的一种行之有效的方法，这项制度在我国一些省市开展了试点，取得了较好效果，但也存在着一些问题。本分析了当前实施排污许可制度中存在的问题，并试图从环境经济科技发展要求等方面对解决存在的问题进行一些有益探讨。     

江苏省太湖流域排污许可证制度绩效评估:以印染行业为例

国家明确提出要构建以排污许可制为核心的固定污染源监管制度体系,2017年排污许可证制度改革已初见成效.结合太湖流域社会经济和水环境管理的现实需求,该研究构建了兼顾实施过程与效果,集成定性与定量方法的排污许可证制度绩效评估方法,并以江苏省太湖流域印染行业为例,对其中的发证企业开展排污许可绩效评估.结果 表明,江苏省太湖流域印染企业对排污许可证制度的执行度较好,但在技术水平和环境管理方面仍存不足.研究结果有助于检验排污许可制度执行的成效,识别目前存在的问题并提出优化建议为管理者提供决策参考.     

中国尾矿库“环评-许可-执法”环境管理体系研究

环评管理、排污许可、环境执法是构建固定污染源环境管理体系的3项重要管理制度。对中国尾矿库目前存在的主要环境问题进行了梳理,并对尾矿库环境影响评价管理、排污许可、环保执法管理现状进行了分析。总体上尾矿库环境影响评价管理做到了科学评级、科学监管,但大部分企业排污许可证中关于尾矿库的信息不全或缺失,部分尾矿库污染防治效果有待提升。针对尾矿库制度衔接方面存在的问题提出了意见建议,指出打通尾矿库环境影响评价管理、排污许可、环保执法管理三大板块制度体系,推动环境影响评价、排污许可、执法有机衔接,是全面提升尾矿库环境管理水平的重要举措。该成果为推动尾矿库全过程环境管理提供参考。     

浅谈排污许可制实施中问题及对策建议

排污许可制是我国当前固定污染源环境管理中的一项核心制度,也是依法规范企事业单位排污行为的基础性环境管理制度。本文通过对近年来参加的排污许可证申请与核发工作的梳理,初步总结剖析了排污许可制实施中存在的问题,结合作者参与实际工作的心得体会,从加快实施立法工作、加快制定标准体系、逐步完善许可内容、加强执法监督力度、提高公众参与力度等方面提出了改进的对策建议。     

排污许可制度基层实践与顶层设计优化探索

全面实施排污许可制度,是强化排污者责任、提高固定污染源管理效能,改善环境质量的重要制度保障。本研究基于对全国多个省(自治区、直辖市)市、县两级排污许可证核发和监管部门及多家已申领排污许可证企业的广泛调研,深入分析了基层排污许可制度改革推进情况、实践经验及存在的困难,从完善法规政策、加强证后监管、优化许可证设计、推进信息化建设和应用等方面,提出了进一步探索优化排污许可制度改革顶层设计的建议。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.