挥发酚测定过程中的问题探讨

挥发酚是水和废水例行监测中的必测项目之一，目前普遍采用4-氨基安替比林分光光度法监测，因此，对该方法测定挥发酚过程中的多种影响因素进行了试验和探讨。     

浅析地表水中挥发酚测定的注意点

在测定水中挥发酚时，影响分析结果的因素很多，如测定方法的选择、样品的蒸馏，4-氨基安替比林（以下简称4-APP）的处理等，当操作不当时，均会给分析结果带来影响，因此针对性地提出了解决的办法。     

抑制测酚过程中的苯胺类杂质干扰

水样中如含苯胺类，往往使测定挥发酚的浓度偏高。因此，比较了在pH〉12和pH〈0．5两种条件下，蒸馏预处理以抑制苯胺类杂质干扰的方法，得出两法对苯胺类杂质干扰均有明显的抑制作用，而且后者操作简便、省时、省力。     

关于4-氨基安替比林萃取光度法测定挥发酚的探讨

介绍了在测定挥发酚过程中,对试剂的保存、缓冲溶液pH值的控制、各种试剂的加入顺序及萃取时间等存在的问题,并针对性地提出了解决办法.     

物化—生化组合工艺处理兰炭废水中挥发酚的去除特性分析

为解决兰炭废水中高浓度挥发酚难以去除的问题,采用物化—生化组合工艺去除兰炭废水中的挥发酚,利用气相色谱(GC)分析了在物化预处理、生化处理和物化深度处理各个工艺段的挥发酚去除特性。结果表明:经过物化预处理,挥发酚总质量浓度由3 350.88mg/L降至217.91 mg/L,去除率达到93.50%;经过生化处理,挥发酚总质量浓度降至35.73 mg/L,去除率达到83.60%;经过物化深度处理,挥发酚总质量浓度降至0.03mg/L,去除率达到99.92%。经过物化—生化组合工艺处理,出水中只检测到0.02mg/L的2,4-二甲酚和0.01mg/L的2,4,6-三氯酚。     

对挥发酚测定时预蒸馏前处理方法的改进

在实验的基础上,对测定挥发酚前处理方法进行简化,提出了采用水样与蒸馏水同时加入一次性蒸馏进行预处理。经过统计检验,该法与原法相比,不仅具有省时、省电等优点,而且有较高的精密度和准确度,与原法无显著性差异。     

间隔流动分析仪测定水中的挥发酚

介绍了间隔流动分析仪测定水中挥发酚的分析方法,实验结果表明,有证标样的测定值均在其保证值范围内,相对标准偏差为0．9％～1．4％,检出限为0．001mg／L,加标回收率在92．5％-110％之间,精密度和准确度良好,且分析速度达20个／h。     

基于多元统计方法的土壤污染物分布特征研究

为掌握某炼油化工场土壤污染物分布特征,采集某炼油化工厂10个采样点的土壤样品,对其中的9种污染物(镉、铬、汞、砷、铅、镍、氰化物、石油类和挥发酚)进行测定,进而利用因子-聚类分析和对应分析等方法对结果进行分析。结果表明:(1)研究区内土壤中砷、镍、铬、汞和镉的分布形态以自然成因为主;石油类、挥发酚、氰化物和铅的分布主要受人类活动影响。(2)石油在储存和运输过程中由于跑、冒、滴、漏等方式直接渗入土壤是导致油罐区及输油管线附近土壤中石油类含量增加的主要原因;油罐区排水沟收集的冲洗废水或降水等也易造成周围土壤中石油类及挥发酚的富集;堆放的石油加工废弃物中的铅、镉及氰化物则通过淋滤的方式进入周边土壤。     

酚醛树脂胶粘剂生产废水的物化前处理

采用酸性二步缩合-混凝法，对ρ(CODcr)=70224mg／L，ρ(挥发酚)=14200mg,／L，P(甲醛)=7480mg/L的酚醛树脂胶粘剂生产废水进行了物化前处理试验研究。第一步采用酚醛缩合方法，第二步采用脲醛缩合方法，通过试验确定了各步的缩合剂用量和工艺条件，经物化前处理的废水，CODcr去除率达79％以上，挥发酚和甲醛去除率达到99％以上，为后续处理创造了条件；缩合处理每吨废水可回收树脂16．25kg，有效地降低了处理费用。     

高酚焦化废水萃取脱酚预处理

为了降低高酚焦化废水中挥发酚的浓度，实验研究了磷酸三丁酯煤油溶液在不同条件下对高酚焦化废水进行萃取脱酚预处理的效果。结果表明，萃取时间为8min，磷酸三丁酯煤油浓度为30％，温度低于40％，pH低于8．0，萃取比（油／水）R=1：2时，经过萃取后分水挥发酚浓度由4165mg降低到127．62mg／L，去除率高达96．94％，为后续生化处理奠定了基础。而萃取剂经过氢氧化钠溶液反萃取再生后，萃取剂的回收利用率可达94．25％以上。     

真菌在含酚废水处理中的应用

含酚废水是一种典型的难降解有机废水,成分复杂,毒性较强,对环境污染严重.利用真菌处理含酚废水是一种新兴环境生物技术,逐渐成为了国内外环境工作者关注的焦点.概述了真菌降解酚类物质的研究现状和降解的主要机理及途径,介绍了真菌固定化技术在酚类废水治理的进展,并提出了真菌技术治理含酚废水的研究发展方向.     

静态顶空气相色谱法测定工业废水中的甲醛和苯酚

建立了静态顶空取样，气相色谱直接分析水产中甲醛和苯酚的方法。该方法有良好的重现性，甲醛、苯酚连续监测定6次的相对标准偏差分别为1．9％和4．7％，甲醛、苯酚的检测限分别为0.50mg/mL和0.30mg/mL，方法简便，快速，基底干扰小，适用于工业废水中甲醛和苯酚的同时，快速测定。     

共代谢基质对苯酚降解菌XTT-3降酚作用的影响

采用驯化的方法从活性污泥中分离到一株苯酚降解菌XTT-3,经16SrDNA鉴定为Sphingobiumsp.。对该菌株进行碳饥饿处理,发现其降解苯酚的能力受到抑制。以只含苯酚的M9培养基为参照,添加0.2g/L酵母膏作为共代谢基质,对XTT-3菌株降解苯酚有较明显的促进作用,36h后苯酚降解率为68%。在含0.2g/L酵母膏的M9培养基中,同时添加20mg/L邻苯二酚,XTT-3降解苯酚作用显著增加,24h后苯酚降解率达75%,苯酚降解速度达0.261mg/min。     

Characterization of microbial consortia that reductively dechlorinate 4-chlorophenol and transform phenol to benzoate enriched from estuarine sediment of Lake Shinji

Monochlorophenols were degraded to benzoate via phenol by the initial dechlorination and the subsequent conversion of phenol to benzoate in anaerobic sediment samples of estuarine Lake Shinji under methanogenic conditions. To characterize bacteria that dechlorinate 4-chlorophenol and transform phenol to benzoate, we analyzed the microbial community structure of the enrichment culture with each 4-chlorophenol and phenol by the limiting dilution method with polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene. After serial dilution of the culture, the 4-chlorophenol-dechlorinating culture consisted of two dominant bacteria, one of which was most homologous with Dehalobacter sp. In the enriched culture with phenol, minor band homologous with Cryptanaerobacter phenolicass corresponded to the transformation activity.     

Characterization of microbial consortia that reductively dechlorinate 4-chlorophenol and transform phenol to benzoate enriched from estuarine sediment of Lake Shinji

Monochlorophenols were degraded to benzoate via phenol by the initial dechlorination and the subsequent conversion of phenol to benzoate in anaerobic sediment samples of estuarine Lake Shinji under methanogenic conditions. To characterize bacteria that dechlorinate 4-chlorophenol and transform phenol to benzoate, we analyzed the microbial community structure of the enrichment culture with each 4-chlorophenol and phenol by the limiting dilution method with polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene. After serial dilution of the culture, the 4-chlorophenol-dechlorinating culture consisted of two dominant bacteria, one of which was most homologous with Dehalobacter sp. In the enriched culture with phenol, minor band homologous with Cryptanaerobacter phenolicass corresponded to the transformation activity.     

燃烧法处理酚醛废水的试验

论述了燃烧法处理高浓度含苯酚,甲醛废水的原理及技术方法。该法一次性投资代,占地少,操作简单,运作费用低。去除效果明显,同时为回收废水中酚醛的技术留有余地,具有良好的推广应用前景．     

非有机溶剂高聚物萃取分离测定水样中苯酚的研究

在酸性溶液中,利用聚乙二醇-4000对水样中的苯酚进行萃取．并在聚乙二醇-4000、氨-氯化铵缓冲体系里对萃取相中的苯酚定量测定。在实验条件下,水样中苯酚被聚乙二醇-4000定量萃取并被4氨基安替比林定量测定。该方法快速、简单、无毒、为水样中苯酚的分离测定提供了一种较好的方法。     

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol using Ag core-TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> shell (Ag@TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>) nanoparticles under UV light irradiation

Ag@TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized by one pot synthesis method with postcalcination. These nanoparticles were tested for their photocatalytic efficacies in degradation of phenol both in free and immobilized forms under UV light irradiation through batch experiments. Ag@TiO₂ nanoparticles were found to be the effective photocatalysts for degradation of phenol. The effects of factors such as pH, initial phenol concentration, and catalyst loading on phenol degradation were evaluated, and these factors were found to influence the process efficiency. The optimum values of these factors were determined to maximize the phenol degradation. The efficacy of the nanoparticles immobilized on cellulose acetate film was inferior to that of free nanoparticles in UV photocatalysis due to light penetration problem and diffusional limitations. The performance of fluidized bed photocatalytic reactor operated under batch with recycle mode was evaluated for UV photocatalysis with immobilized Ag@TiO₂ nanoparticles. In the fluidized bed reactor, the percentage degradation of phenol was found to increase with the increase in catalyst loading.     

三维电极/电-Fenton法降解苯酚

采用电-Fenton耦合三维电极法处理苯酚模拟废水,研究了活性炭作为第三电极的三维电极体系中苯酚的去除效果,重点考察了常温下初始pH值、电流强度、Fe²⁺浓度等因素对苯酚降解的影响。结果表明：在常温下,曝气速率20 L/min,初始pH=3,电流强度为0.3 A/m²,Fe²⁺浓度为0.1 mmol/L,反应时间60 min时,废水的苯酚的氧化降解率为91%,COD去除率为64%。在此条件下,三维电极/电-Fenton表现出较强的氧化能力,具有较好的去除效果,可应用于含苯酚废水的处理。     

Fe (III) supported on resin as effective catalyst for the heterogeneous oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution

FeIII supported on resin as an effective catalyst for oxidation was prepared and applied for the degradation of aqueous phenol. Phenol was selected as a model pollutant and the catalytic oxidation was carried out in a batch reactor using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The influent factors on oxidation, such as catalyst dosage, H2O2 concentration, pH, and phenol concentration were examined by considering both phenol conversion and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The FeIII-resin catalyst possesses a high oxidation activity for phenol degradation in aqueous solution. The experimental results of this study show that almost 100% phenol conversion and over 80% COD removal can be achieved with the FeIII-resin catalyst catalytic oxidation system. A series of prepared resin were investigated for improving the oxidation efficiency. It was found that the reaction temperature and initial pH in solution significantly affected both of phenol conversion and COD removal efficiency. The activity of the catalyst significantly decreased at high pH, which was similar to the Fenton-like reaction mechanism. Results in this study indicate that the FeIII-resin catalytic oxidation process is an efficient method for the treatment of phenolic wastewater.