庐山野生观赏植物资源的保护与开发利用

按园林用途对庐山的野生观赏植物资源进行了分类介绍,分析了在保护、开发和利用方面存在的问题,同时对野生观赏植物资源在我国园林生态建设方面的独特作用提出了一些建议.     

黄山市水生维管植物资源的永续利用

研究了黄山市水生维管植物资源的种类、生境、组成特点、经济价值以及外来入侵物种的概况。结果表明,黄山地区水生维管植物约有32科57属112种（包括种下分类单位）,各科亲缘关系较远,许多科仅有1属的少数种为水生的。就其永续利用提出了建议。     

民营企业参与环保建设的途径初探

本文从我国环保设施建设及运营出现的问题出发,讨论了民营企业参与环保建设的必要性和途径,并提出了促进民营企业参与环保建设相应的法律、法规和监督机制,以保证环保建设和运营的有效执行。     

人工湿地中植物的修复作用原理与应用实例

植物修复在水污染防治中具有重要作用,有着广泛的应用前景。本文阐述了水生植物在湿地污水净化过程中的物理、化学、生物等方面的作用及原理,例举了植物修复在不同水质条件下的应用实例,提出应针对植物复氧能力、植物种类选择和收割植物后续处理等方面进行深入研究。     

受污水体水生植物修复技术的应用及其发展

基于水生植物修复技术的基本特征,本文着重对其应用中的区域性、安全性、影响因素等问题及目前新型植物修复技术进行了分析探讨。     

Uptake and Engagement of Activities to Promote Native Species in Private Gardens

Environmental Management - Activities undertaken by householders in their gardens have huge potential to enhance city-wide biodiversity, but programs aimed at activating householders require an...     

The Contribution of Marsh Zones to Water Quality in Dutch Shallow Lakes: A Modeling Study

Many lakes have experienced a transition from a clear into a turbid state without macrophyte growth due to eutrophication. There are several measures by which nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the surface water can be reduced. We used the shallow lake model PCLake to evaluate the effects of three measures (reducing external nutrient loading, increasing relative marsh area, and increasing exchange rate between open water and marsh) on water quality improvement. Furthermore, the contribution of different retention processes was calculated. Settling and burial contributed more to nutrient retention than denitrification. The model runs for a typical shallow lake in The Netherlands showed that after increasing relative marsh area to 50%, total phosphorous (TP) concentration in the surface water was lower than the Maximum Admissible Risk (MAR, a Dutch government water quality standard) level, in contrast to total nitrogen (TN) concentration. The MAR levels could also be achieved by reducing N and P load. However, reduction of nutrient concentrations to MAR levels did not result in a clear lake state with submerged vegetation. Only a combination of a more drastic reduction of the present nutrient loading, in combination with a relatively large marsh cover (approximately 50%) would lead to such a clear state. We therefore concluded that littoral marsh areas can make a small but significant contribution to lake recovery.     

Amenity Values of Public and Private Forests: Examining the Value–Attitude Relationship

Public values toward forests have changed since the late 1980s, from a commodity-oriented perspective toward a more inclusive (commodity and non-commodity) orientation. This study examines the influence of four indicators of population diversity (age, ethnic background, place of residence, and gender) on amenity values of forests, environmental attitudes, and forest value—attitude correspondence. Four values of public and private forests were assessed, wood production (utilitarian value), clean air (a life support value), scenic beauty (an aesthetic value), and heritage (a spiritual value). Environmental attitudes were measured using a modified version of the New Environmental Paradigm scale. Five hundred and forty-eight randomly selected residents of households in 13 states of the Southern United States participated in a telephone interview. Age and ethnic background were found to moderate the value—attitude relationship, with the strength of the association being dependent upon the type of forest (i.e., public or private) and the forest value (i.e., utilitarian, life support, spiritual, and aesthetic). Females, younger persons (less than 43 years old), and whites reported lower utilitarian values of forests than their respective counterparts. Results are interpreted within the context of an emerging post-material society, in which a biocentric orientation to forests and the natural environment may be favored more by a younger (versus older) generation and increasingly racially diverse U.S. population. Implications for managing forests using a multiple-values (versus multiple-uses) approach are discussed.     

Integrating Nonindigenous Aquatic Plant Control with Protection of Snail Kite Nests in Florida

The endangered snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) feeds primarily on the freshwater apple snail (Pomacea paludosa) in Florida. The nonindigenous, floating water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) impede kites from finding snails. Effective control of these aquatic plants in the littoral zone of central and south Florida lakes benefits kites by maintaining open foraging habitat. However, incidental herbicide spraying of nesting substrates result in nest collapse when kites breed in nonwoody, emergent plants [cattail (Typha spp.) and giant bulrush (Scirpus validus)] in the outer littoral zone during lower lake levels. Many endangered species recovery plans and their implementation have experienced problems due to inaction and/or noncooperation by various governmental agencies and their personnel. Herein, we describe the development and implementation of a buffer zone strategy to prevent secondary impacts from an aquatic plant control program to snail kites nesting on lakes in central and south Florida. A strategy was jointly developed by personnel of five state and federal agencies to control herbicide application near kite nesting areas during the normal breeding season. Although requiring various modifications during its implementation, this cooperative effort successfully integrated aquatic plant control objectives with snail kite conservation on Lake Okeechobee during 1988. The program was expanded the following year to lakes Kissimmee and Tohopekaliga. Since the implementation of the snail kite impact preclusion program, no nest loss was attributed to incidental herbicide applications on lakes Okeechobee, Kissimmee, and Tohopekaliga.     

洞庭湖区野生动植物资源保护及开发利用

洞庭湖区野生动植物资源十分丰富,生产潜力大.但由于盲目开发、泥沙淤积和环境污染,导致野生动植物生境被破坏,生物生产力下降,并造成物种灭绝.因此,必须加强执法力度,加大投入,保护湖区野生动植物资源的多样性,采取强有力措施对洞庭湖湿地生态环境进行综合整治,建立科学合理的生物利用模式和具有湖区特色的产业结构,对洞庭湖区野生动植物资源进行可持续开发利用.     

香蒲植物在环境保护中的开发利用

我国香蒲植物资源丰富 ,但对其开发利用重视不够 ,尤其在环境保护方面的利用极少 ,资源优势尚未转化为环境优势和经济优势。加强香蒲植物资源在环保方面的开发利用 ,具有巨大的市场潜力和较好的环境效益、经济效益。     

Aquatic Nuisance Species in the New York State Canal and Hudson River Systems and the Great Lakes Basin: An Economic and Environmental Assessment

A total of 154 aquatic alien species have invaded the New York State Canal and Hudson River systems and a total of 162 aquatic species have invaded the Great Lakes Basin. Some of these invasive species are causing significant damage and control costs in both aquatic ecosystems. In the New York State Canal and Hudson River systems, the nonindigenous species are causing an estimated 500 million dollars in economic losses each year. The economic and environmental situation in the Great Lakes Basin is far more serious from nonindigenous species, with losses estimated to be about 5.7 billion dollars per year. Commercial and sport fishing suffer the most from the biological invasions, with about 400 million dollars in losses reported for the New York State Canal and Hudson River systems and 4.5 billion dollars in losses reported for the Great Lakes Basin.     

A Review of Water Level Fluctuations on Aquatic Biota With an Emphasis on Fishes in Ice‐Covered Lakes1

Abstract: The effects of water level fluctuations on fish and other aquatic biota, with an emphasis on winter water withdrawal in northern regions is reviewed. Water demands for population growth and development are adding pressure on water reserves, particularly when coupled with changing climatic conditions. Water level fluctuations can have adverse effects on the environment, most notably to hydrologic and biotic processes ranging in magnitude from the micro‐scale to landscape level. Water level management of lakes and reservoirs can affect all forms of aquatic biota. The severity of effect is dependant on the magnitude, duration and timing of the fluctuation, and the species exposed. In northwestern Canada and northern Alaska, water is withdrawn from water bodies to construct ice‐roads and other winter based developments. Biota in small, isolated water bodies are particularly sensitive to reductions in winter water levels. Water withdrawals can reduce the oxygen available to overwintering fish, while reduced water levels can reduce habitat for fish and furbearers, and freeze littoral areas killing plants, invertebrates, and fish eggs. Regulatory winter water withdrawal thresholds have been developed in the Northwest Territories and Alaska and continue to be refined as new data becomes available. The use of thresholds can help minimize or avoid negative impacts to the environment, particularly fish, from winter water withdrawal activities. Many different factors may influence the effect that winter water withdrawal has on a water body, such as basin shape, substrate and location. More research is warranted to better understand the linkages between anthropogenic and natural water level fluctuations and their combined effect on aquatic ecosystems. A general decision support system is proposed for minimizing risk to aquatic life from winter water withdrawal activities.     

山区乡镇湖库型水源保护与经济发展模式研究

在促进山区乡镇经济发展的同时,如何保护好大型湖库水源地是当地政府部门十分关注的问题.在对广东省万绿湖、湖南省东江湖和四川省升钟湖案例研究的基础上,提出保护水源以分级控制为主、经济发展以生态旅游为主、人口流动以有序迁移为主的发展保护模式.同时,以引导性发展为区域先行,环境保护规划、人口流动规划和地区经济发展规划的同时编制、同时实施、同时评估.该模式可为我国受到湖库型饮用水源大面积保护区范围影响下的山区乡镇环境经济协调发展提供一条合适的道路.     

Environmental Protection as a US National Government Priority: Analysis of Six Annual Public Opinion Surveys, 1999 – 2004

Public support for environmental protection in the US as a federal government priority has substantially dropped since 2001. Data for the years 1999?–?2004 show that the least support was from non-Hispanic white, middle-class, college educated and suburban residents. Poorer, black, and residents of large cities have become the strongest supporters. In addition, with the important exception of wanting the federal government to focus on job creation, the public is less interested in many other domestic program priorities, including crime prevention and regulating health care management. The results are not an ominous sign that the public has lost interest in environmental planning and management, but are interpreted here as a notice that there must be aggressive efforts to explain to the public, media and elected representatives that efforts are critically important to public health, job creation and economic development.     

构建我国饮用水资源保护中的公益诉讼制度

本文在对饮用水资源保护法律法规中引入公益诉讼制度的必要性分析的基础上,提出在饮用水资源保护法律调控中构建公益诉讼制度的具体措施,为我国饮用水资源法制建设进行了有益的探索.     

青海省盐湖卤虫资源的开发与保护--以尕海湖为例

通过在青海省的实地考察和对尕海湖周边植被的调查，总结出造成青海省尕海湖卤虫产量减少的影响因素，得出防治对策，并对若干卤虫开发利用的问题进行了讨论，为青海省卤虫资源的保护与开发提供参考。