天然腐殖酸对柴油在寒旱区黄土上吸附特性的影响

选用西北寒旱区黄土为供试土样,通过热力学和动力学吸附试验研究了干旱区低有机质黄土对柴油的吸附行为,以及提取的天然腐殖酸对柴油在黄土上吸附行为的影响。结果表明,无论是否加入腐殖酸,柴油在黄土颗粒上的吸附都符合Freundlich方程,且腐殖酸质量浓度对柴油的吸附量有显著影响。在27℃时,加入10 mL质量浓度为40 mg/L的腐殖酸溶液后,柴油在黄土上的饱和吸附量由12.034mg/g减小为7.407 mg/g,且吸附量随温度的升高而降低,表明吸附为自发的放热过程。描述柴油在黄土上吸附动力学的最优方程为Elovich方程,其次为双常数方程。无论是否加入腐殖酸,黄土对柴油的吸附都在短时间内达到平衡。对吸附影响因素的分析结果表明,柴油在黄土上的吸附随溶液pH值的增大而降低;黄土颗粒粒径越小,柴油在土样上的吸附量越大。     

活性污泥对菲的吸附性能及其吸附模型研究

取MBR膜生物反应器的活性污泥,探讨该活性污泥对菲的吸附性能和吸附模型。考察了污泥质量浓度、温度等对污泥吸附性能的影响,并分别用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型进行了拟合。结果表明,随污泥质量浓度增加,对菲的去除率增大,而污泥的吸附量下降;污泥质量浓度为100 mg/L时污泥的平衡吸附量为2.51 mg/g,约为500 mg/L时的3倍。温度为35℃时,污泥对菲的吸附去除率可以达到60.3%。相比于Langmuir吸附等温线模式,活性污泥对菲的吸附过程更符合Freundlich吸附等温线模式;且其吸附过程符合二级动力学方程,吸附速率常数ka2为0.091 4 g/(mg·min)。该吸附过程活化能为6.63 kJ/mol;ΔG0,ΔH=21.30 kJ/mol,表明该过程为自发吸热反应。     

好氧污泥胞外聚合物提取方法比较及其对染色剂玫瑰红B的吸附

分别采用热提法与蒸汽法对好氧污泥胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)进行了提取,对两种方法提取效果进行比较,并探讨了EPS投加量、吸附时间、温度、pH值等对吸附的影响。结果表明:采用热提法提取的EPS中蛋白质、多糖与核酸质量浓度分别为2.111 g/L、0.235 3 g/L、0.111 0 mg/L,蛋白质与多糖质量浓度比值为8.971;而采用蒸汽法提取的EPS中蛋白质、多糖与核酸质量浓度分别为2.828 g/L、0.744 4 g/L、0.247 9 mg/L,蛋白质与多糖质量浓度比值为3.800。pH值对染色剂玫瑰红B的吸附过程影响显著,适宜pH=6。随温度增加,吸附量增大,在50℃时达到最大。染色剂玫瑰红B在EPS上的吸附量随吸附时间增加而增大,初始进行得很快,在720min时达到吸附平衡。当EPS初始质量浓度为800 mg/L时,其饱和吸附量为12.61 mg/g。准二级动力方程很好地拟合了各温度的吸附动力学数据且R20.987。分别采用Langmuir与Freundlich等温吸附模型进行热力学拟合,Langmuir等温模型在各温度下的模拟方程决定系数均在0.7以下;而Freundlich等温模型各温度的模拟方程决定系数在0.81~0.98,相关性明显好于Langmuir吸附等温模型,因此吸附较符合Freundlich等温模型。     

水稻土壤组分去除有机质和游离氧化铁后对As5+吸附解吸特征的影响

采用平衡液吸附法、NaCl解吸剂解吸法研究了名山河流域水稻土原土及各粒径组分去除有机质和游离氧化铁后对砷(As~(5+))的吸附解吸特性,同时运用热力学和动力学方法,研究了去除有机质、游离氧化铁后的土壤微团聚体(0.25~2 mm、0.053~0.25 mm、0.002~0.053 mm、0.002 mm)对砷(As~(5+))的吸附解吸过程。结果表明:1)同时去除有机质和游离氧化铁后,水稻土原土及各粒径组分对砷(As~(5+))的吸附量有所减小,吸附量从大到小依次为(0.002 mm)、0.002~0.053 mm、原土、0.25~2 mm、0.053~0.25 mm。砷(As~(5+))的动力学吸附量随时间延长而逐渐降低,60 min内反应迅速,在600min达到吸附动态平衡,动力学吸附以Elovich方程拟合最佳;2)等温吸附量随砷(As~(5+))的初始质量浓度增加逐渐增加,初始质量浓度0~100 mg/L时反应快速,在砷(As~(5+))初始质量浓度达到160 mg/L时吸附趋于饱和,等温吸附以Freundlich方程拟合最佳;3)易解吸量随时间和浓度的增加而增加,易解吸率顺序与吸附量顺序相反,易解吸率也随着有机质、游离氧化铁含量的减少而增加;4)去除土壤中的有机质、游离氧化铁后,砷的吸附减少量随时间和浓度增加而增加,吸附减少量与有机质、游离氧化铁去除量呈正比。     

西北黄土对克百威的吸附特征

采用批量试验的方法研究了西北地区黄土对克百威的吸附动力学和热力学行为,并对相关影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:黄土对克百威吸附的最优动力学方程为准二级动力学方程;克百威在黄土中的吸附较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附方程;黄土吸附克百威过程中的吉布斯自由能ΔG■、焓变ΔH■及熵变ΔS■都小于0,表明黄土对克百威的吸附为自发进行的放热过程,并且吸附过程中体系混乱度减小,黄土吸附克百威的主要作用力为氢键力;pH值为4~10时,随pH值增大克百威的吸附容量减小,且pH值为4~8时减小趋势较平缓,p H值为8~10时减小趋势很大;随供试土样粒径减小,克百威在黄土中的吸附容量增大,当土壤粒径从0.45 mm减小到0.075 mm时,吸附容量由0.009 mg/g增加到0.049 mg/g;克百威在黄土中的吸附容量受其初始质量浓度影响很大,随克百威初始质量浓度增大,黄土对其的吸附容量相应增加,克百威初始质量浓度从20 mg/L增至110mg/L时,其在黄土中的吸附容量从0.080 mg/g增加至0.206 mg/g。     

新疆某石化污水库周边土壤对锶的吸附特征研究

以新疆某石化污水库周边土壤为例,采用静态吸附试验法研究土壤对Sr2+的吸附特征。通过单因素法研究初始pH值、反应温度、离子强度、时间、Sr2+初始质量浓度等因素对土壤吸附Sr2+的影响,并对吸附机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,供试土壤对Sr2+有较强的吸附能力,溶液pH值对土壤吸附Sr2+的影响较显著。在3 h左右供试土壤对Sr2+的吸附量达到最大值,3 h后吸附量略有下降,并逐渐稳定。供试土壤对Sr2+的吸附量随溶液离子强度的增加而减小;但当离子浓度大于0.2 mol/L时,土壤对Sr2+的吸附量又呈增加趋势。试验数据拟合结果表明,供试土壤对Sr2+的吸附符合Henry和Fre-undlich方程;在吸附3 h内供试土壤对Sr2+吸附基本可以用一级动力学方程描述。     

铝盐改性活性炭对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

采用铝盐浸渍法制备改性活性炭。研究了铝盐种类、浸渍液浓度和不同吸附条件对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能的影响。结果表明:采用0. 1 mol/L Al_2(SO_4)_3浸渍法制得的改性PAC吸附效果最好,Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量由0. 75 mg/g提高到4. 86 mg/g。当温度为30℃时,Al-PAC的最佳吸附条件为:投加量0. 2 g(每100m L),p H为4,吸附时间30 min,溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度由10 mg/L降至0. 45 mg/L以下,低于排放限值。吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学方程,吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程,吸附过程为以离子交换为主要机制的化学吸附。     

壳聚糖对污染土壤中吸附态镉的提取效果研究

向污染土壤中施用螯合剂可增加土壤溶液金属离子的浓度,有利于金属离子到根部而被植物吸收.选用人为污染土壤为供试样品,在土样中加入壳聚糖,通过等温吸附试验研究了壳聚糖对污染土壤中吸附态Cd的提取效果.结果表明,壳聚糖能提高土壤中吸附态Cd的解吸效率,增加解吸溶液中Cd2 的浓度.壳聚糖对污染土壤中Cd2 的吸附作用随着壳聚糖加入量的增大而增大.用质量浓度为0.4 g/L的90%脱乙酰度壳聚糖做提取液,提取液pH值为6,提取平衡时间为20 h,对Cd2 质量比为200 mg/kg的土壤,Cd2 提取率为31.8%.该吸附过程遵从一级动力学模型.研究结果可为Cd在环境中的迁移转化和治理技术等方面的实际应用提供有价值的参考.     

两种有机酸对茶园土微团聚体等温吸附锌的影响

为了明确茶园紫色土Zn容量及潜在污染状况,利用虹吸沉降和离心冻融法进行批量培养,研究区域土壤及不同粒径微团聚体等温吸附Zn~(2+)的水平,以及去除有机质和外源添加柠檬酸、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对吸附的影响。结果表明:1)以专性吸附为主的多层吸附随Zn~(2+)质量浓度增至200 mg/L总体接近饱和,吸附量从大到小依次为0.002 mm、0.002~0.05 mm、原土、0.25~2 mm、0.05~0.25 mm,游离Zn~(2+)向较小粒径富集趋势明显,去除有机质弱化了微团聚体的吸附能力;2)吸附过程为自发吸热反应,热力学Freundlich方程(R2=0.9722~0.9995)整体拟合水平优于Langmiur方程(R2=0.9505~0.9987),土壤吸附能力与有机质、游离氧化铁、CEC呈正相关;3)两种有机酸均以0.1 mmol/L为阈值,随浓度增加均表现为低浓度增强Zn~(2+)积累、高浓度加快迁移,最大吸附量呈"峰形"变化,有机酸浓度"峰值"在去除有机质后增大到1 mmol/L;在未去除有机质土壤及结构单元中,EDTA对Zn~(2+)的释放能力更优,柠檬酸能更好地吸持,大粒径微团聚体0.25~2 mm及原土随有机酸浓度变化吸附量差异明显;去除有机质使两种有机酸促进及抑制功能削弱明显。     

纳米α - Fe2O3微球对U(Ⅵ)的吸附特性研究

将海藻酸钠与纳米α-Fe2O3制成微球,用于吸附U(Ⅵ)。探讨了纳米α-Fe2O3含量、交联时间、pH值、投加量、浓度、温度等对吸附的影响。结果表明,pH值对U(Ⅵ)的吸附过程影响显著,适宜pH值为3。U(Ⅵ)在微球上的吸附量随着吸附时间的增加而增大,初始阶段(1.5 h)反应进行得很快,9 h时达到吸附平衡。当U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度为10mg/L时,其饱和吸附量为2.64mg/g。准二级动力方程很好地拟合了吸附动力学数据,且R2>0.99。吸附率与温度呈正相关,Lang-muir与Freundlich吸附等温方程均能较好地拟合固定化微球对U(Ⅵ)的吸附过程(R2>0.99),但Freundlich等温线效果更好。吸附反应中ΔG<0,ΔH>0且小于40 kJ/mol,ΔS>0,这表明吸附过程能自发进行,为吸热反应。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。