徽州非物质文化遗产分布特征及其影响因素

利用数理统计方法和GIS空间分析方法,分析了徽州非物质文化遗产分布特征及其影响因素.研究表明:(1)徽州非物质文化遗产具有类型结构齐全,类型分布差异化明显的特点,其中传统技艺类、民俗类、传统舞蹈类非遗项目挖掘保护较充分;(2)徽州非物质文化遗产空间分布上呈现"核心多,边缘少"的分布特征,形成以屯溪区与歙县为核心的2个高密度核心圈;(3)文化载体传承人数量在古徽州地域内相对富集,但内部存在明显的分布不均状况;传习基地(所)在空间上呈现地域分布不均衡的格局.最后,从地方文化和地理环境、政府的保护与管理、经济发展水平等方面分析了影响徽州非物质文化遗产空间分布的因素.     

基于文献分析工具的国内水资源管理研究论文的可视化综述

以1991~2013年CNKI数据库收录的2 263篇国内水资源管理研究核心期刊论文为数据来源,利用文献计量学引文网络分析工具CiteSpace,绘制国内水资源管理研究的知识图谱。分析了我国水资源管理研究的时间分布、机构力量分布、作者分布、期刊分布、学科和基金分布以及研究热点和趋势。〖JP2〗结果显示：中国科学院和中国水利水电等科研系统实力较强,水利水电工程学、资源科学、环境科学与资源利用是文献分布的主要学科,国家自然科学基金、国家重点基础研究发展计划（973）等是主要基金来源,宏观层面的水资源管理制度和政策研究、流域综合管理和水资源的经济属性等是目前的研究热点,最严格水资源管理制度和水生态文明建设等内容将是未来一段时间的主题     

应对气候变化技术的文献计量分析

气候变化对自然环境和经济社会发展的影响日益加剧,威胁人类可持续发展的进程。进行应对气候变化技术研究不仅可以加深人类对于气候变化科学的认知,而且可以为未来缓解和适应气候变化的政策和措施提供重要依据。本文利用文献计量方法对1988—2018年来自Web of Science数据库中应对气候变化技术研究的科学文献进行了系统的数据统计与分析,通过气候变化研究的发文历程、主要研究机构分布、研究主题的发展与演变等方面的数据揭示了现阶段全球应对气候变化技术的总体科研状况,并一定程度上预估了其未来发展趋势。主要研究结果表明:(1)在所有研究国家当中,美国和英国在应对气候变化技术领域长期处于领先地位,而中国虽然发文量和H指数相对靠前,但篇均被引频次较低,需要注重整体发文质量的提高。(2)基金资助论文在论文总数中所占比例越来越大,截止到2018年,其比例已经占到了75. 28%。(3)全球发文主要机构中,美国仍然占据了首位,而中国的主要发文机构中仅中国科学院发文量、H指数、篇均被引频次较高,中国其他发文机构还需进一步提升科研实力和在应对气候变化领域的影响力。(4)在主要研究方向梳理中,中国和全球的主要研究方向基本一致,但工程学、技术与科学和能源燃料等研究方向在中国的起步较晚、发展较慢,还需要继续加大投入,向世界先进水平靠拢。(5)从关键词随时间的变化可以看出,生物质技术、CCS技术和太阳能、风能、氢能源等可再生能源技术是应对气候变化的关键性技术,也会是未来全球的主要发展方向。     

基于Web of Science的1900～2012年长江研究文献计量分析

为了揭示有关长江研究的热点与发展动态,以Web of Science数据库为资料来源,利用文献计量学方法及TDA软件,对1900~2012年长江研究文献的发文量、国家、机构、作者、期刊、学科、关键词进行数据统计与分析。结果表明:(1)长江研究大致分为3个阶段:初步发展时期;探索时期;快速发展时期;(2)中国发表的关于长江研究的论文最多,国外主要国家及机构来自美国、日本、澳大利亚;(3)中国科学院是国内长江研究的主要机构;(4)国内外十分关注地质学、环境科学、水资源和气象学的研究。     

喀斯特石漠化治理模式研究进展

对收集到的124篇相关研究文献和专家建议的4本专著进行科学综述,通过分析发现以下特点:①从时间序列看,文献数量上下波动不太稳定,表明石漠化治理模式研究还有待进一步深入和提高;②文献主要发表在农业类、林业类、高校学报类期刊上,地质类、环境类、畜牧业类、社会类、经济类、水利工程类上发表文献篇数相对较少;③文献中以案例研究为主,理论研究较少,研究区多分布在贵州、广西、重庆、云南;④从模式类型看,关注林草植被恢复模式、综合治理模式、生态农业模式的文献数量较多,研究水土保持模式、草食畜牧业发展模式、生态移民模式、建立生态保护区开发旅游模式的文献相应较少。最后基于本文的综述研究,从治理模式的理论、研究尺度、石漠化治理生态修复基准、评价指标体系等几个方面对石漠化治理模式研究进行了展望。     

近三十年中国可持续发展研究热点、演化趋势与未来展望——基于CiteSpace知识图谱的分析

如何实现以及如何评估可持续发展一直是可持续发展理论研究与实践探讨的核心议题。回顾近三十年中国可持续发展研究,以北大核心和CSSCI认定期刊为主要文献来源,通过文献计量法与文献研究法,运用CiteSpace软件对1992—2022年中国可持续发展研究热点进行追踪与透析。研究表明：(1)中国可持续发展研究时间跨度长,拥有丰富的可持续发展研究成果。机构间合作联系相对紧密,其中部分研究机构的研究成果较为突出。(2)其研究热点主要围绕社会、经济、生态多维度及多尺度展开,集中表现在可持续发展能力评价、经济增长、环境与资源、“三农”问题、区域发展、知识经济、低碳经济和循环经济等方面的研究。(3)从总体的发展脉络和知识演进来看,中国可持续发展研究经历了概念引入与本土融合、政策实践与研究领域横向拓展、跨学科交叉与纵向深入三个阶段。三十多年来,中国全面实施可持续发展战略,在可持续发展研究的话语体系、内容体系以及方法体系上,积累了丰富的研究成果和实践经验。(4)展望未来中国可持续发展研究,社会、经济、环境和资源作为研究核心将依然是研究的重点,“双碳”目标与数字低碳经济、人类命运共同体与绿色“一带一路”、生态...     

现阶段湖北省经济发展的地域差异分析

收集湖北省各市州1994～2000年经济发展数据及其相关数据，利用GIS常用多层面复合分析和大样本数理统计相结合的分析方法，分析了湖北省近6年经济发展的地区差异规律。其结果显示：湖北省各市州的经济发展的组合方式及综合指数在地域分布上表现出明显的层次性和差异性，根据一定经济发展原则将湖北省17个市州近6年的经济发展分为劳动效益促进发展型、结构效益推拉发展型和综合发展型等三种经济发展地域组合类型；在计算其综合指数的基础上，通过叠加分析进一步揭示了湖北省各市州的三种经济发展地域组合类型与其经济发展综合指数在地域分布上并没有很好对应的事实。最后，利用灰色关联法将人均GDP和综合指数的各自地域分布作了关联分析，其得出的关联度较大，表明此种研究可行性较强。此研究结果可望为该地区的地域开发及协调地区经济发展提供有益的参考。     

江汉平原涝渍地域分异规律研究

通过五年研究，澄清了江汉平原涝渍灾害形成的原因。根据微地貌特点和涝渍状况将江汉平原涝渍地域土地分为7种类型：洲滩平地季节性洪涝地域，淤高平地季节性暗渍地域，中间平地季节性渍害地域，低湿平地渍害地域，滨湖平地涝渍地域，湖泊水面调蓄地域，碟形洼地涝渍圈。江汉平原涝渍微地域分异和演变规律主要表现在6个方面：(1)在平面上与河流呈水平带状分布；(2)在空间上呈梯度分布；(3)碟形洼地涝渍特征呈同心圆分布；(4)涝渍微地域随时间推移发生有序地演变；(5)人类活动越来越成为江汉平原涝渍地域分异的主导因素；(6)江汉平原涝渍微地域与涝渍灾害呈显著的相关性。根据江汉平原涝渍微地域涝渍发生特征，提出了因地制宜、分区开发的指导思想，并选点进行了实证开发示范，取得了显著成效。     

长江经济带城乡地域功能融合发展的时空格局与响应过程

城乡地域功能融合发展是纾解国土空间冲突的关键路径。该研究运用熵权TOPSIS、核密度估计和融合发展度模型分析长江经济带130个城市的城镇、乡村地域功能水平,以及城乡地域功能融合发展的时空格局,采用双变量空间自相关模型识别其响应过程。结果表明：(1)长江经济带各市城镇、乡村地域功能呈上升趋势,城镇地域功能形成“点-团-面”的分布格局,区域差异逐渐收窄;乡村地域功能呈“簇团”状分布格局,上中下游的地理梯度分异现象突出。(2)长江经济带各市城乡地域功能由融合过渡型向融合提升型突变发展,融合发展水平呈现下游>中游>上游的特征,由以中心城市为节点向以核心城市群为组团的分布格局演进,东西部极化加剧、省域内部差异扩大。(3)长江经济带城镇与乡村地域功能相互促进发展作用显著增强,先后历经需求融合、引导融合和自发融合等阶段,融合发展过程呈现由融合过渡到融合提升再到融合优化的螺旋式上升规律。根据研究结论提出以下建议：(1)上游地区以政策引导发展为契机,吸引下游地区资金、技术、劳动密集型产业向上游地区转移,集中资源全面推进乡村振兴,促进城镇、乡村地域功能双提升。(2)中游地区着力推进城乡一体化发...     

环境规制是否能激发绿色创新?——基于点-线-面三维框架的可视化分析

伴随生态文明建设确立为国家战略,环境规制与绿色创新日益成为学术领域研究的热点,其中最具代表性的波特假说近年来逐渐成为多领域学者们关注的重点问题,并积累了丰硕的研究成果。本文以1995—2018年Web of Science数据库中波特假说领域相关研究的文献为样本,运用可视化分析软件,基于点-线-面三维框架整理了环境规制与绿色创新、竞争力等相关主题的关键文献、历史路径和关键词聚类等内容。首先,在关键词共被引网络分析的基础上探讨波特假说研究中存在的四个热点方向,即学者们热衷于对波特假说的强版本、狭义版本以及弱版本进行检验;学者们对环境政策的研究细分至具体的政策如能源政策;倾向于利用不同类型的环境规制对企业环境创新进行验证;探究环境规制和环境创新成因之间的关系。接着,运用文献共被引关系路径分析发现两种引证关系路径,即实证引证关系路径和理论引证关系路径。最后,通过对高被引文献的共被引关系进行模块化分析,显示出了五个重要热点聚类:环境绩效与财务绩效;环境管制与竞争力;企业环境行为与环境管理;环境管制与产业区位选择;环境管制与生产效率。从而,得出了未来需要加强波特假说研究的五个方向的建议:一是文献研究对象需要扩展比较,理论支撑有待继续挖掘;二是针对企业异质性进行环境政策特性设计,灵活创新政府政策工具;三是企业主动性加强,推动形成企业层面研究新视角;四是关注跨国贸易,强化环境规制对国际碳转移和污染倾销问题研究;五是拓宽研究方法的新视角,多关注政策工具间交互影响。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.