环境监测实验室污染控制初探

针对环境监测实验室污染的产生与危害,以攀枝花市环境监测中心站实验室污染治理为实例,对环境监测实验室污染控制的意义、作用、需要解决的问题进行了探讨,并提出了相应对策和建议。     

环境监测实验室常见污染及控制措施

本文分析了环境监测过程中实验室常见污染排放物。从采样、分析监测过程中如何减少实验室污染进行了探讨,并提出对策建议。     

化学实验室通风及废气治理工程设计

目前化学实验室的废气绝大多数都是直接排放,基本上未作废气处理.集中直接排放虽在某种程度上改善了操作人员的工作环境,但直接对大气造成了污染,严重地影响了周边地区的环境.本文介绍了一种高效率、低成本的将通风设计与实验室废气治理技术有机结合的方法.     

浅议高等学校实验室中的环境污染

介绍了高等学校实验室所排放的废液、废气、废渣、过期试剂、放射性物质、生物、病毒等对环境的污染和人体健康的危害,同时提出了减少实验室污染的方法。     

盐边县巴拉河小流域区域土壤环境质量调查分析

为明确巴拉河小流域违法违规企业拆除后,区域土壤环境是否存在污染、污染种类及污染程度.对巴拉河流域长17km河沿岸1000m范围内、以及涉及该区域内的工矿企业厂界500m以内的区域的土壤环境进行调查,整体采取以250m ×250m的网格进行布点,共设470个土壤点位,采集509件土壤样品、25件平行样.根据调查取样与实验...     

环境监测实验室存在的污染及处理方法

从实验室存在的污染、“三废”处理及回收利用等方面就实验室环境保护问题进行了探讨。     

实验室环境污染治理的建议与对策

环境监测实验室,本身是起着监测污染的目的。但在监测污染,确定污染物分析污染的同时也在产生着污染,分析中必然要使用化学试剂并产生废液,其中不乏剧毒物质、致癌物等。如果直接将废液排放,将对环境造成新的污染,并且这些污染比一般污染更难处理。     

高校化学实验室污染调查及清洁生产方案的初探

高校化学实验室污染是普遍存在的现象,文章通过对成都理工大学化学实验室污染状况进行调查,在对教学计划中各系实验课程及其污染物排放情况调查基础上,又对废物的排放情况进行了统计。结果显示,危险废物排放量约为1．4t／a,占实验室污染物排放总量的43．46％,针对化学实验室污染物的产排情况及具体特点,制定了相应的清洁生产管理方案,并以将废物处理引入学生第二课堂作为创新点进行了阐述,将清洁生产技术与实验室建设管理相结合,以实现教育发展与环境保护的协调发展。     

环境监测实验室的废液处理

环境监测实验室的废液一直没有进行规范化管理，随着环境监测标准化站的建设和实验室认可工作的开展，环境监测实验室的废液污染应引起重视。文章简要阐述了环境监测实验室废液的来源及废液的收集原则，详细介绍了环境监测实验室常用有机溶剂的回收技术，提出了含不同污染物的实验室废液的处理方法。     

四川省农村环境污染的现状与保护对策

通过大量的调查、监测四川省农村的生活污染、土壤污染、畜禽养殖污染、湖库和小流域污染的现状,本文对农村环境污染分散面广、污染源种类多、污染负荷重、治理技术滞后、治理资金不足等特点进行了分析,提出了相应措施。为防治农村环境污染提供了基础数据、信息和有效途径。     

Modeling pollutant release from a surface source during rainfall runoff

Though runoff from manure spread fields is recognized as an important mode of nonpoint-source pollution, there are no models that mechanistically describe transport from a field-spread manure-type source. A mechanistic, physically based model for pollutant release from a surface source, such as field-spread manure, was hypothesized, laboratory tested, and field-applied. The primary objective of this study was to demonstrate the potential applicability of a mechanistic model to pollutant release from surface sources. The laboratory investigation used stable sources and a conservative "pollutant" (KCl) so that the dynamic effects of source dissolution and chemical transformations could be ignored and transport processes isolated. The field investigation used runoff and soluble reactive phosphorus (SP) data collected from a dairy-manure-spread field in the Cannonsville watershed in the Catskills region of New York State. The model predictions corroborated well with observations of runoff and pollutant delivery in both the laboratory and the field. "Pollutant" release from surface sources was generally predicted within 11% of laboratory KCl measurements and field SP observations. Laboratory flume runoff predictions with 15 and 26% errors for 25 and 15 mm h(-1) simulated rainfall intensity experiments, respectively, represented root mean square errors of less than 0.2 mLs(-1). A 26% error was calculated for overland flow predictions in the field, which translated into approximately a 39 mLs(-1) error. Results suggest that the hypothesized model satisfactorily represents the primary mechanisms in pollutant release from surface sources.     

Agricultural BMP Effectiveness and Dominant Hydrological Flow Paths: Concepts and a Review

We present a conceptual framework that relates agricultural best management practice (BMP) effectiveness with dominant hydrological flow paths to improve nonpoint source (NPS) pollution management. We use the framework to analyze plot, field and watershed scale published studies on BMP effectiveness to develop transferable recommendations for BMP selection and placement at the watershed scale. The framework is based on the location of the restrictive layer in the soil profile and distinguishes three hydrologic land types. Hydrologic land type A has the restrictive layer at the surface and BMPs that increase infiltration are effective. In land type B1, the surface soil has an infiltration rate greater than the prevailing precipitation intensity, but there is a shallow restrictive layer causing lateral flow and saturation excess overland flow. Few structural practices are effective for these land types, but pollutant source management plans can significantly reduce pollutant loading. Hydrologic land type B2 has deep, well‐draining soils without restrictive layers that transport pollutants to groundwater via percolation. Practices that increased pollutant residence time in the mixing layer or increased plant water uptake were found as the most effective BMPs in B2 land types. Matching BMPs to the appropriate land type allows for better targeting of hydrologically sensitive areas within a watershed, and potentially more significant reductions of NPS pollutant loading.     

POLLUTANTS ASSOCIATED WITH SAND AND SALT APPLIED TO ROADS IN MINNESOTA1

ABSTRACT: The component of snowmelt pollutant washoff due to sand and salt application to roadways in Minnesota is simulated. Laboratory methods are used to extract various pollutants from sand-salt mixtures commonly used in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area of Minnesota for keeping winter road conditions safe. Values derived in the laboratory are compared with actual snowmelt runoff values to estimate the contribution of materials application. High concentrations of solids, phosphorus, lead and zinc in snowmelt from road surfaces axe due in part to sand and salt spread to improve winter driving conditions. The source of the sand and salt appears to be influential in determining the pollutant levels. Judicious use and careful application of materials can reduce the increment of pollution due to anti-skid sand and salt applied to road surfaces.     

沈阳市某装备制造产业园地下水污染物运移模拟研究

为摸清沈阳市某装备制造产业园地下水污染运移规律,科学指导当地生态环境管理部门开展工作,以该园区为研究对象,采用有限差分法,建立了该区域地下水水流数值模型,并利用地下水数值模拟软件(GMS软件)模拟预测了连续源强和瞬态源强污染物泄漏情景下1年、5年、10年及20年后污染物在地下水中的运移情况.经计算得到结论如下:①连续源...     

The influence of metal source uncertainty on cost-effective allocation of mine water pollution abatement in catchments

In mine water pollution abatement, it is commonly assumed that known mine waste sites are the major pollution sources, thus neglecting the possibility of significant contribution from other old and diffuse sources within a catchment. We investigate the influence of different types of pollution source uncertainty on cost-effective allocation of abatement measures for mine water pollution. A catchment-scale cost-minimization model is developed and applied to the catchment of the river Dalälven, Sweden, in order to exemplify important effects of such source uncertainty. Results indicate that, if the pollution distribution between point and diffuse sources is partly unknown, downstream abatement measures, such as constructed wetlands, at given compliance boundaries are often cost-effective. If downstream abatement measures are not practically feasible, the pollution source distribution between point and diffuse mine water sources is critical for cost-effective solutions to abatement measure allocation in catchments. In contrast, cost-effective solutions are relatively insensitive to uncertainty in total pollutant discharge from mine water sources.     

Leachability of dissolved chromium in asphalt and concrete surfacing materials

Leachate metal pollutant concentrations produced from different asphalt and concrete pavement surfacing materials were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. The results showed that, in general, the concentrations of most metal pollutants were below the reporting limits. However, dissolved chromium was detected in leachate from concrete (but not asphalt) specimens and more strongly in the early-time leachate samples. As the leaching continued, the concentration of Cr decreased to below or close to the reporting limit. The source of the chromium in concrete pavement was found to be cement. The concentration of total Cr produced from leachate of different cement coming from different sources that was purchased from retail distributors ranged from 124 to 641 μg/L. This result indicates that the potential leachability of dissolved Cr from concrete pavement materials can be reduced through source control. The results also showed that the leachability of dissolved Cr in hardened pavement materials was substantially reduced. For example, the concentration of dissolved Cr measured in actual highway runoff was found to be much lower than the Cr concentration produced from leachate of both open and dense graded concrete pavement specimens under controlled laboratory study. It was concluded that pavement materials are not the source of pollutants of concern in roadway runoff; rather most pollutants in roadway surface runoff are generated from other road-use or land-use sources, or from (wet or dry) atmospheric deposition.     

An analysis of urban development and its environmental impact on the Tampa Bay watershed

Urbanization has transformed natural landscapes into anthropogenic impervious surfaces. Urban land use has become a major driving force for land cover and land use change in the Tampa Bay watershed of west-central Florida. This study investigates urban land use change and its impact on the watershed. The spatial and temporal changes, as well as the development density of urban land use are determined by analyzing the impervious surface distribution using Landsat satellite imagery. Population distribution and density are extracted from the 2000 census data. Non-point source pollution parameters used for measuring water quality are analyzed for the sub-drainage basins of Hillsborough County. The relationships between 2002 urban land use, population distribution and their environmental influences are explored using regression analysis against various non-point source pollutant loadings in these sub-drainage basins. The results suggest that strong associations existed between most pollutant loadings and the extent of impervious surface within each sub-drainage basin in 2002. Population density also exhibits apparent correlations with loading rates of several pollutants. Spatial variations of selected non-point source pollutant loadings are also assessed.     

NUTRIENT CONTRIBUTION OF NONPOINT SOURCE RUNOFF IN THE LAS VEGAS VALLEY1

ABSTRACT: A Geographic Information System (GIS) based non‐point source runoff model is developed for the Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, to estimate the nutrient loads during the years 2000 and 2001. The estimated nonpoint source loads are compared with current wastewater treatment facilities loads to determine the non‐point source contribution of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and total suspended solids (TSS) on a monthly and annual time scale. An innovative calibration procedure is used to estimate the pollutant concentrations for different land uses based on available water quality data at the outlet. Results indicate that the pollutant concentrations are higher for the Las Vegas Valley than previous published values for semi‐arid and arid regions. The total TP and TN loads from nonpoint sources are approximately 15 percent and 4 percent, respectively, of the total load to the receiving water body, Lake Mead. The TP loads during wet periods approach the permitted loads from the wastewater treatment plants that discharge into Las Vegas Wash. In addition, the GIS model is used to track pollutant loads in the stream channels for one of the subwatersheds. This is useful for planning the location of Best Management Practices to control nonpoint pollutant loads.     

The incidence of electromagnetic pollution on wild mammals: A new “poison” with a slow effect on nature?

A review on the effects of radiofrequency radiation from wireless telecommunications on living organisms and its possible impact on wild mammals are presented. Physical and technological characteristics of mobile telephone and phone masts, the scientific discoveries that are of interest in the study of their effects on the wildlife, action mechanisms on biological systems and experimental difficulties are described. Keeping in mind that electromagnetic pollution (in the microwave and radiofrequency range) is a possible source for decline of some mammal populations, it is of great importance to carry out studies on the effects of this new pollutant to wildlife. Some research types that could be useful to determine adverse health effects are proposed.     

DRY AND WET WEATHER FLOW NUTRIENT LOADS FROM A LOS ANGELES WATERSHED1

Effective watershed management requires an accurate assessment of the pollutant loads from the associated point and nonpoint sources. The importance of wet weather flow (WWF) pollutant loads is well known, but in semi‐arid regions where urbanization is significant the pollutant load in dry weather flow (DWF) may also be important. This research compares the relative contributions of potential contaminants discharged in DWF and WWF from the Ballona Creek Watershed in Los Angeles, California. Models to predict DWF and WWF loads of total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate‐nitrogen, nitrite‐nitrogen, ammonia‐nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total phosphorus from the Ballona Creek Watershed for six water years dating from 1991 to 1996 were developed. The contaminants studied were selected based on data availability and their potential importance in the degradation of Ballona Creek and Santa Monica Bay beneficial uses. Wet weather flow was found to contribute approximately 75 percent to 90 percent of the total annual flow volume discharged by the Ballona Creek Watershed. Pollutant loads are also predominantly due to WWF, but during the dry season, DWF is a more significant contributor. Wet weather flow accounts for 67 to 98 percent of the annual load of the constituents studied. During the dry season, however, the portion attributable to DWF increases to greater than 40 percent for all constituents except biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids. When individual catchments within the watershed are considered, the DWF pollutant load from the largest catchment is similar to the WWF pollutant load in two other major catchments. This research indicates WWF is the most significant source of nonpoint source pollution load on an annual basis, but management of the effects of the nonpoint source pollutant load should consider the seasonal importance of DWF.