泡沫镍负载改性TiO_2降解甲醛

为了消除甲醛气体对人类的危害,对甲醛气体的光催化降解行为进行了研究。采用沉淀-胶溶法制得了具可见光活性的纳米TiO2溶胶,然后将其负载于经过预处理的泡沫镍板上,置于自置的光催化反应器中,考察了在可见光照射下对密闭空间里面一定浓度的甲醛气体的降解情况。采用乙酰丙酮分光光度法,在最佳的检测条件下检测气相中甲醛气体经不同光照时间后的浓度。研究发现,负载了氮掺杂改性的TiO2的泡沫镍板在可见光照射下能够有效降解气相中的甲醛,反应240 min后对甲醛气体的降解率为93%;而同样条件下反应器中只有处理过的泡沫镍板时,甲醛气体浓度基本保持不变。     

固定沼泽红假单胞菌构建悬浮式生物反应器对室内甲醛的去除

利用海藻酸钠及羧甲基纤维素包埋沼泽红假单胞菌海绵作为吸附剂,对甲醛进行吸收处理,其动力学行为与多孔材料相似。用这种海绵组装悬浮式生物反应器,考察其去除室内甲醛污染的性能,结果表明,海绵体积和进风量是影响反应器甲醛净化效率的关键因素。装入6L海绵和6L水的反应器在进风量最大(7.8m~3·min~(-1))时,对室内空气污染浓度为2.0mg·m~(-3)甲醛的净化效率约为80%。分析水箱水溶液甲醛浓度的变化,结果表明,含有甲醛的空气吹入反应器后溶解于水,然后被包埋的光合菌吸收。反应器在污染甲醛浓度为3.5 mg·m~(-3)的试剂室内运行过程中,其甲醛去除率逐渐上升,室内污染甲醛浓度逐渐降低,运行31d后室内甲醛浓度降为0.04mg·m~(-3)(低于国标值),其净化甲醛污染的CADR(clean air delivery rate)值达到481.4m~3·h~(-1),沼泽红假单胞菌细胞的存活率为98%,说明固定沼泽红假单胞菌具有应用于室内甲醛污染去除的应用潜力。     

室内有害气体的通风净化效应

室内装修材料和家具释放的有害气体严重恶化了室内空气品质,其中甲醛对人体危害尤为突出,而室内通风是清除甲醛行之有效的办法。测试了室内甲醛释放源的释放强度规律,并建立了新装修室内甲醛通风净化的空气动力学模型,数值计算分析了通风情况下室内甲醛的浓度分布特征。结果表明:(1)室内地板和家具的甲醛释放强度均随测试时间呈指数减小;(2)同一通风风速下,装修后第30天时的甲醛浓度较大区域明显减少;(3)在室内人坐姿和站姿呼吸高度(约1.2、1.7m)处,无论风速大小,装修后通风一段时间后室内甲醛浓度均减小,且较低位置(1.2m)甲醛浓度减小更明显;(4)在同种气流组织形式下,较小和较大的通风风速对室内甲醛通风净化效果均不理想,对本研究模型而言,以通风风速2m/s左右时对室内甲醛净化效果较好。     

膜吸收法处理高浓度甲醛废气资源化技术研究

采用疏水性中空纤维膜接触器,以NaHSO₃为吸收液处理高浓度甲醛废气。研究了吸收液流量、吸收液温度、吸收液浓度、气体进口流量和气体进口浓度等因素对甲醛去除率和总传质系数的影响。结果表明,当吸收液流量为4.17×10^-6m³/s,吸收液温度为60℃,甲醛进气流量为3.7×10^-6m³/s,甲醛进气浓度为566 mg/m³时,甲醛出气浓度可低至2.8 mg/m³,甲醛的去除率可达99.5%,总传质系数为4.46×10^-5m/s。反应产物（ɑ-羟基磺酸钠）易分离,并可作为重要的有机合成原料或用于制备高纯甲醛而得到充分利用,NaHSO₃溶液经适当稀释后仍可作为吸收液循环使用。表明膜吸收法可基本实现高浓度甲醛废气处理的资源化。     

几种观叶植物对室内污染物的净化效果研究

为了寻求减少室内空气污染物的措施和技术,我们用吊兰、虎尾兰、君子兰和橡皮树做为试材,开展一系列有针对性的试验.结果表明,这4种室内观叶植物都能吸收室内有毒有害气体,但作用效果差异明显.虎尾兰效果最佳,7 d内室内甲醛总量的减少率比对照多64.6%,二甲苯总量的减少率比对照多61.4%,总挥发性有机物(TVOC)总量的减少率比对照多64.8%;而橡皮树的作用效果最差.     

新装修居室中大芯板释放甲醛的研究

采用环境舱模拟室内微环境,以大芯板作为研究对象,探讨空气交换率、相对湿度、温度等因素对室内甲醛释放的影响,得出室内甲醛释放规律.研究成果对预测室内甲醛浓度,建立室内甲醛释放模型,以及减少甲醛危害等有重要意义.     

室内甲醛污染治理实验研究

针对装修所带来的室内甲醛污染危害,采用活性炭、甲醛清除剂来去除室内甲醛,并对其去除效果、影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,在活性炭、甲醛清除剂最佳使用量下,甲醛清除剂的去除率显著高于活性炭去除率,且持久性较好;最佳量的甲醛清除剂在治理不同板材所含的甲醛时,中密度板的甲醛去除率均高于木板、细木工板和装饰单面贴面胶合板的去除率;环境温度升高时,甲醛清除剂其去除效率有所降低。甲醛清除剂对室内甲醛有明显的去除。     

模拟室内环境下掺杂TiO_2纳米晶体的光催化性能

采用环境测试舱模拟可见光下的室内环境,以甲醛气体的光催化降解为探针反应,评价了通过溶胶-凝胶法分别制备的8种（银Ag、铜Cu、铁Fe、钨W、铈Ce、镧La、硫S和氯C l）掺杂TiO2纳米晶体的光催化活性及对甲醛气体的去除效果。用X射线衍射、激光粒度分析和紫外-可见分光光谱表征了掺杂钠米TiO2的微晶尺寸、晶体结构与光学性能。结果表明,Cu掺杂可以提高TiO2对氧的吸附能力,减少纳米粒子表面光生电子与光生空穴的复合,使TiO2的光吸收带边发生红移且有利于对可见光的吸收,从而使Cu掺杂TiO2在模拟室内环境下光催化甲醛气体的能力得到明显提高。     

模拟室内环境下掺杂TiO2纳米晶体的光催化性能

采用环境测试舱模拟可见光下的室内环境,以甲醛气体的光催化降解为探针反应,评价了通过溶胶-凝胶法分别制备的8种(银Ag、铜Cu、铁Fe、钨W、铈Ce、镧La、硫S和氯C1)掺杂TiO2纳米晶体的光催化活性及对甲醛气体的去除效果.用X射线衍射、激光粒度分析和紫外-可见分光光谱表征了掺杂钠米TiO2的微晶尺寸、晶体结构与光学性能.结果表明,Cu掺杂可以提高TiO2对氧的吸附能力,减少纳米粒子表面光生电子与光生空穴的复合,使TiO2的光吸收带边发生红移且有利于对可见光的吸收,从而使Cu掺杂TiO2在模拟室内环境下光催化甲醛气体的能力得到明显提高.     

活性炭纤维负载TiO_2光催化降解甲醛的影响因素

利用自制光催化气体反应器体系,以活性炭纤维负载TiO2作催化剂,在紫外光照射下模拟降解室内污染气体甲醛,测试了活性炭纤维负载TiO2催化剂的催化活性,探讨了紫外光光强、催化剂的酸度、反应器内湿度及反应时间等控制反应的主要因素对甲醛降解率的影响.结果表明,活性炭纤维与TiO2的协同作用大大提高了对甲醛的降解效果;紫外光强增倍对甲醛降解率有一定提高,但提高幅度仅为11.71%;活性炭纤维用pH=5的TiO2溶胶浸泡做催化剂对甲醛的降解效果最好,60 min内降解率达到68.37%;反应器内的湿度为81%甲醛降解率最高,反应60 min后达82.2%;随着反应时间的延长,甲醛降解率的上升幅度不断减小,最高只能达到94.59%.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.