WFGD添加剂研究进展与应用探讨

从增效机理和应用两方面总结了国内外WFGD添加剂的研究成果,为实际应用中添加剂的选择提供了借鉴,指出WFGD添加剂的研究发展方向是复合添加剂以及发展化工产业副产品或废料用作添加剂的技术。     

Municipal solid waste management in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka: problems, issues and challenges

This paper describes the problems, issues and challenges faced by Sri Lanka based on the outcome of a recent study conducted in the country's Southern Province. The study consists of a public survey, discussions with local authority staff involved in waste management, discussions with Provincial Council and Government officials, dialogue with local politicians, review of documents and field observations. The study revealed that only 24% of the households have access to waste collection and that in rural areas it was less than 2%. A substantial number of households in areas without waste collection expect local authorities to collect their waste. The study also showed that most sites in the province are under capacity to handle any increased demand. Urgent and immediate improvement of the waste disposal sites is necessary to meet the current demand for improved waste collection. The study also revealed that there is a high willingness of people for home composting.     

Impact of Eco-restoration on the Biodiversity of Sundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem, India

A comprehensive study on biodiversity and environmental characteristics of three different selected study sites located on different estuarine networks viz. Matla, Saptamukhi, and Hooghly on eastern, central, and western regions, having different environmental features of Sundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem, India, a World Heritage Site, was conducted through six seasons of consecutive 2 years. The different sites understudy have shown variable species composition. Special emphasis was made to record the population structure of benthic fauna, which exhibited maximum density during pre-monsoon followed by monsoon and post-monsoon. Physicochemical parameters displayed a wide range of fluctuation through different seasons and also revealed differences among different study sites. Biotic community structures of different study sites have been analyzed using different community indices like similarity index, dominance index, diversity index, and evenness index. Moreover, in order to evaluate the environmental stress on the environmental health of this dynamic mangrove ecosystem of global importance, species pollution value and community pollution value have been deduced as a new model of biotic indices based on the distribution patterns of both zooplanktons and benthic fauna. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed the cumulative influence of a group of environmental parameters on the abundance of different components of biodiversity. The study site II (Saptamukhi), encircled by undisturbed mangrove islands, revealed the least pollution stress and higher biological diversity followed by Jharkhali (study site I), which is in the process of eco-restoration and Bokkhali (study site III), which has been under anthropogenic stress especially from ecotourism.     

超超临界锅炉高温管道内壁氧化皮的研究进展

分析了国内外超超临界锅炉高温管内氧化皮的研究现状,对高温受热面管内氧化皮的分析方法进行了归类,指出了目前的研究存在的不足之处。对目前的试验研究给予了建议,为进一步对高温管道的抗氧化性研究提供了发展方向,同时对提高机组的安全稳定运行具有重要的意义。     

Characterizing In Situ Methane‐Enhanced Biostimulation Potential for 1,4‐Dioxane Biodegradation in Groundwater

This study characterizes the 1,4‐dioxane biodegradation potential for an in situ methane‐enhanced biostimulation field pilot study conducted at Air Force Plant 44, located south of the Tucson International Airport in Arizona. In this study, the use of methane as the primary substrate in aerobic cometabolic biodegradation of 1,4‐dioxane is evaluated using environmental molecular diagnostic tools. The findings are compared to an adjacent pilot study, wherein methane was generated via enhanced reductive dechlorination and where methane monooxygenase and methane‐oxidizing bacteria were also found to be abundant. This article also presents the use of ¹³C and ²H isotopic ratio enrichment, a more recent tool, to support the understanding of 1,4‐dioxane biodegradation in situ. This study is the first of its kind, although alkane gas‐enhanced biodegradation of 1,4‐dioxane has been evaluated extensively in microcosm studies and propane‐enhanced biodegradation of 1,4‐dioxane has been previously studied in the field. ©2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The municipal solid waste system and solid waste characterization at the municipality of Veles, Macedonia

A short-term study to characterize the solid waste stream in the Municipality of Veles, Macedonia, was performed during a 1 week period in the summer of 2002. In this study, several important parameters of the municipal solid waste stream were assessed. It was estimated that the average daily generation rate is 1.06+/-0.56 kg/cap/day, while the specific weights of the uncompacted and compacted solid waste are approximately 140.5 kg/m3 and 223 kg/m3, respectively. Furthermore, it was estimated that the daily generated volume of uncompacted waste is 7.5+/-4 L/cap/day. Although the short-term study is characterized by numerous limitations, in the absence of other existing data, such a study with direct measurements could significantly contribute to the development of an efficient solid waste management system in countries with economies in transition like Macedonia.     

Studies on acidification in two-phase biomethanation process of municipal solid waste

Biomethanation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a slow process and the yield of biogas is usually low. Enhancement of acidification is necessary to increase the biogas yield in biomethanation of MSW. MSW contains a significant fraction of ligno-cellulosic material. The acidification of these materials influences the biogas yield. In the present study, hydrolysis and acidification have been considered as a combined phase. Experiments have been conducted to study the effect of recirculation of leachate on the acidification stage of the two-phase biomethanation process. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) were considered as indicator parameters. The study was also conducted to investigate the effect of using acid and alkali solution of 0.1% concentration in the acidification study. It was observed that daily recirculation of leachate does not have any major impact on the acidification process. It was also observed that treatment of MSW with sodium hydroxide yields leachate of significantly higher COD and VFA values compared to others.     

A Comparative Study of Doum fiber and Shrimp Chitin Based Reinforced Low Density Polyethylene Biocomposites

The aim of this paper was to study the effects of reinforcing low density polyethylene (LDPE) by using bio-fillers (Doum cellulose or Shrimp chitin) on the mechanical properties. Both, Doum cellulose extracted frsom Doum leaves and Shrimp chitin extracted from shrimp co-products were compounded with LPDE without and with compatibilizer. The biocomposites were prepared by melt blending in a twin-screw extruder. Torsion and flexural tests were performed to investigate the impact of each reinforcement on the biocomposite mechanical properties. The SEM was carried out to study the filler/polymer interface adhesion. The present study has demonstrated that Doum fibers and shrimp chitin succeed in improving the mechanical properties of LPDE bio-composites. The results also showed that the use of maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene as a compatibilizer improves filler adhesion/matrix and mechanical properties. This study exhibits that polyethylene composites based on Doum fibers or shrimp chitin can be used to replace the polyethylene materials in several fields like packaging and automotive industries.     

660MW机组烟气循环流化床干法脱硫塔入口气流分布的试验研究

以某火电厂2×660MW机组循环流化床干法脱硫气流模拟试验为研究对象，采用速度分布不均匀度的概念，详细研究各种工况下入口烟道导流形式对脱硫塔文丘里速度场分布的影响。研究表明。通过合理设置入口烟道的导流装置，可满足各种工况下CFB-FGD脱硫塔的文丘里管段和反应器段的气流均布，为干法脱硫大型化的气流分布试验研究提供借鉴。     

Phytostabilisation—A Sustainable Remediation Technique for Zinc in Soils

Two studies were conducted to determine a feasible and practical phytoremediation strategy for Zn-contaminated soils. The aim of the first study was to identify promising plant species capable of Zn remediation for the soils and climatic conditions of British Columbia. The purpose of the second study was to assess the effects of soil amendments in modifying the soil properties and providing the right conditions for the plants to immobilise Zn. Promising plants for phytostabilisation in the first study (Lolium perenne, Festuca rubra and Poa pratensis) were tested in the presence of soil amendments (lime, phosphate and compost, both individually and in combination) in the second study. The efficiency of treatments to stabilise Zn was based on Zn fractionation in the soil and on absorption and partitioning of Zn in plants. Maximum Zn immobilisation was achieved in the soil by a combination of lime, phosphate and compost, in conjunction with growth of P. pratensis.     

Questionnaire and onsite survey on municipal solid waste composting in Sri Lanka

This study was conducted to evaluate the composting processes in Sri Lanka and to identify essential improvements. The study consisted of a questionnaire survey, field observations, and interviews. The main shortcomings identified by this study were: no source separation at origin, and no monitoring for temperature, moisture, stability, or maturity during processes of composting. These problems hinder the smooth operation of the composting processes and lead to low demand for compost. Based on the findings, the recommendations for increasing the demand for compost are performing source separation during waste collections, improvement of processes by monitoring the temperature and moisture, and marketing compost so as to improve the popularity of the compost among farmers.     

变频器故障波形预处理方法研究

电力电子设备在电力系统中的运用越来越广泛,其故障后对电力系统的运行影响也越来越大,从运行设备中提取波形用于诊断其相关故障的诊断方法的研究正在深入开展。由于现场采集波形的数据往往过于庞杂,不利于切中关键的故障特征,在研究用现场录波进行故障诊断前,首先要研究如何对实际采集的波形数据进行简化的方法。本文通过编制C＋＋程序,对故障录波简化过程进行了研究,并通过故障波形不同简化效果的对比说明了提高数据处理效率与减少波形特征损失的结合点的选取。     

Evaluation of XRF and LIBS technologies for on-line sorting of CCA-treated wood waste

Contamination of wood waste with chromated copper arsenate greatly limits recycling opportunities for the wood waste as a whole. Separation of CCA-treated wood from other wood types is one means by which such contamination can be removed. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate two detector technologies for sorting CCA-treated wood from other wood types. The detector technologies evaluated included X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The XRF detector system utilized in this study was capable of rapidly detecting the presence of CCA in painted wood, wet wood, heartwood, sapwood, and at portions of the wood containing knots. Furthermore, the XRF system was capable of distinguishing between CCA-treated wood and wood treated with alternative wood treatment preservatives, but was limited by the fact that it was not designed for on-line operation so tests were conducted in a batch mode on a conveyor. The analysis time used in this study (3 s) can be decreased significantly for an XRF system designed specifically for on-line operation. The LIBS system developed for this study was found to effectively identify CCA-treated wood for pieces ranging in thickness from 1 to 8 cm. High sorting efficiencies were noted when 10 laser shots were taken on a piece of wood. Furthermore, the LIBS system was found to be effective for identifying wood that has been coated with stains and paints in addition to identifying wood that has been CCA treated. The major drawback with the LIBS system developed in this study was the limited laser pulse energy. With an increase in laser pulse energy it is anticipated that the working focal length of the LIBS system can be increased to enable the monitoring of wood samples of more variable thicknesses. Limitations associated with analysis of very rotted pieces of wood and wet wood can also be overcome by using a higher pulse energy laser. Overall, both technologies show incredible promise for sorting CCA-treated wood from other wood types. The next recommended step would be to run an improved full-scale operation at one facility to document sorting efficiencies and fine-tune the improvements proposed in the current study. Such a study could potentially open-the-door for more widespread sorting of wood waste.     

SOLID WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEMS IN DEVELOPING URBAN AREAS OF SOUTH AFRICA: AN OVERVIEW AND CASE STUDY

Experience with appropriate collection systems for urban and peri-urban areas of developing countries is accumulating. Nonetheless, the primary lesson learned from studying such systems is that collection systems must be designed to accommodate the particular conditions of the community. This paper reflects on international experience with such collection systems and examines their relevance to South Africa. A case study is presented of designing a solid waste collection system for the Winterveld, Bophuthatswana, including a community survey, a waste composition study, and exploration of resource recovery options. Detailed data from the case study show that, even within one country, solid waste collection systems are not automatically transferable from one community to another. Particular recommendations for the South African situation are given.     

A biological assessment of best management practice effectiveness during intensive silviculture and forest chemical application

A multi-year study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Florida's Best Management Practices (BMPs) for protecting aquatic ecosystems during intensive forestry operations and forest chemical applications. Five silviculture sites adjacent to stream systems were selected for study from major eco-regions of the state. Replicate stream bioassessments, using a multimetric approach (the Stream Condition Index), were conducted as part of a `before-after, control-impact' (BACI) study design. Bioassessment stations were established above and below the treatment area to determine pre-treatment reference and test conditions. Silviculture treatments of clearcut harvesting, intensive mechanical site preparation and machine planting were then completed, during which all applicable BMPs were adhered to. In addition, two sites received an herbicide application and one site was fertilized. Following the treatments, the sites were re-sampled at the same points both one year, and two years after the first bioassessment. No significant differences in the SCI were observed between the reference and test portions of the streams that could be attributed to the silviculture operations using BMPs. Hence, the study showed that BMPs provided protection to adjacent stream ecosystems, even during intensive silviculture and forest chemical applications.     

A model for evaluating the social performance of construction waste management

It has been determined by existing literature that a lot of research efforts have been made to the economic performance of construction waste management (CWM), but less attention is paid to investigation of the social performance of CWM. This study therefore attempts to develop a model for quantitatively evaluating the social performance of CWM by using a system dynamics (SD) approach. Firstly, major variables affecting the social performance of CWM are identified and a holistic system for assessing the social performance of CWM is formulated in line with feedback relationships underlying these variables. The developed system is then converted into a SD model through the software iThink. An empirical case study is finally conducted to demonstrate application of the model. Results of model validation indicate that the model is robust and reasonable to reflect the situation of the real system under study. Findings of the case study offer helpful insights into effectively promoting the social performance of CWM of the project investigated. Furthermore, the model exhibits great potential to function as an experimental platform for dynamically evaluating effects of management measures on improving the social performance of CWM of construction projects.     

The Role of Soil Organic Carbon in Maintaining Surface Elevation in Rapidly Subsiding U.S. Gulf of Mexico Coastal Marshes

Subsidence is a primary factor governing marsh deterioration in Mississippi River deltaic plain coastal marshes. Marsh surface-water level relationships are maintained primarily through soil organic matter accumulation and inorganic sediment input. In this study we examined the role of soil organic matter accumulation in maintaining marsh elevation in a brackish Spartina patens marsh. Measured rates of soil organic accumulation were compared to plant biomass production and soil respiration (carbon dioxide and methane emission) at the study sites. The study demonstrated the importance of plant biomass production to soil organic carbon accumulation in maintaining viable Spartina patens marshes in sediment-deficient coastal environments. The role of Mississippi River freshwater reintroduction in maintaining conditions for organic accretion is discussed.