衡水市环保局走出排污费征收前松后紧的“怪圈”

征收排污费工作，在各地普遍存在着前松后紧的“怪圈”。“一季度松、二季度慢、三季度积重难收、四季度到处求援”已成为环境监理人员的顺口溜，每到后半年，特别是第四季度，抓排污费的征收进度，向最后完成任务冲刺，往往成为各级环境保护部门最为关注，各个监理站长最为头痛，也是每个环境监理人员工作最为繁忙的阶段。然而，衡水市环境保护局近两年征收排污费工作出现了新的面貌，1995年省下达征收排污费任务520万元．实际完成742万元，超额完成任务42％，其中1月至6月份征收排污费362万元，7月至12月征收排污费38O万元，分别占全年收…     

贯彻落实新《条例》 努力实现新突破

《排污费征收使用管理条例》的实施将对我国现行的排污费征收和使用管理制度产生深远影响。本文从6个方面探讨了如何贯彻落实《排污费征收使用管理条例》，并据此提出了具体的思路、方法和措施。     

富阳市实施总量排污收费制度见成效

富阳市作为杭州市七县（市）之一，被列入总量排污收费试点市，自1997年7月开始开展总量排污收费工作，至1999年6月，全市已有约1018家单位缴纳总量排污费，其中工业企业762家，工业企业中私营个体企业700家。征收机动车排污费128万元。全市共征收总量排污费1180万元，征收私营个体企业排污费980万元，占排污费总额的83％。总量排污收费与原超标排污费相比，全市收费总额提高100％。从试点工作1年来的情况看，绝大部分缴费单位对总量排污收费是积极支持和比较配合的，总量排污收费的开展，对促进“一控双达标”和污染防治工作，改善环境质量…     

柜台收费的初步尝试

“柜台收费”是指排污单位按环保部门下达的《排污收费通知单》中列出的数额和规定时限，到其指定的收费处缴纳排污费。一、实行柜台式征收排污费的必要性与基本程序征收排污费形式基本经历了定收、划拨、和托收3个阶段。实践证明．这3种收费形式对促进当时的排污收费工作起到了积极的推动作用。随着时间的推移，也暴露出一些弊端。比如走收排污费．一是容易发生人情赞、议价费和征收人员吃喝等不廉洁行为，既少收了排污费，又使我们这支年轻的执法队伍受到腐蚀；二是体制原因，往往为收一次费．收费人员往返多次，既消耗了大量人力、物力．…     

《排污费征收工作稽查办法》公布

<正>国家环保总局日前公布了《排污费征收工作稽查办法》,重点规范了排污费征收行为,《办法》规定,对应征未征收或少征排污费的、由环保部门以外的机构如"收费局"征收排污费的,情节严重或者逾期仍不改正的,可上收排污费征收权。实施排污费征收稽查,追缴排污费,不受追溯时限限制。     

浅谈如何做好新时期排污费财务管理工作

分析了排污费征收工儿及排污费会计核算和财务管理中存在的问题，结合实际提出了应尽快出台《排污收费管理条例》，全面落实“收支两条线”等8个方面的应对措施。     

排污费劳务托收中的反托问题

众所周知，排污费是带有税收和补偿性质的环保补助资金。它是以国家立法的形式强行征收，并由国家作为财政收入纳入预算的。征收排污费就是对向环境排放污染物或者超标污染物的排污者，按照污染物的种类、数量和浓度，根据标准征收一定的费用。征收排污费工作，是环境保护法律所规定的一项重要制度。根据国务院（82）21号文件《征收排污费暂行办法》的通知和江苏省政府（83）83号文件规定，南京市从1983年7月1日起正式向排污单位开征排污费，采用同城托收（无承付）结算办法。1987年起又改为劳务托收。具体方法是；由各区统一按市环保局开设…     

谈排污收费原则的落脚点

“依法、科学、全面、足额”是征收排污费的工作原则。几年来，在这一原则指导下，我们通化环保局增加征费手段和措施，强化征费的力度，同时还进一步明确了征收排污费工作的标准及具体要求。能否做到“依法、科学、全面、足额”地征收排污费，关键要找准这一原则的落脚点。在实践中，我认为落脚点应该是：依法收费，程序分明；科学收费，数据为凭；全面收费，底数要清；足额收费，不拘私情。一、依法收费程序分明排污收费有法可依，这一点已被人们所认识，但执法不严征费困难的现象也是较普遍存在的。要从根本上树立依法征缴排污费的形象，…     

排污费调标政策的实施与完善——基于南京实例评估

原有排污费征收制度在处理新时期环境问题时已面临诸多挑战。南京市2015年4月实施了新的排污费调标政策,对其评估结果显示新排污费征收标准对促进南京市工业经济发展以及环境保护都有积极作用,但在征收范围、自动监控数据应用水平、公众感知及收费基础力量建设等方面仍存在不足。结合排污费征收过程中出现的常见问题,以南京市排污费调标政策实施为例,从调整排污费征收范围、加强在线数据监测及应用、排污费改税等7个方面对完善排污费征管提出了对策建议。     

环保部门应征收超标污水排污费与污水处理费

日前 ,国家环保总局就超标污水排污收费与污水处理收费执行工作中具体应用法律的问题作出解释 ,全文如下 :一、《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》规定了非超标的污水排污费和超标污水排污费两种排污收费制度 ,并同时明确了两种排污收费的适用条件《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》第十五条规定 :“企业事业单位向水体排放污染物的 ,按照国家规定缴纳排污费 ;超过国家或者地方规定的污染物排放标准的 ,按照国家规定缴纳超标准排污费。”据此 ,向水体排污的收费包括非超标的排污费和超标准排污费。关于污水排污费和超标排污费的关系及其适用 ,国家…     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Rehabilitation and Flood Management Planning in a Steep,Boulder-Bedded Stream

This study demonstrates the integration of rehabilitation and flood management planning in a steep, boulder-bedded stream in a coastal urban catchment on the South Island of New Zealand. The Water of Leith, the primary stream flowing through the city of Dunedin, is used as a case study. The catchment is steep, with a short time of concentration and rapid hydrologic response, and the lower stream reaches are highly channelized with floodplain encroachment, a high potential for debris flows, significant flood risks, and severely degraded aquatic habitat. Because the objectives for rehabilitation and flood management in urban catchments are often conflicting, a number of types of analyses at both the catchment and the reach scales and careful planning with stakeholder consultation were needed for successful rehabilitation efforts. This included modeling and analysis of catchment hydrology, fluvial geomorphologic assessment, analysis of water quality and aquatic ecology, hydraulic modeling and flood risk evaluation, detailed feasibility studies, and preliminary design to optimize multiple rehabilitation and flood management objectives. The study showed that all of these analyses were needed for integrated rehabilitation and flood management and that some incremental improvements in stream ecological health, aesthetics, and public recreational opportunities could be achieved in this challenging environment. These methods should be considered in a range of types of stream rehabilitation projects.     

AN INDEX FOR MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH AN APPLICATION1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a statistically valid index for measuring the performance of irrigation systems. The index is applied to a sample of 39 farms on a watercourse under the warabandi system of irrigation management in India. It is found that while the farmers in fact irrigated almost exactly the total amount of irrigated area as designed, inter-farm variations were considerable. The index shows that the degree of error of managerial effectiveness of irrigation on this watercourse is 20 percent. Therefore it is concluded that the system is performing at 80 percent effectiveness.     

WATER LOSS EQUATIONS AND COEFFICIENTS TO ESTIMATE RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL1

Infiltration models are based on physical characteristics of the soil and initial soil moisture. For a given soil it is based on the initial soil moisture distribution. A computer simulation model for flood runoff systems (FH-Model) was used to analyze 39 sets of rainfall-runoff data on four small watersheds ranging in size from 17 to 342 square kilometers located in the Yamaska River basin in Quebec. From these analyses, parameters and coefficients have been determined for a water loss (infiltration) equation. A method for determining the loss parameters, using a nonlinear least square curve fitting technique, is presented. Expressions were made to relate the loss parameters to antecedent precipitation. The equations were tested on 11 storm rainfall and runoff events on a watershed located in the same region and close agreements were found.     

Vegetation dynamics in impounded marshes along the Indian River Lagoon,Florida, USA

Data are presented on the vegetation dynamics of two impounded marshes along the Indian River Lagoon, in east-central Florida, USA. Vegetation in one of the marshes (IRC 12) was totally eliminated by overflooding and by hypersaline conditions (salinities over 100 ppt) that developed there in 1979 after the culvert connecting the marsh with the lagoon was closed. Over 20% recovery of the herbaceous halophytesSalicornia virginica, S. bigelovii, andBatis maritima was observed at that site after the culvert was reopened in 1982, but total cover in the marsh remains well below the original 75%. No recovery of mangroves was observed at this site. The second site (SLC 24), while remaining isolated from the lagoon during much of the study, did not suffer the complete elimination of vegetation experienced at the first site. At this location, mangroves increased in cover and frequency with a concomitant decrease in herbaceous halophytes. Considerable damage to the vegetation was evident at IRC 12 when the impoundment was closed and flooded for mosquito control in 1986. Although the damage was temporary, its occurrence emphasizes the need of planning and constant monitoring and adjustment of management details as conditions within particular marshes change. Storms and hurricanes may be important in promoting a replacement of black mangroves by red mangroves in closed impoundments because the former cannot tolerate pneumatophore submergence for long periods of time. University of Florida-IFAS Journal Series R-00521.