塘-湿地组合系统对城市旅游区降雨径流污染的在线截控作用研究

以武汉动物园猩猩馆为例,进行了塘-湿地组合系统对城市旅游区降雨径流污染的在线截控作用研究.22场的降雨径流监测结果表明,由沉淀池、塘、一阶湿地和二阶湿地组成的系统对污染物表现出良好的持留能力.在2005年6月26日的暴雨连续流事件中,径流流速由系统入口处的65.5 cm·s-1降至系统出口处的17.7 cm·s-1,径流总量由213.4m3降至31.9 m3,TSS、CODCr、TN、TP的浓度分别由161mg·L-1、226.9mg·L-1、17.0 mg·L-1、0.99mg·L-1降至98.8 mg·L-1、52.8 mg·L-1、4.16mg·L-1、0.41 mg·L-1,颗粒物的体积平均粒径由312μm降低至23.9μm,系统对TSS、CODCr、TN和TP的持留率分别达到92.9%、96.0%、85.7%和80.9%.在2005年7月10日的间断流事件中,整个系统出口无地表径流输出,污染径流全部为塘-湿地组合系统截留.塘-湿地组合系统通过在线截留、缓冲和存储作用,对不同源区降雨径流的产流时间、流速和流量具有多重调控作用,延长了污染物在流域内部的滞留时间,使径流中的污染物浓度以及颗粒物的粒径逐级得到降低,减少了污染负荷的输出.     

杭州市余杭区典型农村暴雨径流污染特征

为探讨南方经济发达地区农村暴雨径流污染特征,选择杭州市余杭区的漕桥与蒲家头两个典型建制村,采集了屋顶、场院、农田和污水汇集口这4种下垫面的3次降雨过程中的径流水样,重点分析了氮、磷和重金属元素(Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、As、Pb)浓度,对比了不同下垫面3次暴雨径流中污染物的浓度差异和年污染负荷.结果表明,在漕桥暴雨径流中,TSS、COD、NH+4-N、TP和TN的平均浓度分别为16.19、21.01、0.74、1.39和2.39 mg·L-1;在蒲家头暴雨径流汇中,TSS、COD、NH+4-N、TP和TN的平均浓度分别为3.10、15.69、0.90、0.78和3.58 mg·L-1;暴雨径流中各重金属浓度均低于国家地表水Ⅱ类标准.与地表水标准比较,漕桥和蒲家头TP的EMC分别超出地表水Ⅴ类标准1.9倍、3.5倍,TN分别超标1.8倍、1.2倍.另外,农田下垫面中的TSS和COD年污染负荷最高.     

北京城市典型下垫面降雨径流污染初始冲刷效应分析

城市硬化地表的迅速增加使得降雨径流量增加,屋面和路面等下垫面上污染物的大量累积并随径流进入城市排水系统,对城市水环境造成威胁.为了解径流污染过程和给径流污染控制提供科学依据,于2004～2006年选取典型屋面和路面对径流污染过程进行了监测和分析,计算了两种径流的次降雨平均浓度(EMC)水平,发现两类径流的COD和TN污染较为严重;屋面径流的化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)分别超标(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002 V类)3.64和4.80倍;路面径流的COD、TN分别超标3.73和1.07倍.利用M(V)曲线,判断径流量同径流污染负荷的关系,发现屋面径流污染物总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)、COD、TN和总磷(TP)发生了不同程度的初始冲刷现象;路面初始冲刷现象主要表现为TSS和TP,总体上初始冲刷效应不明显.汇水面性质、降雨强度、污染物累积状况等都是影响屋面和路面径流污染物排放特征的重要影响因素.     

北京城市主干道降雨径流污染负荷分析

为了解城市主干道径流污染特征,于2018年6—9月对北京城市主干道降雨径流进行取样监测,运用EXCEL和SPSS软件统计分析径流污染物TSS、EC、COD、TN、TP、Zn和Ni之间的污染特性,并在此基础上估算污染物年污染负荷.研究结果表明,北京城市主干道径流水质为劣Ⅴ类;污染物浓度与降雨量、平均降雨强度、降雨历时和雨前干期长度存在一定的相关关系,依据冲刷作用与稀释作用的强弱变化,相关性有一定变化;用TSS和EC表征污染物在径流中的存在状态,发现COD、TN、Zn和Ni在径流中主要以溶解态存在,TP主要以颗粒吸附的形式存在;据实际监测数据估算,北京城市主干道年污染负荷TSS、COD、TN、TP、Zn和Ni分别为3273.15、266.86、16.24、1.89、0.097和0.008 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1).城市主干道径流污染特征研究可以为城市道路径流污染防控与管理提供科学依据.     

新型人工湿地对工业区降雨径流的净化研究

根据东莞市同沙水库集水区内工业区降雨径流的水质、水量特征,采用新型折流式人工湿地对其进行模拟及实地降雨径流净化研究.对人工湿地不同运行阶段模拟降雨径流的净化效果进行对比,分析COD、SS、TN、TP、NH4+-N以及重金属Pb、Zn、Cu在湿地系统中的沿程变化,探讨它们的主要去除机制.模拟净化研究中,除TN外,湿地系统出水各污染物均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类质量标准,TN达Ⅳ类标准;且大部分污染物在湿地前端被去除.实地降雨径流净化研究中,COD、SS、TN、TP及NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为90.9%、97.0%、83.4%、92.2%、90.0%;重金属Pb、Zn、Cu的平均去除率分别为98.4%、94.1%、93.6%,出水均能达地表Ⅲ类水标准.研究表明,折流式人工湿地系统对工业区降雨径流的净化效果显著,湿地系统具有较强抗冲击负荷能力.另外,小幅温度变化对湿地系统中污染物的去除影响不大.     

重庆市典型城镇区地表径流污染特征

以重庆大渡口区建胜镇为典型区域,选取水泥瓦屋顶、石棉瓦屋顶、水泥平屋顶、居民区水泥路面、餐饮沥青路面、油库沥青路面等不透水下垫面和附近一条合流制溢流渠为采样点,研究了城镇地表径流中营养性污染物和重金属排放特征.结果表明,路面径流中TSS、COD、TN、TP平均质量浓度为(1 681.2±677.2)、(1 154.7±415.5)、(12.07±2.72)、(3.32±1.15)mg·L-1,普遍高于屋面径流污染物平均质量浓度:(13.3±6.5)、(100.4±24.8)、(3.58±0.70)、(0.10±0.02)mg·L-1.不透水地表径流中,TDN、TDP分别占TN、TP的62.60%±34.38%、42.22%±33.94%.与中心城区相比,本城镇地表径流污染物质量浓度一般较高.合流制溢流中,TSS、COD、TDN、TN、TDP、TP为(281.57±308.38)、(231.21±42.95)、(8.16±2.78)、(10.60±3.94)、(0.38±0.23)、(1.51±0.75)mg·L-1,重金属质量浓度均未超过地表水环境质量Ⅴ类标准.合流制溢流中大部分污染物存在初期冲刷效应,而TSS的初期冲刷效应较弱.合流制溢流中,COD、TP与TSS都具有显著正相关关系,NH+4-N和TP、TDP、TN、TDP之间呈显著正相关关系,而NO-3-N和其它指标都呈负相关关系.     

农村多水塘系统景观结构对非点源污染中氮截留效应的影响

多水塘系统在滞留和降解农业面源污染中发挥着巨大作用.不同景观结构特征的多水塘系统对农业面源污染的截留率也存在差异.本文针对多水塘系统的功能及特点,选择4个不同景观结构的小流域作为研究区域,分析降雨前后多水塘系统水环境的变化特征及其对氮元素的截留情况,并揭示其截留率与水塘系统景观结构之间的关系.结果表明:(1)雨前水塘水体中总氮(TN)浓度的变化范围在1. 32～6. 32 mg·L~(-1)之间,雨后TN质量浓度增加到2. 8～16. 99 mg·L~(-1)之间,其中,硝氮(NO_3~--N)占TN的质量分数为20%～74%;(2)多水塘系统对TN、NO_3~--N和氨氮(NH_4~+-N)的平均截留率分别为50. 09%、48. 71%和52. 75%;(3)小流域1中的水塘系统对氮的截留率最低,平均次降水过程中小流域2中的水塘系统对氮的截留量最低,仅为56. 10kg,远低于小流域4中水塘系统对氮的截留量324. 43kg;(4)多水塘系统对氮的截留率受到水塘个数、面积及水塘与水塘之间沟渠密度的影响,其中沟渠密度对氮截留率的影响最大.本研究结果可为农村多水塘系统的管理及规划提供科学依据.     

雨、污合流制城区降雨径流污染的迁移转化过程与来源研究

2003～2006年通过对武汉市汉阳城区不同尺度降雨径流、市政污水的监测,结合环境地球化学方法,研究雨、污合流制城区降雨径流污染的形成、迁移转化过程及污染来源.结果表明,雨、污合流制城区地表径流汇入排水系统,经排水系统传输,污染程度显著增加.屋面径流中TSS和COD浓度（EMC）的平均值分别为18.7 mg/L和37.0 mg/L,路面径流中TSS、COD浓度（EMC）的平均值分别为225.3 mg/L和176.5 mg/L,而在集水区出口处径流中TSS、COD浓度（EMC）的平均值分别为449.7 mg/L和359.9 mg/L;污染物的组成也发生了明显的改变,颗粒态COD增加了18%,有机污染增强.研究还发现,城市地表、雨水口、生活污水管和合流管道沉积物中P、Fe含量具有明显分异特征,可以利用沉积物中P/Fe识别集水区尺度降雨径流污染成因与来源.据此对集水区出口2次径流污染来源计算,56%±26%的悬浮物来自城市地表与雨水口,44%±26%的悬浮物源于生活污水的沉积物.生活污水中污染物对降雨径流污染的贡献是通过在合流管道中形成沉积发生的.雨、污合流管道在降雨径流污染形成过程中发挥了转化器和加重径流污染的作用.减少合流管道中沉积物的形成是削减径流污染负荷的途径之一.     

多级垂直流水培植物系统对生活污水净化效果及稳定性研究

鉴于传统人工湿地存在基质易堵塞、系统长期运行不稳定等缺点,提出采用4级垂直流水培植物系统处理城市生活污水,考察了系统稳定性及2种不同植物对COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的去除效果。系统在运行42 d后达到稳定,该系统随着反应级的增加,出水水质变异系数逐渐减小,稳定效果逐渐提高。稳定后蕹菜系统和水稻系统对COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为66.4%、92.9%、86.0%、89.6%和62.1%、90.4%、82.5%、76.8%,污水处理系统出水达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂排放标准》的一级B级标准。     

澳门城市小流域地表径流污染特征分析

在澳门半岛选取土地利用为公园绿地和商住混合的2个分流制城市小流域.于2005-08～2005-11借助自动采样器进行流域出口5场降雨地表径流水质水量监测.结果表明,商住混合分流制小流域TN、TP、COD多场降雨平均浓度值分别超出国家地表水环境V类标准4倍以上.公园绿地小流域TN、TP均超出V类水标准2倍多.从降雨-径流过程污染物浓度历时变化看,2个小流域TN和TP呈现一定的初始冲刷现象.TSS与TN、TP的判定系数R²都在0.95以上,地表径流中水土流失与总氮总磷输出显     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.