砷华生产废渣中硫的回收利用研究

高温下氧化焙烧细磨后的砷华生产废渣,利用软锰矿浆吸收产生的SO2气体,吸收液经净化除杂、浓缩结晶等工序可制备工业产品硫酸锰.适宜的焙烧条件如下:焙烧温度为650℃,焙烧时间为60 min,废渣粒度为-97μm.选择合适的吸收工艺,Mn的浸出率可达96.20%,此时SO2脱除率为87.20%.     

氧化锌吸收-空气氧化法烟气脱硫实验研究

采用次氧化锌配制成的悬浮浆液脱除吸收模拟烟气中的SO2，吸收产物亚硫酸锌浆液再通过鼓风湿式氧化成硫酸锌溶液，以验证氧化锌吸收-空气氧化法烟气脱硫的效果。通过改变气体流量、SO2浓度、浆液温度及pH值等工艺参数，探索吸收和氧化过程的最佳控制条件。结果表明，氧化锌浆液对含SO2浓度从5800～8600mg／m^3的烟气脱除效率均可达到90％以上，吸收容量为3．9gSO2／15g次氧化锌；氧化过程控制吸收终点浆液pH值为5．0以及浆液温度在38℃．氧化率可达95％。     

强电离放电模拟烟气脱硫实验

应用强电离放电方法进行烟气脱硫，将烟气中大部分O2、N2和H2O等气体分子电离后加工成OH等活性粒子，在高温、不加吸收剂的条件下，直接将SO2氧化成H2SO4。实验中分别研究了烟气在反应室内的停留时间、烟气中含水量和含氧量等因素对脱硫率的影响。实验结果表明，烟气在反应室内停留时间为0．74s，烟气中含水量和含氧量分别为2．8％和20．8％时，SO2脱除率可达到100％。     

Ce掺杂纳米TiO2光催化剂的制备及降解甲醛的研究

介绍了溶胶-凝胶法制备Ce离子掺杂纳米TiO2的工艺流程。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、紫外可见分光光度法（UV-Vis）等方法表征了Ce掺杂TiO2的相组成、紫外可见漫反射率与掺杂量的关系。结果表明，掺杂的TiO2在520℃．650℃焙烧2h呈锐钛矿结构，在520℃焙烧2h的TiO2的晶粒尺寸大约为20nm，而掺杂Ce后其晶粒尺寸均减小，大约为12nm。UV-Vis吸光度分析表明，掺Ce后吸收带边明显发生红移，但随着Ce掺杂浓度的增大，其对可见光的吸收影响不大。光催化降解反应表明，未掺杂Ce的TiO2反应2h后对甲醛的没有降解作用，而Ce掺杂TiO2反应2h后甲醛降解率达15％。     

CuCoOx／TiO2催化氧化NO性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了CuCoOx／TiO2催化剂,考察了焙烧温度、反应温度、氧含量、NO浓度和空间速度对催化剂催化氧化NO性能的影响,并考察了催化剂的抗硫抗水性能。XRD、TPR和BET分析表明,350℃焙烧的催化剂具有CuCo2O4尖晶石结构,比表面积大,对NO的氧化效果好。在空速为5000h^-1,NO进口浓度500mg／m^3,含氧量10％的条件下,反应温度300℃时NO转化率可达79．5％,250℃时NO转化率接近50％。该催化剂具有良好的单独抗SO2、抗H2O毒化性能,H2O和SO2同时存在时很快失活。该催化剂可用于不同时含H2O和SO2的含NO气体催化氧化后再吸收处理。     

以废治废的烟气脱硫新技术

宁波东方环保设备有限公司开发成功的DS—SO2烟气治理技术,是以废渣为吸收剂,在独立的DS-多相反应器中,与烟气中的SO2反应,从而达到脱硫的目的。吸收SO2后的炉渣,经过适当加工可作肥料或土壤调理剂,实现了三点创新：一是用废渣调配成浆液作吸收剂;二是多相反应器内部结构简单,合理的自调式水幕结构内置材料,强化气体与浆液接触,     

尿素添加剂湿法烟气同时脱硫脱氮工艺实验研究(Ⅱ)

对EA和PA两种添加剂,工艺条件变化对NOx脱除率影响有相同的规律：NOx脱除率不受烟气的浓度变化影响;随烟气的氧化度和吸收反应塔有效高度的增加而迅速增加。对吸收反应温度、尿素和添加剂质量分数、吸收塔有效高度进行正交实验得出最佳工艺条件为：吸收反应温度70℃;吸收塔有效高度1．8m;尿素和添加剂质量分数分别为10％和0．01％。在最佳工艺条件作验证实验得出结果与正交实验得出的结果基本符合,此时SO2脱除率为100%,NOx脱除率大于75％。     

鼓泡反应器中液相络合催化同时脱硫脱硝的研究

在鼓泡反应器中考察了[Co(en)3]2+同时吸收去除SO2和NO的影响因素,实验结果表明,pH值和脱硫剂种类是影响乙二胺合钴同时脱除NO和SO2的最重要影响因素,烟气中的氧促进乙二胺合钴吸收NO和SO2,烟气中的SO2,CO2和NO2对乙二胺合钴吸收NO具有抑制作用。在实验条件温度为20℃,pH为13.0,[Co(en)3]2+浓度为0.025 mol/L,加入1 g NH3.H2O的脱硝率更好,连续吸收60 min,脱硝率均保持在93.5%,加入NaOH和NH3.H2O的脱硫效果最好。乙二胺合钴络合同时脱除NO和SO2完全可以在一个装置中完成。     

TiO2光催化降解水中苯酚的试验研究

以悬浆态TiO2为光催化剂，在紫外光催化反应器中，进行了苯酚溶液的动态光催化降解性能的研究，考察了TiO2用量、TiO2焙烧温度、溶液pH值以及循环流量对苯酚光催化降解的影响。结果表明，TiO2用量1．0g／L，TiO2焙烧温度450℃，循环流量20L／h，紫外光照反应5h，苯酚去除率为71．2％。     

还原焙烧电镀污泥中的金属形态和浸出性

分别以煤粉和稻杆为还原剂对电镀污泥进行还原焙烧,并通过酸浸回收焙烧渣中的金属。研究了焙烧温度、焙烧时间和还原剂投加量对目标金属Cu浸出率的影响以及主要杂质金属的浸出性,并采用BCR逐级提取法分析了焙烧前后污泥中的金属形态分布。结果表明,当在电镀污泥中投加30％的煤粉在600℃下焙烧1h后Cu的浸出率达到97．78％,当投加50％的稻杆时浸出率为89．47％,而氧化焙烧后浸出率仅为37．71％;并且还原焙烧渣中多数杂质金属的浸出率较低,从而可以实现Cu与杂质金属的初步分离。氧化焙烧容易导致金属从易浸出的非残渣态向难浸出的残渣态转化,而还原焙烧则能抑制这种转化过程,金属形态是决定其浸出性的重要因素。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.