富马酸单甲酯抑制球形棕囊藻生长的研究

研究了富马酸单甲酯对球形棕囊藻赤潮生物的抑制作用。结果表明:富马酸单甲酯可以有效延长藻细胞的生长适应期,降低生长量,缩短生长稳定期和诱导藻体细胞自溶。同时,运用量子化学原理从理论上论证了富马酸单甲酯分子控制赤潮藻类生长的作用机理。     

基于水分变化的砷抑制土壤碱性磷酸酶动力学特征研究

为研究水分条件对砷抑制土壤碱性磷酸酶动力学特征的影响,本文采用室内模拟培养试验方法,以江苏水稻土为供试土壤,在35%、65%、110%最大持水量(WHC)下,利用酶动力学手段较为系统地分析了砷污染下水分对土壤碱性磷酸酶动力学参数及机理的影响.结果表明:碱性磷酸酶动力学参数Km随砷浓度增加而增大,Vmax(110%WHC)、Vmax/Km、k则相应降低,表明砷污染从本质上抑制了酶促反应的进行.Km、Vmax、Vmax/Km、k、Ki随水分含量增加而减小,表明水分含量升高虽增加了酶-底物亲和力,但最终减缓了酶促反应的发生.Y=A/(1+B×C)模型较好拟合了动力学参数Vmax/Km(Y)与土壤砷浓度(C)的关系,表明Vmax/Km在一定程度上可表征不同水分下土壤砷污染程度,并计算获得水稻土砷轻度污染临界值为20.45 mg·kg~(-1),此值与国家土壤质量标准中的二级污染标准较为接近.干燥(35%WHC)和湿润(65%WHC)下砷抑制碱性磷酸酶活性机理为完全竞争性抑制,淹水(110%WHC)下则为以完全非竞争性抑制为主的线性混合抑制作用.研究表明,各个酶动力学参数可分别从不同角度揭示砷抑制碱性磷酸酶活性机理上的差异,水分主要通过影响Km、Vmax而改变抑制机理.     

Daytime light intensity affects seasonal timing via changes in the nocturnal melatonin levels

Daytime light intensity can affect the photoperiodic regulation of the reproductive cycle in birds. The actual way by which light intensity information is transduced is, however, unknown. We postulate that transduction of the light intensity information is mediated by changes in the pattern of melatonin secretion. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of high and low daytime light intensities on the daily melatonin rhythm of Afro-tropical stonechats (Saxicola torquata axillaris) in which seasonal changes in daytime light intensity act as a zeitgeber of the circannual rhythms controlling annual reproduction and molt. Stonechats were subjected to light conditions simulated as closely as possible to native conditions near the equator. Photoperiod was held constant at 12.25 h of light and 11.75 h of darkness per day. At intervals of 2.5 to 3.5 weeks, daytime light intensity was changed from bright (12,000 lux at one and 2,000 lux at the other perch) to dim (1,600 lux at one and 250 lux at the other perch) and back to the original bright light. Daily plasma melatonin profiles showed that they were linked with changes in daytime light intensity: Nighttime peak and total nocturnal levels were altered when transitions between light conditions were made, and these changes were significant when light intensity was changed from dim to bright. We suggest that daytime light intensity could affect seasonal timing via changes in melatonin profiles. Professor Dr. E. Gwinner died on 07 September 2004.     

邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯单独暴露及与褪黑素联合作用对小鼠脑组织损伤研究

人类神经系统成熟的海马神经元细胞不能进行复制与自我修复,导致了神经系统易受到环境污染物损伤的风险.邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(Diisonyl phthalate,DINP)是一种增塑剂替代产品,类雌激素作用较弱,正受到欧盟的推广使用.虽然目前已有一些研究表明了DINP的毒性,但有关其神经毒性的体内研究国内还较少.因此,本研究探讨了DINP单独暴露及与褪黑素联合作用对小鼠脑组织的影响.行为学分析显示,经灌胃200 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)的DINP会导致小鼠行为学出现明显变化;脑组织病理学观察、免疫组化分析(半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase-3)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP))、氧化应激水平检测(活性氧簇(ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OH-d G)、DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC))、炎症水平检测(肿瘤坏死因子ɑ(TNF-ɑ)、白介素1β(IL-1β))结果显示,小鼠脑组织海马区出现了病理学损伤,氧化应激和炎症水平上升(p0.01).DINP处理后予以50 mg·kg-1·d-1的褪黑素可以降低氧化应激水平,对小鼠脑组织海马区起到保护作用.以上数据表明,实验剂量(200 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))DINP处理后可以导致小鼠脑组织损伤,同时予以褪黑素可以在一定程度上缓解这种损伤.     

Flower formation induced by kinetin and vitamin E treatment in long-day plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) grown in short day

The Science of Nature -     

小分子有机碳源对滴滴涕污染沉积物生物修复作用的基础研究

考察了辽河沉积物p,p'-DDT在无外加碳源和外加乳酸钠或丙酸钠情况下的缺氧生的降解行为，降解过程中体系的pH变化，并测定了p,p'-DDT的主要缺氧降解产物及其浓度变化，结果表现，p,p'-DDT的缺氧脱氯行为符合准一级反应动力学，无外加碳源，DDT的缺氧脱氯降解有近一个月的滞后期，降解速率为k（无碳源）＝0.0082d^-1，而外加碳源物质，大大缩短了DDT缺氧脱氯降解的滞后，降解速率分别为k(乳酸钠）＝0.0917d^-1,k(丙酸钠）＝0.1023d^-1，而且，p,p'-DDT的缺氧还原脱氯行为主要发生在体系中pH上升的阶段，p-p'-DDT缺氧生物降解的主要产物是p,p'-DDD，并有少量的p,p'-DDE产生；p,p'-DDD主要发生在体系中pH上升的阶段，p,p'-DDT缺氧生物降解的主要产物是p,p'-DDD，并有少量的p,p'-DDE产生，p,p'-DDD在后期有降解。     

低温短时水热预处理混合及初沉污泥的高温厌氧消化特性研究

以低温短时(90℃、30 min)水热预处理后的混合及初沉污泥为研究对象,分别进行了高温((55±1)℃)厌氧消化连续性试验.研究了该预处理条件下这两类污泥在水力停留时间(HRT)为20 d时的产气量、有机物分解率及物料平衡等,探讨了低温短时水热预处理对提高污泥厌氧消化性能的效果.结果表明:TS约为35 g·L-1的预处理混合污泥与初沉污泥经高温厌氧消化后,投加单位VS的产气量分别为(343.00±9.86)m L·g-1和(365.00±7.61)m L·g-1,VS去除率分别为38.9%和45.8%.COD物料平衡计算结果表明,混合和初沉污泥中分别有33.6%和43.9%的固体有机物被分解转化,生物气中CH4含量均在70%左右.     

Early prenatal diagnosis of short rib-polydactyly (SRP) syndrome type I (Majewski) by ultrasound in a case at risk

Short rib-polydactyly (SRP) syndrome Type I was diagnosed accurately in an at-risk fetus at 16 weeks of gestation by real-time sonography. The most important findings were a narrow thorax, significant shortening of the long bones, particularly the tibiae, and–by directed search–the polydactyly.     

Highly inhibited transport of dissolved thallium(I) in manganese oxide-coated sand: Chemical condition effects and retention mechanisms

Thallium contamination in water can cause great danger to the environment. In this study, we synthesized manganese oxide-coated sand (MOCS) and investigated the transport and retention behaviors of Tl(I) in MOCS under different conditions. Characterization methods combined with a two-site nonequilibrium transport model were applied to explore the retention mechanisms. The results showed that Tl(I) mobility was strongly inhibited in MOCS media, and the retention capacity calculated from the fitted model was 510.41 mg/g under neutral conditions. The retention process included adsorption and oxidative precipitation by the manganese oxides coated on the sand surface. Cotransport with the same concentration of Mn(II) led to halving Tl(I) retention due to competition for reactive sites. Enhanced Tl(I) retention was observed under alkaline conditions, as increasing pH promoted electronegativity on the media surface. Moreover, the competitive cation Ca²⁺ significantly weakened Tl(I) retention by occupying adsorption sites. These findings provide new insights into understanding Tl(I) transport behavior in water-saturated porous media and suggest that manganese oxide-coated sand can be a cost-effective filter media for treating Tl-contaminated water.     

Prenatal identification of an isochromosome for the short arm of the Y i(Yp), by cytogenetic and Molecular analyses

A case of 45,X/46,X,+mar mosaicism was detected in a male fetus (27 weeks' gestation) referred for karyotype analysis following the observation of a short femur at the ultrasound scan. Analysis of 12 Y-chromosome loci by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated that the marker chromosome is of Y origin and corresponds to an authentic isochromosome for the short arm of the Y chromosome, i(Yp). The breakpoint on this marker is in YQ11·1 close to the centromere. The present report illustrates the importance of FISH and PCR techniques as a complement to cytogenetic methods for accurate identification and characterization of chromosome rearrangements in prenatal diagnosis.     

麻痹性贝毒在栉孔扇贝体内短期的累积与排出过程

初步研究了微小亚历山大藻Alexandrium minutum产生的麻痹性贝毒(paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP)在栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri体内短期累积、转化与排出的规律。结果表明,在累积实验阶段,栉孔扇贝内脏、肌肉及生殖腺中的PSP毒素含量均随实验时间的延长而逐渐增加,累积20 h后内脏的毒性达21.56μgSTXeq/100 g,累积速率为1.05μgSTXeq/100 g/h。内脏是毒素累积的主要部位,含量占贝体内PSP毒素总量的89.5%,累积率为6.4%,远远高于肌肉、生殖腺。经过30 h的排出阶段,扇贝总毒性减少到15.05μgSTX eq/100 g,排出速率为0.22μgSTXeq/100 g.h,仅为累积速率的1/5。