杭州市大气VOCs浓度特征及其化学活性研究

2018年4月至2019年3月对杭州市城区大气中117种挥发性有机物（VOCs）开展了为期一年的手工采样观测,分析了VOCs各组分的浓度特征、臭氧生成潜势（OFP）和二次有机气溶胶（SOA）生成潜势。结果显示,观测期杭州市大气VOCs体积分数均值为（56.72±29.56）×10^-9,含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）、烷烃和卤代烃是其主要组分,分别占33.86%、30.70%、15.73%。VOCs体积分数前10位的物种为丙烷、甲醛、异丁烷、乙烷、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷、正丁烷、丙酮、甲苯和1,2-二氯乙烷。杭州市VOCs的OFP为135.18×10^-9,各VOCs组分的OFP贡献为OVOCs（45%） > 芳香烃（22%） > 烯烃和炔烃（21%） > 烷烃（11%） > 卤代烃（1%）,其中甲醛、乙烯和乙醛是OFP主要贡献者。SOA生成潜势为1.64 μg/m³,芳香烃是最重要的SOA前体物。SOA生成潜势最大的5种VOCs物种为甲苯、对/间二甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯和苯,因此控制来自机动车尾气和溶剂使用过程中产生的VOCs可有效降低SOA的生成。通过甲苯与苯体积分数比分析发现,杭州市城区芳香烃除了来自机动车尾气以外,在春、夏季和秋、冬季还分别受到生物质燃烧和涂料溶剂的影响;分析了乙烷与乙炔体积分数比、乙炔与CO体积分数比,发现杭州市气团的老化程度呈现整体较高的特点。     

南京市大气VOCs污染特征及其臭氧生成潜势分析

基于2016—2022年南京市大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）自动监测数据,分析VOCs污染特征及其臭氧生成潜势（OFP）。结果表明：2016—2022年南京市大气VOCs及其组分体积分数均显著下降,TVOCs 7年均值为21.7×10-9,各组分占比从大到小依次为烷烃＞烯烃＞芳香烃＞炔烃;TVOCs及烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃季节变化一致,均为冬季＞秋季＞春季＞夏季,炔烃为冬季＞春季＞秋季＞夏季;TVOCs及烷烃、烯烃、炔烃月变化整体呈“V”字型特征,芳香烃近似为“W”型;除炔烃外,小时体积分数日变化基本呈“单峰型”特征。2016—2022年OFP年际变化呈显著下降趋势,7年均值为132.1 μg/m3;OFP贡献较大的组分为烯烃（39.1%）和芳香烃（38.1%）,臭氧生成的VOCs关键物种为乙烯、间/对二甲苯、甲苯、丙烯和异戊二烯,控制烯烃和芳香烃排放有利于南京市的臭氧污染防治。     

南京市大气VOCs污染特征及来源解析

利用南京市2022年挥发性有机物（VOCs）在线监测数据,对VOCs污染特征、来源及对臭氧的影响进行了分析研究。结果表明：2022年南京市φ（TVOCs）年均值为25.1×10^-9,其中各组分占比为烷烃＞含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）＞氯代烃＞烯烃＞芳香烃＞炔烃。TVOCs及烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃的体积分数季节变化表现为冬季＞秋季＞春季＞夏季,φ（OVOCs）季节变化表现为夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季。烷烃、烯烃和炔烃日变化呈“双峰型”特征,芳香烃和氯代烃为“单峰型”。臭氧生成潜势（OFP）贡献总体表现为OVOCs＞烯烃＞芳香烃＞烷烃＞氯代烃＞炔烃,但冬季烯烃的贡献率最高。南京市臭氧生成的关键VOCs物种为乙醛、乙烯、丙烯、间/对-二甲苯和甲苯。正交矩阵因子分解结果显示,机动车尾气、生物质燃烧和工业生产是南京VOCs的主要来源;对南京臭氧生成贡献最大的VOCs来源为溶剂涂料使用和石化行业。     

武汉城区秋季大气挥发性有机物污染特征及部分物种来源的初步分析

于2014年10月采用GC-MS挥发性有机物(VOCs)在线监测系统在武汉城区开展大气VOCs连续监测,并分析VOCs体积分数的时间变化特征、光化学活性差异及来源。结果表明,武汉城区总VOCs体积分数为45.16×10-9,从高到低依次为烷烃烯烃芳香烃;VOCs日变化呈双峰型特征,峰值分别出现在6:00—8:00和19:00—23:00;T/B和E/E的平均比值分别为0.94和0.61,表明气团受机动车影响显著,且存在老化现象;烯烃对OH消耗速率(LOH)和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的贡献率最大,芳香烃次之,烷烃最低;以3-甲基戊烷为机动车排放示踪物,计算得出非机动车源对乙烯、甲苯和间/对-二甲苯的贡献率分别为85%、55%和70%。     

威海市秋季VOCs污染特征及来源解析

为探究威海市秋季挥发性有机物（VOCs）污染特征及来源,于2021年9月10—20日采用手工加密监测法对威海市秋季大气中VOCs进行监测,分析了气象因素对臭氧（O₃）及其前体物的影响和VOCs污染特征,并利用正交矩阵因子模型（PMF）方法对VOCs来源进行了研究。结果表明,威海市温度对O₃生成影响明显,尤其是高温、低湿、扩散较差气象条件下,有利于O₃前体物的反应消耗,促使O₃生成及累积。观测期间,威海市秋季φ（VOCs）平均值为47.84×10^-9,VOCs中体积分数占比最高的为含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）,占比为58.0%,其次为烷烃（21.6%）、卤代烃（10.2%）。O₃生成潜势（OFP）平均值为393.95μg/m³,对OFP的贡献占比最高的为OVOCs（74.1%）,其次为芳香烃（12.6%）、烷烃（7.0%）和烯烃（5.4%）。PMF源解析结果显示,机动车尾气排放源、工艺过程源、船舶尾气排放源和溶剂使用源是威海市秋季VOCs排放主要来源,贡献占比分别为30.4%,23.9%,21.1%,16.5%。控制机动车排放和工艺过程排放是控制威海市秋季VOCs污染的重要途径。     

南京某典型化工园区春季VOCs污染特征和臭氧生成潜势分析

利用2020年3月28日—5月3日南京某典型化工园区挥发性有机物（VOCs）离线监测数据,分析了园区内VOCs污染特征及臭氧生成潜势（OFP）。结果表明,春季园区φ（VOCs）范围为22.3×10^-9 ~892.6×10^-9,82.1%频率的φ（VOCs）<100×10^-9;VOCs组分占比表现为：烷烃＞含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）＞烯烃＞卤代烃>芳香烃>炔烃>有机硫。高体积分数VOCs中烷烃和烯烃占比高于低体积分数VOCs,受园区内部储罐存储、运输、转运等过程产生的油气挥发及石油化工原料、合成材料的生产影响显著。不同时刻φ（VOCs）表现为夜间最高、早晨其次、下午最低的变化特征,这与园区内部VOCs排放累积、大气边界层抬升和大气光化学反应等因素有关。OFP值范围为166.2~6 920.9 ,μg/m³,56.0%频率的OFP<500。     

徐州市区春季大气中VOCs污染特征分析

2017年3月-5月采用大气挥发性有机物在线连续自动监测系统对徐州市新城区大气中102种VOCs进行观测,分析徐州市春季大气中VOCs的体积和组成特征。结果发现:观测期间,徐州市大气中VOCs的小时体积分数为(3.81~221.85)×10~(-9),平均体积分数为27.97×10~(-9);各物种体积占比依次为烷烃、含氧有机物、卤代烃、芳香烃和烯(炔)烃;占比最高的5种污染物是乙烷、丙酮、乙烯、乙炔和丙烷。徐州市臭氧处在VOCs控制区,对臭氧生成潜势(OFP)贡献率最大的是含氧有机物(33.99%)和芳香烃(32.21%);关键活性组分是乙烯、正己醛、甲苯、间/对-二甲苯和丁烯酮。     

南通市夏季VOCs污染特征与来源研究

运用大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)快速在线连续自动监测系统,于2018年7月对南通市区环境空气中VOCs进行观测,分析VOCs的浓度状况、组成特征、对臭氧生成潜势的贡献及主要来源。结果表明:观测期间共检出100种VOCs,总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)的平均体积分数为(38. 18±23. 63)×10^-9,各物种体积分数从大到小顺序依次为烷烃>含氧有机物>芳香烃>卤代烃>烯、炔烃;芳烃和烯烃是最主要的活性物种,间/对二甲苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯等是VOCs的关键活性组分;利用PMF模型解析得到VOCs的主要污染来源是工业排放与溶剂使用、机动车尾气排放、燃料挥发排放和生物源排放。     

桂林市城区大气VOCs污染特征及对O3和SOA的生成潜势

对桂林市城区大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染特征,以及VOCs对臭氧(O3)和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的生成潜势进行了研究。结果显示,研究期间,共检出VOCs物种78种,平均体积分数为21.32×10-9,表现为芳香烃(67.82%)烷烃(19.56%)卤代烃(7.50%)烯烃(2.86%)含氧挥发性有机物(1.41%)。VOCs体积分数空间分布呈现市中心和下风向郊区两个高值区。通过苯与甲苯的浓度比值发现,林科所VOCs主要来自交通源和生物源,师专甲山校区VOCs主要是来自交通源,其余测点VOCs主要来自交通源、工业源和外来传输源。分析乙苯和间/对二甲苯的浓度比值发现,电子科大尧山校区气团光化学年龄较大,光化学反应活性相对较强烈;旅游学院、华侨旅游经开区、大埠中心校气团光化学年龄较小,光化学反应活性相对较弱。VOCs对O3生成潜势最大的为芳香烃(93.81%),其次是烷烃(7.22%)和烯烃(4.75%);对SOA生成潜势最大的为芳香烃(97.45%),其次是烷烃(2.55%)。     

嘉善夏季典型时段大气VOCs的臭氧生成潜势及来源解析

2016年8—9月对长三角南部区域嘉善的大气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)变化特征、臭氧生成潜势、臭氧生成控制敏感性和来源进行了研究。结果表明,观测期间VOCs总平均值为27.3×10-9,表现为烷烃卤代烃含氧有机物芳香烃烯烃炔烃;VOCs浓度变化较大,早晚出现峰值,与风速呈负相关的关系,与温度没有明显相关性。VOCs的臭氧生成潜势表现为芳香烃烯烃烷烃含氧有机物卤代烃炔烃。甲苯等10种物质对臭氧生成潜势的贡献达到63%。夏季典型时段臭氧生成对VOCs较敏感,属于VOCs控制区。观测期间测得对VOCs浓度贡献较大的物种来源于溶剂涂料和工业排放。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

西藏典型城市公园繁殖鸟类中的外来鸟种

选取位于西藏拉萨的罗布林卡、龙王潭公园、布达拉宫广场,位于林芝的福建公园,以及位于昌都的天津广场等5个城市公园,于2017年5—6月采取样线法对其中的鸟类群落组成和外来鸟种情况进行调查。调查共记录到鸟类9目20科36种,其中属于古北界的有12种,东洋界和广布种也均为12种。36种鸟类中,留鸟24种,夏候鸟6种,冬候鸟2种,旅鸟4种。统计到外来鸟种4种,包括山噪鹛(Garrulax davidi)、八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、红嘴相思鸟(Leiothrix lutea)及大紫胸鹦鹉(Psittacula derbiana),占调查鸟种种类的11.1%,外来物种的入侵风险在高原不容忽视。     

Quantifying nickel in soils and plants in an ultramafic area in Philippines

In this study, concentrations of nickel (Ni) were quantified in the soils and plants in the agricultural areas of Salcedo watershed in Eastern Samar Island, Philippines. The quantity of total Ni in soils (TS-Ni) was significantly high with a mean of 1,409 mg kg^?1, while the soil available Ni (SA-Ni) was low with a mean of 8.66 mg kg^?1. As the levels of TS-Ni in the Salcedo watershed greatly exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for agricultural soils, the site is not suitable for agricultural purposes. Despite significant TS-Ni levels, SA-Ni levels were very low due to tight binding between Ni and soil components. Consequently, all plants investigated did not meet the criterion for a Ni hyperaccumulator plant with low Ni contents (mean TP-Ni of 14.7 mg kg^?1). Comparison of Ni levels between food plants and its recommended daily intake (RDI) suggests that consumption of food-plants grown in the study area is unlikely to pose health risks. However, caution must be taken against combined consumption of food plants with high Ni levels or their prolonged consumption, as it can induce accumulation of Ni above RDI.     

Changes in the trade in native medicinal plants in Brazilian public markets

Plants continue to be an important source of new bioactive substances. Brazil is one of the world’s mega-diverse countries, with 20 % of the world’s flora. However, the accelerated destruction of botanically rich ecosystems has contributed to a gradual loss of native medicinal species. In previous study, we have observed a fast and intensive change in trade of medicinal plants in an area of Amazon, where human occupation took place. In this study, we surveyed 15 public markets in different parts of Brazil in search of samples of 40 plants used in traditional medicine and present in first edition of Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia (FBRAS), published in 1926. Samples of plants commercialized as the same vernacular name as in Pharmacopoeia were acquired and submitted to analysis for authentication. A total of 252 plant samples were purchased, but the laboratory analyses showed that only one-half of the samples (126, 50.2 %) were confirmed as the same plant species so named in FBRAS. The high number of unauthenticated samples demonstrates a loss of knowledge of the original native species. The proximity of the market from areas in which the plant occurs does not guarantee that trade of false samples occurs. The impact of the commerce of the substitute species on their conservation and in public health is worrying. Strategies are necessary to promote the better use and conservation of this rich heritage offered by Brazilian biodiversity.     

Challenges in meeting international standards in undertaking social impact assessment in Russia

Implementing good practice social impact assessment (SIA) that meets international standards in countries in transition is problematic. We reflect on the challenges faced when undertaking SIA in the Russian Federation. These challenges restrict meaningful SIA processes from being undertaken and limit public participation and the effective community engagement of project-affected local people. Based on the self-reflexive professional experience of two Russian-based social practitioners, and their discursive interactions with two leading academics in environmental and social impact assessment, as well as on in-depth interviews with prominent Russian and international experts, we identified the key challenges that prevent effective SIA from being implemented in Russia: a lack of understanding of the international standards; discrepancy in the determination of the social area of influence between the national requirements and international standards; difficulties in combining national and international impact assessment processes; and a tendency by companies to restrict stakeholder engagement to the minimum. We hope that by having an awareness of these limitations, improvements to SIA practice in Russia and elsewhere will be made.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

Variations in the level of some trace elements in hair of participants in the Italian expeditions in Antarctica

As a part the Italian National Programme of Research in Antarctica (PNRA) a monitoring study has been undertaken to quantify the concentrations of some selected trace elements in human hair of participants in the Antarctic expeditions. Such concentrations may vary as a consequence of the extreme environmental conditions and changes in lifestyle experienced by participants in the expeditions, as some evidence in previous investigations seems to suggest. The present study regards samples collected on the occasion of the 2002-2003 expedition to the Italian Base of Terra Nova Bay (now Mario Zucchelli Base), i.e., just before the expedition and about one month later. Seven essential elements were taken into account, namely, Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn and Mo. Determinations were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Dynamic Reaction Cell Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS). Data obtained were statistically treated by using the non-parametric Friedman test. The concentrations of Ca, Cu and Mg were found to decrease (P < 0.05). The stress caused by the severe environmental conditions might well play a role in the observed decrease.     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

Levels of lead in atmospheric deposition in a large urban agglomeration in Poland

Lead levels in wet and dry deposition were determined within this project. A network of 10 sampling stations was established. The stations were located in areas characterized by heavy traffic volumes, but away from industrial and/or municipal pollution sources. It was assumed, therefore, that lead in the samples collected was coming primarily from automobile emissions. Measurements were carried out over a period of one year. Both rain and snow samples were collected. Lead concentrations in the samples ranged from 0.6 to 141 microg dm(-3). They depended on street topography, traffic volume, average speed of the vehicles, frequency of traffic congestion and atmospheric conditions. The highest lead levels in deposition were observed during the cold season.