山西兴县粘土岩的微量元素地球化学特征问题──与王泽中商榷

评述了王泽中一文［1］的一些问题，即进行了关于铝土岩的术语、主要元素的相互关系、某些微量元素的地球化学特征和粘土岩物源问题的讨论。     

强烈风化条件下玄武岩发育土壤的元素地球化学特征

海南岛地处热带,晚第三纪以来喷发的玄武岩上广泛发育铁铝土。土壤剖面的常量元素、微量元素、化学风化指标及元素迁移率的研究表明:(1)土壤Al2O3、Fe2O3、SiO2和TiO2元素富集,水溶型元素强烈淋失,高CIA值和低ba值均显示其经历强烈的化学风化作用;(2)元素含量和元素迁移率的计算结果显示,温带难迁移的Ti、Zr、Hf和Nb等元素在高温多雨的热带环境下也会发生强烈的淋失,究其原因主要受湿热环境下高有机质含量和强酸性条件影响;(3)Fe、Al、Cu和Ni等元素的迁移则反映了基岩发育土壤自下而上的风化渐进特征;(4)表层土壤K、Na和Sr元素的强烈富集则与大气沉降有关。     

电石渣和铝土粉的高温燃烧脱硫特性及微观分析

研究了电石渣和铝土粉作为燃煤添加剂的高温脱硫特性及其微观反应机理，发现在1200℃下燃煤中同时添加电石渣和铝土粉时，低温硫析出峰与只添加电石渣时几乎一致，而高温硫析出峰则大大降低，从而使脱硫率由30．5％明显提高到45．19％．XRD和SEM分析表明：电石渣中富含的CaO以及铝土粉中富含的Al2O3，与燃煤固硫过程中生成的部分CaSO4在高温下反应生成了耐热物相“硫铝酸钙”，是钙铝基添加剂比单纯钙基具有更高脱硫率的最主要原因．另外铝土粉增强了电石渣燃煤固硫渣的熔融程度，从而使硅酸盐熔融物有更多机会将CaSO4等固硫产物包裹以抑制其高温分解，是它具有更高脱硫率的另一个原因．     

新疆老山口金矿岩浆隐爆角砾岩地质地球化学

新疆东准噶尔老山口金矿区发育有与金矿化密切有关的次火山闪长玢岩及与之密切伴生的闪长玢岩质隐爆角砾岩和闪斜煌斑岩质隐爆角砾岩 ,它们是在陆相火山作用下由同源岩浆分异演化而形成的产物。角砾岩具有浅成—超浅成环境及热塑、高压释放状态下的成岩特征。角砾岩的角砾、胶结物和次火山岩三者的岩石类型、岩相学特征和地球化学特征基本一致 ,具有稀土总量较低 ,轻稀土相对富集 ,重稀土相对亏损 ,铕异常不明显 ,大离子亲石元素相对富集 ,高场强元素相对亏损等特征。结合其构造背景、地质产状、岩石学和地球化学特征分析 ,这套岩石来源于受俯冲洋壳释放富含大离子亲石元素或强不相容元素流体交代过的亏损地幔楔。     

与含矿性有关的花岗岩类建造的时代系列中地球化学演化的研究(以中哈萨克斯坦为例)

<正> 现今已积累了各地区花岗岩类中稀有元素和成矿元素分布特征的大量资料。数据的加工通常在於计算不同地区花岗岩类或某些侵入杂岩和岩体的元素平均含量,然后将计算的平均值与全球性克拉克值,或与其他地区同类侵入岩的含量进行对比,以便查明地块、个别建造、杂岩及岩体的地球化学专属性。在研究少量元素的行为时,很少考虑它们与造岩氧化物的关系,也很少注意成矿元素和稀有元素在侵入杂岩和岩     

侵入岩和交代岩的长石中的金

<正> 长石是许多侵入岩、变质岩和交代岩的主要造岩矿物。很多若者经研究查明,长石是许多稀有元素的载体矿物,有时还是它们的富集矿物。众所周知,造岩矿物和付矿物成分中的许多稀有和分散元素在含量上的差异,可用来说明岩石的成因性质及其可能的含矿性。同时,确定侵入体造岩矿物中元素的分配参数,也具有相当重要的意义。载体矿物中杂质元素的平均含量通常被作为原始岩浆中杂质元素含量的上限。因此,以相当广泛的实际资料可靠地确定造岩矿物中杂     

溶解性有机质对铁铝土吸附2,4-D的影响

以动力学吸附和等温吸附实验研究了2,4-D在铁铝土中的吸附特征,并比较了不同亲/疏水性溶解性有机质（DOM）对此的影响.结果表明：2,4-D在铁铝土中的动力学吸附符合伪一级动力学方程,等温吸附符合Henry,Freundlich方程,是一个物理作用主导的,自发的,放热的非均质吸附过程.吸附系数K_d为0.61~2.02L/kg,是一种难吸附有机污染物,对地下水存在环境风险.吸附量受土壤pH值影响显著,与土壤中矿物含量,粘粒组成等也密切相关.DOM共存条件下,高疏水性DOM,中疏水性DOM抑制了2,4-D在铁铝土的吸附,使K_d值下降10.7%~58.8%.低疏水性DOM对铁铝土吸附2,4-D作用不明显.DOM对铁铝土吸附2,4-D的作用效应与土壤理化性质和DOM性质密切相关.土壤矿物组分越多,粘粒含量越高,堵孔效应越大.DOM疏水性越大,对2,4-D吸附作用的增溶作用,堵孔作用也越大,其中HOA,HON是关键组分.     

安徽黄梅尖地区基性岩脉K-Ar年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

在野外地质调查和室内综合研究的基础上,通过对黄梅尖地区辉绿玢岩K-Ar年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素特征进行研究,探讨辉绿玢岩的形成时代、岩石成因及构造背景。K-Ar年代学研究表明,辉绿玢岩形成于～107 Ma,是早白垩世岩浆活动的产物,形成时代晚于该地区火山岩和侵入岩,与该地区铀成矿年龄基本一致;辉绿玢岩的侵入可能是该地区岩浆作用的最后一幕,铀成矿可能与辉绿玢岩具有成因联系。地球化学特征表明,辉绿玢岩富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、U、Pb和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti,具有较高的I_(sr)值和负ε_(Nd)(t)值,具有富集地幔源区特征;辉绿玢岩是在地壳伸展和岩石圈减薄的构造背景下,由俯冲交代作用形成的富集地幔部分熔融形成的,表明～107 Ma时该地区仍处于伸展构造环境下。     

侵入岩和接触交代岩的闪石类矿物中金的分布特征

<正> 闪石类矿物是很多侵入岩、变质岩和交代岩的造岩矿物。闪石类矿物中杂质元素含量的差异,可说明岩石形成的专属性及其含矿的可能性。携带矿物中元素的平均含量可作为原始岩浆中这些元素含量的限。因此,根据大量的实际材料,正确确定造岩矿物     

诺姆冈斯克(橄长岩-斜长岩-辉长岩)地体中铂族元素、金和银的地球化学(蒙古)(摘要)

本文讨论了早古生代橄榄岩－辉岩－斜长岩－辉长若－苏长岩建造的诺姆岗斯克地体中的铂族元素地球化学。在该地体中出现一些含硫化物的辉长岩带。其中铂族元素和银的含量都比较高，这些元素在硫化物中的含量分布是起基性－基性岩体分异作用形成的硫化矿床所特有的。这说明硫化物折出时铂族元素在熔体中的含量没有明显的降低，证明诺姆岗斯克地体规模很大。诺姆冈斯克(橄长岩-斜长岩-辉长岩)地体中铂族元素、金和银的地球化学(蒙古)(摘要)     

铝土矿钪的地球化学特征

论述了贵州下石炭统祥摆组 (黔中九架炉组 )铝土矿钪来源与演化、钪地球化学特征和钪与稀土元素的相关性。铝土矿的稀土模式及某些参数与震旦系南沱组粘土岩和陡山沱组白云岩具一致性表明 ,铝土矿的钪与稀土元素可能来自早期的粘土岩和碳酸盐岩类。最后 ,根据硫同位素组成和Eh -pH图解 ,讨论了铝土矿 (Sc)矿床的形成条件。     

用岩-土显微特征示踪碳酸盐岩母岩的成土过程——以贵阳市大山洞岩-土剖面为例

以贵阳市大山洞岩-土剖面为例,通过对土层及其碳酸盐岩母岩在物质组分、结构构造等显微特征方面的研究,分析碳酸盐岩母岩的成土过程为:母岩在风化作用过程中,碳酸盐类矿物被溶解随水流走,难溶的粘土矿物和石英等残留下采,铝硅酸盐类矿物经分解并最终形成粘土矿物、褐铁矿、三水铝石、硬、软锰矿和蛋白石(最终变为玉髓和石英),上述矿物堆积下来形成土层。     

赤泥渗滤液对钠基膨润土黏土衬垫的渗透机理分析

赤泥渗滤液的高离子强度可以抑制蒙脱石的膨胀,从而导致钠基膨润土黏土衬垫（GCL）的渗透性过强,并无法用作赤泥处理设施中的防渗衬层。通过2种钠基膨润土黏土衬垫与2种赤泥渗滤液的渗透过程,研究强碱性赤泥渗滤液与钠基膨润土黏土衬垫的渗透机理。结果表明:天然钠基膨润土（Na-GCL）和人工钠化钠基膨润土（Ar-GCL）的渗透系数与赤泥渗滤液的离子强度密切相关,随着离子强度的增加,渗透系数呈递进式系统性增大,对高离子强度的山东赤泥渗滤液的渗透系数最大,分别为7.8×10-7,3.2×10-7 m/s。且两者的渗透系数与膨胀指数呈正相关,SEM扫描的微观结构分析发现,膨润土的膨胀机理控制着其渗透作用。高离子强度会使膨润土中的蒙脱石矿物层间发生渗透性膨胀,并吸收大量的水分,减小孔隙度的同时改变流体的流动路径,从而导致渗透系数提高。该结果可为赤泥堆场底部防渗设计提供更为可靠的理论参考,有效降低我国赤泥堆场渗滤液污染风险。     

Variation on leaching behavior of caustic compounds in bauxite residue during dealkalization process

Bauxite residue, a byproduct of alumina manufacture, is a serious environmental pollutant due to its high leaching contents of metals and caustic compounds. Four typical anions of CO₃^2?, HCO₃^?, Al(OH)₄^? and OH^? (represented caustic compounds) and metal ions (As, B, Mo and V) were selected to assess their leaching behavior under dealkalization process with different conditions including liquid/solid ratio (L/S ratio), temperature and leaching time. The results revealed that washing process could remove the soluble composition in bauxite residue effectively. The leaching concentrations of typical anions in bauxite residue decreased as follows: c(CO₃^2?) > c(HCO₃^?) > c[Al(OH)₄^?] > c(OH^?). L/S ratio had a more significant effect on leaching behavior of OH^?, whilst the leaching concentration of Al(OH)₄^? varied larger underleaching temperature and time treatment. Under the optimal leaching, the total alkaline, soluble Na concentrations, exchangeable Ca concentrations were 79.52, 68.93, and 136.0 mmol/L, respectively, whilst the soluble and exchangeable content of As, B, Mo and V in bauxite residue changed slightly. However, it should be noted that water leaching has released metal ions such as As, B, Mo and V in bauxite residue to the surrounding environment. The semiquantitative analysis of XRD revealed that water leaching increased the content of gismondine from 2.4% to 6.4%. The SEM images demonstrated the dissolution of caustic compounds on bauxite residue surface. The correlation analysis indicated that CO₃^2? and HCO₃^? could effectively reflect the alkalinity of bauxite residue, and may be regarded as critical dealkalization indicators to evaluate alkalinity removal in bauxite residue.     

赤泥碱性调控研究进展

赤泥是氧化铝工业生产过程产生的强碱性固体废弃物,资源化利用难、环境风险高,严重制约了氧化铝行业的可持续发展.赤泥土壤化是实现规模化处置赤泥的一种可行方法,而碱性调控则是赤泥土壤化的关键环节.论文在综述氧化铝生产过程碱性物质形成过程的基础上,从可溶性碱和化学结合碱角度分析了赤泥碱性物质的赋存状态,阐述了国内外化学调碱法和生物调碱法的研究进展和碱性转化机制,剖析了赤泥碱性调控方面存在的问题,提出了赤泥碱性调控研究的发展方向.这将为赤泥规模化处置和堆场生态重建、保障氧化铝工业的健康发展提供科学参考.     

醋渣和糠醛渣对赤泥中金属稳定性的影响

赤泥中和是实现堆场植被复垦的必要途径,而醋渣和糠醛渣是赤泥降碱和改良效果较好的2种生物质材料.针对赤泥碱性降低过程中理化性质的改变,根据MEP(多级提取程序)毒性溶出以及BCR形态分级试验,对醋渣和糠醛渣对赤泥中金属行为的影响进行了研究.结果表明:添加20%的醋渣和糠醛渣后,赤泥pH从10.60分别降至9.61和8.96,w(TOC)从8.04 g/kg分别增至35.11和38.62 g/kg,赤泥比表面积从10.18 m2/g分别降至7.36和8.57 m2/g,CEC(阳离子交换量)从106.28 cmol/kg分别增至127.19和161.59 cmol/kg;赤泥中Mo的最低浸出浓度为0.37 mg/L,超过GB/T 14848—1993《地下水质量标准》中Mo的Ⅲ类标准限值(0.1 mg/L);醋渣和糠醛渣可有效抑制赤泥中Al、V、Pb的浸出,但却可促进Cu、Mn、Ni和Mo的浸出,四者的最高浸出浓度分别可达64.45、17.64、12.09 μg/L和29.37 mg/L;醋渣和糠醛渣的添加可导致Al、V和Pb向稳定性较高的残渣态转化,Ni则向稳定性较低的酸可提取态转化.研究显示,糠醛渣比醋渣有更强的中和能力,对赤泥中金属稳定性影响较小.赤泥中金属元素具有潜在的长期浸出性且环境风险较高.      

动态渗透压力法研究水处理滤料的润湿性

润湿性是水处理滤料的一个十分重要的表面性质.以Washburn方程为原理,用动态渗透压力法研究了无烟煤、铝矾土陶瓷及磁铁矿滤料的亲油亲水润湿性.实验结果表明,方法的重现性较好,误差在10%以内.当滤料的粒径范围在0.6～0.9mm之间时.以该法测得无烟煤、铝矾土陶瓷及磁铁矿滤料的亲油亲水比(LHR)值依次为2.511、1.748和1.317,说明无烟煤滤料的亲油性最好,铝矾土陶瓷次之,而磁铁矿的亲油性最差.XPS和FTIR分析结果表明,无烟煤、铝矾土陶瓷及磁铁矿滤料润湿性差别主要归因于其表面化学结构的不同.     

Energy and greenhouse gas impacts of mining and mineral processing operations

Life cycle assessments of the mining and mineral processing of iron ore, bauxite and copper concentrate were carried out, focussing on embodied energy and greenhouse gas emissions. The results showed that loading and hauling make the largest contributions to the total greenhouse gas emissions for the mining and processing of iron ore and bauxite. In the case of copper ore, the crushing and grinding steps make the largest contribution to the total greenhouse gas emissions for the production of copper concentrate. These results indicate that efforts to reduce the increased greenhouse gas emissions from mining and mineral processing, anticipated in the future as a result of falling ore grades and more finer-grained deposits, should focus on loading and hauling for iron ore and bauxite, while for copper ore the focus should be on grinding. There are a number of new and emerging technologies that could be expected to assist in this task, and these include high pressure grinding rolls and stirred mills for grinding, and further advances in diesel engine technology for loading and hauling applications.     

The dynamic development of bacterial community following long-term weathering of bauxite residue

Bauxite residue is the industrial waste generated from alumina production and commonly deposited in impoundments. These sites are bare of vegetation due to the extreme high salinity and alkalinity, as well as lack of nutrients. However, long term weathering processes could improve residue properties to support the plant establishment. Here we investigate the development of bacterial communities and the geochemical drivers in bauxite residue, using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. Long term weathering reduced the pH in bauxite residue and increased its nutrients content. The bacterial community also significantly developed during long term weathering processes. Taxonomic analysis revealed that natural weathering processes encouraged the populations of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes, whereas reducing the populations of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that total organic carbon (TOC) was the dominant factors affecting microbial structure. The results have demonstrated that natural weathering processes improved the soil development on the abandoned bauxite residue disposal areas, which also increased our understanding of the correlation between microbial variation and residue properties during natural weathering processes in Bauxite residue disposal areas.     

Improvements on physical conditions of bauxite residue following application of organic materials

Soil formation and ecological rehabilitation is the most promising strategy to eliminate environmental risks of bauxite residue disposal areas. Its poor physical structure is nevertheless a major limitation to plant growth. Organic materials were demonstrated as effective ameliorants to improve the physical conditions of bauxite residue. In this study, three different organic materials including straw (5% W/W), humic acid (5% W/W), and humic acid-acrylamide polymer (0.2% and 0.4%, W/W) were selected to evaluate their effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue pretreated by phosphogypsum following a 120-day incubation experiment. The proportion of 2-1 mm macro-aggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GWD) increased following organic materials addition, which indicated that organic materials could enhance aggregate stability. Compared with straw, and humic acid, humic acid-acrylamide polymer application had improved effects on the formation of water-stable aggregates in the residues. Furthermore, organic materials increased the total porosity, total pore volume and average pore diameter, and reduced the micropore content according to nitrogen gas adsorption (NA) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analysis, whilst enhancing water retention of the residues based on water characteristic curves. Compared with traditional organic wastes, humic acid-acrylamide polymer could be regarded as a candidate according to the comprehensive consideration of the additive amount and the effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue. These findings could provide a novel application to both Ca-contained acid solid waste and high-molecular polymers on ecological rehabilitation at disposal areas.