The importance of different forms of Pb on diminishing biological activities in a calcareous soil

In this experimental study, we evaluated the effect of different lead (Pb) fractions on biological properties in soil spiked with 0, 600, 1200 and 1800 mg kg^?1 Pb, during a 90-day incubation period at 25?28°C. Different Pb fractions were measured by sequential extraction at days 1 and 90 after soil treatment. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Pb and soil biological properties at days 1, 5, 15, 45 and 90 were measured. The concentration of Pb in soluble and exchangeable fractions was very high at day 1, but it showed remarkable transfer into carbonate and residual fractions by day 90. Substrate-induced respiration, basal respiration, acid and alkaline phosphatases, microbial populations (bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes) and biomass carbon decreased significantly with soil contamination compared with the control. With Pb ageing, these biological properties increased. Metabolic quotient (qCO₂) increased significantly compared with the control with increasing Pb concentration. The toxicity of various forms of Pb for the biological status of the soil was in the following order: KNO₃ extractable>NaOH extractable>EDTA extractable>HNO ₃ extractable>total content Pb. Thus, the bioavailable fractions are better indicators of Pb pollution in soils.     

山东省地下水硝酸盐溯源研究

针对山东全省农村地区进行地下水取样,采用离子交换色层法对地下水NO3--N质量浓度大于10 mg·L-1的地下水样品进行预处理,做溯源研究,同时采集当地植物、化学肥料、人畜粪便、土壤等样品,测定δ15N值,以针对山东地区,对现存的δ15N值数据库进行完善与补充,使本研究更具代表性与准确性。研究结果表明,如以研究区域整体为单位,有35.45%地下水样品的NO3--N来自于粪肥污染,有27.1%的地下水样品是受化肥污染,还有37.45%的地下水样品的NO3--N污染来自于化肥、粪肥以及生活污水的混合污染。作者还进一步分析了地下水中NO3--N平均质量浓度高于20 mg·L-1的烟台和潍坊,结果表明,烟台地区的地下水NO3--N污染有55.56%来自于粪肥污染,有5.56%来自于化肥污染,有38.88%来自于化肥、粪肥以及生活污水的混合污染;潍坊地区的地下水NO3--N污染有16.13%来自于粪肥污染,有48.39%来自于化肥污染,还有35.48%来自于化肥、粪肥以及生活污水的混合污染。     

磷和硅对土壤-烟草系统中铅迁移的影响

为探究降低土壤铅活性与烟叶铅含量的有效措施,采用盆栽法研究施磷、施硅及磷硅配施对铅在土壤-烟草系统中迁移的影响。结果表明,在非根际土壤中,施磷使土壤可交换态和碳酸盐结合态铅向铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态铅转化,施硅使土壤可交换态铅向铁锰氧化物结合态铅转化,磷硅配施使土壤可交换态铅向铁锰氧化物结合态、有机态及残渣态铅转化。与CK相比,施磷、施硅及磷硅配施使根际土壤可交换态铅含量分别降低46.05%、14.24%和48.76%,使烟草铅总吸收量分别降低44.02%、44.04%和65.65%,使烟叶铅含量分别降低63.06%、60.37%和83.24%。施磷可通过降低土壤中铅向根部迁移的移动指数(IM,土-根)和根部向茎部迁移的移动指数(IM,根-茎)来抑制土壤中铅向叶部的迁移;施硅及磷硅配施可通过降低IM,土-根、IM,根-茎和茎部铅向叶部迁移的移动指数(IM,茎-叶)来抑制土壤中铅向叶部的迁移。施磷和施硅是降低烟叶铅含量的有效措施,且配施效果更佳。     

根际土壤中Cd、Pb形态转化及其植物效应

采用根袋盆栽试验和连续形态分析方法研究根际土壤中Cd、Pb形态转化及其植物效应。结果表明，(1)在低Cd质量分数(≤1mg／kg)污染条件下，根际土壤中cd主要以残渣态存在；在较高cd质量分数(≥5mg／kg)污染条件下，cd主要以交换态和碳酸盐结合态存在，即根际土壤中Cd由残渣态向交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化，Cd活性增强。(2)Pb在根际土壤中主要以有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在，交换态质量分数很低，并随Pb污染水平的提高，其主要存在形态未改变。(3)土壤中Cd、Pb总质量分数及各形态质量分数(残渣态除外)与小麦根、茎叶中Cd、Pb质量分数呈正相关性，而与鲜质量呈负相关性；当w(Cd)添加量≥5mg／kg时，小麦鲜质量明显下降；当w(Pb)≥500mg／kg时，小麦鲜质量下降。     

中国典型土壤中铅的生物可给性的影响因素分析与健康风险评估

土壤铅污染及其危害备受关注.作为评估其对人体健康风险的科学指标之一,土壤铅的生物可给性的影响因素仍不甚明确.采集中国5种典型土壤(红壤、褐土、黑土、棕壤和黄壤),根据国标中一类建设用地的管制值制备成800 mg·kg-1的铅污染土壤样品,利用先进的基于生理学的体外试验方法(改进的PBET模型)研究经口部摄入的土壤铅的生...     

Role of peat organic matter on isotopic composition of most abundant benthic organisms in intertidal habitats of SW Iceland

The transfer of peat organic matter (OM) from tidal pools of upper littoral to downstream rocky shores and its potential incorporation into marine biota were investigated using the stable isotope approach. Samplings were carried out in September 2004 in two SW Icelandic sites (Osar and Hvassahraun), where we selected (1) areas with shores where grass gently declined towards rocks and, on reaching the sea line, formed small tidal peat pools and (2) areas where grass and rocky shores were not contiguous, rather the grass lower limits were several hundreds of meters back from the shore. In both grass and no grass areas, in the intertidal zone, all benthic organisms and all potential OM sources were sampled. Dominant macroalgae were Ascophyllum nodosum ([Linnaeus] Le Jolis) and Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus. In grass sites, organisms partially reflected the isotopic composition of peat OM, while in no grass sites, peat represented only a negligible amount of available OM, or its signal was totally absent from the environment. Intertidal organisms could rely on peat both directly by suspension feeding, grazing or scavenging and indirectly by predation (crabs) on low level consumers (barnacles).     

重金属Cd、Pb对褐菖鲉肝脏组织中HSPs基因表达的影响

为了解重金属污染对海洋鱼类热休克蛋白(HSPs)基因表达的影响,将褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)分别暴露于1.6、8、40、200、500μg·L~(-1)Cd、Pb溶液中,用环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAM P)定量检测褐菖鲉肝脏HSP60、HSP70、HSP90、HSC70 mRNA表达量。结果表明:Pb仅在40μg·L-1时显著抑制HSP60、HSP90、HSC70 mRNA表达量,8μg·L~(-1)时即可显著抑制HSP70 m RNA表达量,并在40μg·L~(-1)时达到最小值;Cd对HSP60、HSP90、HSC70的诱导不明显,但能显著诱导HSP70,并在500μg·L~(-1)时达到最大值。相比之下,褐菖鲉肝HSP70基因对重金属Cd、Pb污染较为敏感,有潜力成为监测海洋重金属污染的预警分子。     

多壁碳纳米管存在环境下Pb、Zn对斑马鱼毒性的变化(The Change of the Toxicity of Pb and Zn on Zebrafish in the Case of the Existence of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes)

研究了重金属铅、锌对斑马鱼的急性毒性效应及在人工碳纳米材料——多壁碳纳米管存在环境下,铅、锌对斑马鱼毒性的变化.结果显示,随着铅(Pb(NO3)2)、锌(ZnSO4)浓度的增加以及染毒时间的延长,斑马鱼死亡率逐渐增加;单一多壁碳纳米管悬液(10mg·L-1)对斑马鱼无明显毒性效应.Pb和Zn对斑马鱼24h、48h和96h的LC50分别为5.38mg·L-1、3.99mg·L-1、3.83mg·L-1和26.37mg·L-1、21.39mg·L-1、20.62mg·L-1;在多壁碳纳米管存在条件下,二者对斑马鱼24h、48h和96h的LC50分别为2.74mg·L-1、2.26mg·L-1、2.15mg·L-1和21.85mg·L-1、17.17mg·L-1、16.77mg·L-1.多壁碳纳米管存在条件下铅、锌对斑马鱼的LC50显著降低,提示碳纳米材料可能会增加重金属对水生生物的毒性.     

低浓度Pb^2＋对Cd^2＋污染下冬小麦幼苗根微域土壤水解酶活性及与根微域土壤生化特征关系的影响

采用盆栽试验法探讨了Cd^2＋、低于国家“土壤环境质量标准”规定的II类土壤环境基准值300mg-kg^-1干土时的Pb^2＋与Cd^2＋复合处理对冬小麦幼苗根微域土壤磷酸酶、转化酶和脲酶活性及与根微域土壤微生物数量和生化特征关系的影响特征。结果表明：（1）Cd^2＋对冬小麦幼苗根微域土壤转化酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性表现为显著抑制效应;而低浓度Pb^2＋主要表现为协同Cd抖污染抑制根微域土壤水解酶活性效应;（2）Cd^2＋处理下,磷酸酶活性与微域土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关;转化酶活性与细菌、真菌和放线菌数量呈显著负相关,与有机质呈显著正相关;脲酶活性与细菌、真菌和放线菌数量及微生物量碳表现为极显著正相关;（3）Pb^2＋／cd^2＋处理下,碱性磷酸酶活性与微生物量碳表现为显著正相关;转化酶活性与全氮含量表现为显著负相关,与有机质含量呈极显著正相关;脲酶活性与全氮呈极显著正相关,与有机质为极显著负相关,总体来讲,Cd^2＋／Pb2＋与Cd^2＋处理之间酶活性与生化特征的关系存在明显差异;同时Pb^2＋／Cd^2＋处理下磷酸酶、转化酶和脲酶活性与土壤微生物数量之间的相关性特点与Cd^2＋处理下也明显不同。