人类活动影响下的四湖地区湿地景观格局分析

湿地景观空间结构研究是湿地生态研究的核心之一，景观功能性的性质和发挥，影响着湿地的物质流、信息流和能量流的特征，进而影响湿地区域的资源开发利用与保护。运用景观的空间格局指数，在遥感和GIS技术的支持下，结合江汉平原四湖地区的湿地农业的区域特点，确定了 四湖地区湿地景观分类系统，为了更好地定量分析四湖地区湿地景观格局的特点，我们选取了三类景观格局指数来定量描述于景观空间格局，即基本空间格局指标（多样性、均匀度及优势度）、景观空间构型指标（聚集工、破碎化）及斑块特征指标（斑块分维数），比较系统地分析四湖地区湿地景观空间格局。在此基础上探讨了人类干扰对四湖地区湿地同的结构和空间演替的影响。     

湖北省湿地的保护与利用

湿地是地球上具有多功能的、独特的生态系统，是人类最重要的生存环境之一。湖北省地处长江中游，湿地类型多，面积较大，河、湖湿地系统是主要的湿地类型。湖北湿地具有较大的资源潜力和环境调节功能，是自然界生物多样性丰富的生态景观。近年来，湖北省湿地保护面临人口增长的压力，围垦、污染和过度开发等对湿地保护构成了严重威胁，湿地环境遭到干扰和破坏。加强湿地科学的研究，保护管理好湖北湿地及其生态环境，实现湿地资源的持续利用，是湖北省2l世纪环保工作所面临的一项重要而紧迫的任务。     

长江流域湿地现状与变化遥感研究

湿地与湿地环境问题早已引起国际与国家层面的高度关注。基于多时相卫星遥感数据（MSS、TM/ETM、CBERS 02等），以ERDAS、ARCGIS、MAPGIS等软件为平台，在长江流域系统开展了1975、2000、2007年等不同时相湿地遥感信息提取、编图及以次级流域为单元的统计分析，全面掌握长江流域主要湿地类型、面积、结构、分布现状以及30余a的湿地变化规律，分析其自然及人类地质营力作用机制，研究其变化态势，为流域内国土资源的合理开发利用提供大区域基础资料。结果表明：长江流域湿地现状总面积为7931 9×104 km2，其中河流、湖泊、沼泽、人工湿地各占4233%、2093%、1853%、1821%；湿地类型发育齐全，空间分布广，但次级流域或局域湿地分布严重不匀且[JP2]类型结构不全；从1975~2007年的30余a，湖泊湿地总量消减889×102 km2，沼泽湿地消减591[JP]×102 km2，河流湿地增加350×102 km2，人工湿地增加了6302×103 km2，湿地总量累计增加了5172×103 km2；湿地变化方式主要是面积的增减和类型的转换，变化受制于自然与人类活动地质营力共同作用；湿地变化阶段性特征明显，2000年前为湿地不良变化期，2000年后为良性缓变期，长江流域湿地环境表现为总体趋好、局域问题较多态势     

山东寿光沿海湿地生态系统健康诊断

以寿光沿海湿地为例，运用二级模糊综合评判模型对湿地生态系统的健康进行了综合评价。首先从湿地生态特征、整体功能特征及外部社会环境三方面选取23项评价指标，构建了寿光沿海湿地生态系统健康的综合评价体系，整个指标体系分为单项指标、亚类指标和综合指标三个层次：然后进一步把评价指标划分为很健康、健康、亚健康、疾病4个等级，运用定量、半定量与定性相结合、定性描述等多种手法界定了等级划分标准，确定了各指标的等级隶一度，构造了隶属评判矩阵；通过专家咨询法．确定了各指标的权重，构造了权重向量；最后，运用加权平均型二级模糊综合评判模型对寿光沿海湿地生态系统健康逐级进行评价。评价结果显示，该温地系统在最大隶属程度上处于亚健康状态。     

湿地植物的选择及配置探讨——以凤凰水库双二库尾生态景观湿地设计为例

安吉县凤凰水库双二库尾生态景观湿地为安吉"水生态文明示范县"创建的先期试点项目,兼具水环境景观提升及水质净化功能,是大中型水库库尾治理的成功模式,对同类人工湿地建设具有借鉴作用。湿地植物是人工湿地系统的重要组成部分,本文对凤凰水库双二库尾生态景观湿地植物选择及配置进行了总结及问题分析,以期为库尾人工湿地植物研究提供实践参考。     

河滩人工湿地对河流洪水位影响的数值模拟

运用计算水力学的基本理论，采用二维水流数学模型进行河流泄洪能力的数值模拟，借助于SMS地表水软件，分别模拟了河流在不同湿地面积、湿地宽度及不同植物糙率条件下，河流洪水位的抬升情况。结果表明，不同湿地宽度对泄洪水位的影响，最终归结为主槽宽度的变化对泄洪水位的影响。主槽宽度相对于湿地面积及植物糙率，对洪水位的抬升影响较大，且主槽宽度越小，水位涨幅越大。对于在河流中如何布置和种植人工湿地及湿地植物的选取具有一定的指导作用。     

拉市海流域胁迫因子及其影响

拉市海流域位于云南丽江市玉龙县境内，其内的拉市海湿地是我国重要的高原湿地之一。拉市海湿地在调节气候、提供水源和提供珍稀物种栖息地等方面发挥着重要生态作用。分析了拉市海流域的主要胁迫因子：气候、农业活动、火烧、围堰及其它水利工程。在这些胁迫因子综合作用下，拉市海湿地生态系统的结构与功能发生了明显的变化。目前，拉市海湿地水域部分，出现“孤岛化”现象，湿地生物多样性剧减，湿地生态功能显著下降。在分析胁迫因子及其影响下，提出目前应尽快拆除围堰，注重湿地保护和合理利用，建立区域生态补偿机制的策略。     

滨海湿地生态系统敏感性评价方法研究

滨海湿地位于海洋与陆地交界区域,显现出比较复杂的生态结构。由于人口的增长和经济的发展,对滨海湿地资源长期过度开发,导致天然湿地急剧减少,湿地功能和效益不断下降。通过滨海湿地敏感性评价,可对潜在的生态问题进行辨识,并将其落实到具体空间区域上,实现对湿地的保护。DPSIR模型是一种生态评价和管理的有效模型,通过探讨DPSIR模型的产生、原理和应用领域,对比分析了DPSIR模型在滨海湿地生态评价中的优势,并基于DPSIR模型构建了滨海湿地生态敏感性评价指标体系。     

人工湿地小试系统藻类去除效果的变化研究

夏季在水力负荷为800mm/d间歇式进水条件下,研究了人工湿地不同工艺流程的8套小试系统SSP（system of small plot）内部水流方向上藻类去除率的变化。结果表明：人工湿地小试系统中,藻类生物量沿水流方向逐渐减少,除藻率在出水处均达到最大值。藻类的去除主要发生在湿地水流方向的前几层,而系统其他层对藻类只有微弱的去除效果。由下行池与上行池构成的湿地系统中,去藻是上、下行池共同作用的结果。在有推流床或塘处理系统参与的湿地系统中,它们对藻类的去除均有一定的作用。去藻作用主要是基质的拦截,不同的水流方向、植物和微生物也起到了一定作用。湿地对藻类的去除率在夏季一般都能达到90%以上,证明人工湿地是一种有效的除藻生态-生物方法,对除藻要求比较高水体的湿地构建及工艺流程的设计、组合具有重要意义。     

人工湿地系统去除藻毒素研究

以含水华的鱼塘水作为进水灌溉两套上行流－下行流人工湿地系统,系统内种植芦苇等水生植物。灌溉一周后收集人工湿地进出水水样,用ＨＰＬＣ法检测其藻毒素定量,结合温度、电位、溶氧等理化指标和细菌、藻类数量的变化,分析人工湿地系统对藻毒素的去除效果及影响其效果的可能因素。结果表明,人工湿地系统对藻毒素有一定的去除效果优于茭白－石菖蒲组合的湿地系统。在三种主要藻毒素ＲＲ、ＹＲ、ＬＲ中,湿地对ＹＲ的去除效果最好     

Regional climate sensitivity of wetland environments in Rwanda: the need for a location-specific approach

Wetlands are sustaining large communities of people in Rwanda where 10 % of its land surface consists of many local wetlands. Sustainable future management of these numerous wetlands requires a reliable inventory of their location and a dynamic quantitative characterization that allows assessment of their climate change sensitivity. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of climatic factors for determining wetland location at different regional scales. Wetland locations were analyzed and statistically modeled using their location factors with logistic regression. Wetland location probability was determined using topographic (elevation, slope), hydrological (contributing area) and climatic (temperature and rainfall) location factors. A wetland location probability map was made that demonstrated a calibration accuracy of 87.9 % correct at national level compared to an existing inventory, displaying even better fits at subnational level (reaching up to 98 % correct). A validation accuracy of 86.2 % was obtained using an independently collected dataset. A sensitivity analysis was applied to the threshold values used as cutoff value between wetland/non-wetland, demonstrating a robust performance. The developed models were used in a sensitivity scenario analysis to assess future wetland location probability to changes in temperature and rainfall. In particular, wetlands in the central regions of Rwanda demonstrate a high sensitivity to changes in temperature (1 % increase causes a net probable wetland area decline by 12.4 %) and rainfall (+1 % causes a net increase by 1.6 %). This potentially significant impact on wetland number and location probability indicates that climate-sensitive future planning of wetland use is required in Rwanda.     

鄱阳湖湿地植物生态系统结构及湖水位对其影响研究

通过对鄱阳湖水文过程和湖盆地形特点的分析,利用3S技术对鄱阳湖湿地进行了分类,研究了各种类型湿地植物生态系统的生境、主要植物群落结构和分布规律。结果表明,鄱阳湖湿地植物生态系统结构复杂,生物多样性极其丰富。湿地植物是以根茎为主要繁殖器官的克隆繁殖植物,以集群分布为主要特点。在宏观尺度上受地形高程、湖水位和洲滩出露时间制约,不同植物群落沿水分梯度分布;在景观尺度上受到土壤含水量、地下水埋深和土壤结构影响,形成水平镶嵌结构;微观尺度上还与微地形和土壤养分密切相关,部分区域表现为复合体结构。湿地植被对水分梯度的敏感性,导致湿地植物生态系统的易变性和脆弱性。近年来,鄱阳湖水位过低且持续时间长,使生态系统遭受一定损害。     

基于神经元网络模型的崇明东滩湿地生态系统健康评估

崇明东滩湿地位于崇明岛的东端,是全球重要的生态敏感区域,由于受到人类活动的干扰,生态系统健康遭受威胁,因此有必要对其健康进行定量的评价研究。以崇明东滩湿地为研究区域,以生态系统健康理论为基础,选取地形地貌、环境、生物、人类干扰等指标,并将研究区的健康分为五级,建立东滩湿地健康评价指标体系。结合GIS的技术,以网格为评价单元,并在神经元网络模型理论和技术的支持下,提出了一个分布式神经网络湿地生态系统健康评价模型,定量的分析崇明东滩湿地的健康状况,为湿地的合理利用与保护提供决策支持和科学依据。研究结果从空间上显示了崇明东滩湿地不同区域的健康状况,总体来说处于一个比较健康的状态,但健康状态较好的区域面积只占30％,相对一般区占70％,且生态系统健康将呈下降趋势。因此,需要对湿地加强管理,使湿地生态系统可持续发展。     

秦岭-淮河南北高温高湿天气时空演变分析

基于1960~2017年秦岭-淮河196个气象站点逐日最高温、最低温、相对湿度数据,以表观温度指数为基础,采用极点对称模态分解（ESMD）及专用气象要素空间插值软件ANUSPLIN,对秦岭-淮河南北高温高湿天气时空变化特征进行分析,进而利用小波相干方法探讨该区高温高湿天气与赤道东太平洋海温异常的多时间尺度响应关系。结果表明：(1) 以20世纪80年代中期及2010年为时间节点,秦岭-淮河以北及秦巴山区高温高湿天气日数呈“下降-缓慢上升-快速上升”阶段性变化特征,秦岭-淮河以南及淮河平原呈“下降-缓慢上升-下降”趋势;(2) 秦岭-淮河南北高温高湿天气呈“东多西少、南多北少”的空间分布特征,且影响范围向北扩大;(3)赤道东太平洋东部地区海温异常对秦岭-淮河南北各区高温高湿天气的影响比西部地区更显著且长时间周期尺度比短时间周期尺度更稳定。     

Impacts of climate change on land-use and wetland productivity in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America

Wetland productivity in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North America is closely linked to climate. A warmer and drier climate, as predicted, will negatively affect the productivity of PPR wetlands and the services they provide. The effect of climate change on wetland productivity, however, will not only depend on natural processes (e.g., evapotranspiration), but also on human responses. Agricultural land use, the predominant use in the PPR, is unlikely to remain static as climate change affects crop yields and prices. Land use in uplands surrounding wetlands will further affect wetland water budgets and hence wetland productivity. The net impact of climate change on wetland productivity will therefore depend on both the direct effects of climate change on wetlands and the indirect effects on upland land use. We examine the effect of climate change and land-use response on semipermanent wetland productivity by combining an economic model of agricultural land-use change with an ecological model of wetland dynamics. Our results suggest that the climate change scenarios evaluated are likely to have profound effects on land use in the North and South Dakota PPR, with wheat displacing other crops and pasture. The combined pressure of land-use and climate change significantly reduces wetland productivity. In a climate scenario with a +4 °C increase in temperature, our model predicts that almost the entire region may lack the wetland productivity necessary to support wetland-dependent species.     

湿地生态系统服务功能评价模式的不足与改进

本文基于对湿地生态系统服务功能评价研究发展历程的回顾,结合湿地资源保护面临的严峻形势以及社会经济发展对评价研究的现实要求,重点剖析了湿地生态系统服务功能的现状评价模式在研究定位、评价内容、评价方式和评价体系建设几个方面存在的主要不足,在此基础上提出相应的改进思路和方案.认为评价模式的改进应当以维持湿地生态系统健康和支撑区域社会经济可持续发展为研究目标,面向湿地生态系统管理方向补充评价内容,完善评价体系,强调人为活动干扰对湿地生态系统服务的影响及反馈分析,重视人类社会对服务功能需求的评价,并详细阐述干扰评价、需求评价和服务功能供需平衡分析的主要内容、方法和难点,总结湿地管理的意识和手段在服务功能评价各环节的体现.     

Artificial wetlands and water quality improvement

This paper illustrates the role of plants to assist the treatment of water pollution in man-made wetlands in tropical and temperate climates. It also considers the potential for environmental education of these wetland systems. The management and natural treatment of pollution is described in the Mai Po Marshes, Hong Kong and a wetland in London which is also an important site for birds. The design of the Putrajaya Lake and Wetland system in Malaysia is compared with a constructed wetland and lake for the treatment of urban surface runoff in a new residential development in the United Kingdom. The benefits of these natural systems are discussed in the context of the global trend for introducing sustainable methods of environmental management and low cost pollution treatment systems.     

China's coastal wetlands: Conservation history,implementation efforts,existing issues and strategies for future improvement

China has approximately 5.80 × 10⁶ ha coastal wetlands by 2014, accounting for 10.82% of the total area of natural wetlands. Healthy coastal wetland ecosystems play an important role in guaranteeing the territory ecological security and the sustainable development of coastal zone in China. In this paper, the natural geography and the past and present status of China's coastal wetlands were introduced and the five stages (1950s–1970s, 1980s–1991, 1992–2002, 2003–2010 and 2011–present) of China's coastal wetlands conservation from the foundation of the People's Republic in 1949 to present were distinguished and reviewed. Over the past decades, China has made great efforts in coastal wetland conservation, as signified by the implementation of coastal wetland restoration projects, the construction of coastal wetland nature reserves, the practice of routine ecological monitoring and two national wetland surveys, the promulgation of local wetland conservation statutes and specific regulations, the coordination mechanism to enhance management capacity, the wide development of coastal wetland research and public participation, and the extensive communication to strengthen international cooperation. Nonetheless, six major issues recently emerged in China's coastal wetland conservation are evidently existed, including the increasing threats of pollution and human activities, the increasing adverse effects of threaten factors on ecosystem function, the increasing threats of coastal erosion and sea-level rising, the insufficient funding for coastal wetlands conservation, the imperfect legal and management system for coastal wetlands, and the insufficient education, research and international cooperation. Although the threats and pressures on coastal wetlands conservation are still apparent, the future of China's coastal wetlands looks promising since the Chinese government understands that the sustainable development in coastal zone requires new attitudes, sound policies and concerted efforts at all levels. The major strategies for future improvement of China's coastal wetland conservation include: exploring effective measures in response to major threaten factors; improving the conservation and compensation system for coastal wetlands; strengthening coastal wetland legislation and management; increasing funds for coastal wetland conservation and research; and strengthening coastal wetland education and international cooperation.