城市土地储备制度绩效评价研究——以武汉市为例

城市土地储备制度绩效评价对保障土地储备制度健康发展有重要意义.在对城市土地储备制度绩效评价内涵界定的基础上,构建绩效评价指标体系,运用层次分析法和综合指数法.以武汉市为例,对城市土地储备制度绩效进行评价研究.结果表明,武汉市城市土地储备制度绩效评价综合得分为78.89,取得了良好制度绩效.其中,城市经济发展和土地利用配置效益明显提高,综合指数分别为80.50和83.16,而公平配置效益得分较低,为70.18.依据评价结果,提出了兼顾"效益"和"公平"的政策建议.     

浅析我国城市土地的储备问题

通过对城市土地储备制度的运作过程与运转机理的简要阐述，形成了一个较为完整的理论框架，侧重分析了我国现行的城市土地储备制度尚存的一些问题，提出了相应解决对策，以求进一步完善我国城市土地储备制度。     

重庆市土地储备制度的融资选择

城市土地储备制度的运行必须以连续的资金流为保汪，但是传统的融资渠道，如财政拨款和银行贷款已不能满足当前城市土地整理及开发中巨大的资金需求。以重庆市为例，从分析重庆市城市土地利用状况和土地市场特点出发，运用PPP模式和ABS模式，提出土地信托和土地债券的概念，得出一条创新的城市土地储备制度融资渠道，以加强城市抵御各方面风险的能力。     

武汉市三废产生量的相关分析及预测

在分析1991-2002武汉市三废产生量的时间变化特征基础上,运用灰色关联度方法,定量分析了武汉市城市三废产生量的主要因子。利用灰色系统理论建立了城市三废产生量的GM（1,1）模型,模型经精度检验合格,预测了2010年武汉市三废产生量,预测结果为：武汉市三废产生量到2010年将达到432．63百万吨、3998．08亿标准立方米和678．10万吨。     

高速铁路与城市旅游发展研究——以武汉市武广高铁旅游发展为例

我国高速铁路的快速发展将深刻影响城市旅游的市场辐射能力与转型.2009年末开通的武广高铁兼具快速交通和全新旅游产品的功能,为武汉市带来了难得的高铁旅游发展机遇.武汉市高铁旅游发展以珠三角市场的客流输入为主,行程以“三日游”居多,客源层次高、消费高、要求高,但武汉市的高铁旅游在城市旅游产品、产品布局、城市环境和旅游接待水平等方面存在不足.为了实现武汉城市旅游与高铁通道资源协调发展,必须加强武汉市城市旅游产品开发,提高城市旅游综合供给能力,强化高铁与城市旅游的协同能力,强化武汉高铁旅游的目标市场营销,构建武汉市在华中的旅游集散中心地地位.     

城市土地集约利用与土地供需关系研究

用地供需矛盾在我国社会经济快速发展时代是一个突出的问题。伴随土地集约利用概念的提出,城市土地的节约集约利用成为化解建设用地供需矛盾的主要手段。但是由于土地的供给与需求影响因素较多,而且相互之间交错关联,有必要将土地供需与土地集约利用作为一个系统来考虑。在充分考虑各要素之间的局部关系与系统整体功能关系的基础上,构建了土地供需与集约用地的模拟系统。分析发现,城市建设用地的供给量由城市土地储备量、城市建设用地供需差、城市总体节约度共同决定。建设用地供给量在土地储备足够的情况下是由建设用地供需差决定的,并与城市总体集约度呈现抛物线关系。通过分析验证,该结果可为土地主管部门制定供地计划提供科学依据。     

产业结构高级化与城市土地集约利用关系的实证研究——以武汉市为例

为实证分析武汉市产业结构高级化与城市土地集约利用的内在关系,利用1991-2010年数据建立VAR模型,并进行脉冲响应分析和方差分解.研究结果表明:①产业结构高级化与城市土地集约利用之间存在着较强的正向交互响应作用,且长期的响应作用程度更显著、更稳定;②产业结构高级化对来自城市土地集约利用的冲击响应更强烈,而城市土地集约利用对产业结构高级化的冲击响应较弱;③产业结构高级化、城市土地集约利用均显著受到自身波动的影响.因此,武汉市政府应采取长期的政策,将城市土地集约利用政策和产业政策结合起来,提高城市土地资源利用率,因地制宜,转变经济增长方式,实现武汉市经济协调、持续、稳定发展.     

城市土地利用碳减排潜力研究——以武汉市为例

基于武汉市土地利用碳排放测算和碳减排压力分析,采用情景分析法,从产业发展、能源利用和城市交通三方面入手,选取全国政治文化中心城市(北京市)、金融经济中心城市(上海市)、高端制造业中心城市(广州市)和绿色生态文明城市(杭州市)为参照城市,分析武汉市在城市土地利用过程中所具备的碳减排潜力,明确武汉市碳减排的可行方向,提出相关土地低碳优化策略。结果表明:武汉市实现碳减排目标,应在保有一定数量碳汇的基础上,优化各产业用地结构,鼓励发展技术资本密集型第三产业和现代服务业,并逐步降低各类用地上高碳排放能源消耗量和提高清洁能源所占比例,同时优先发展公共交通、鼓励城市居民低碳出行。     

4亿元的土壤修复之路:武汉农药厂酿全国最大“毒地”退回案

正"蕴藏"毒气的黄金地段1959年建成并投产的武汉农药厂,位于长江、汉水交汇处的武汉三镇之一:汉阳市,它是一家从事合成农药及加工农药的中型国有企业,主要产品有除草剂、除虫剂、棉花病虫药等。武汉农药厂从1960年到1980年发展稳定,1985年后因经营状况不佳组建为轮胎厂,后破产。2003年,农药厂改制后,武汉市土地储备中心收储了这地块。     

应对城市水资源紧缺的制度安排与地方立法

文章分析了城市水资源紧缺与地方立法的现状,指出化解城市水危机主要依靠各个城市根据自身的具体情况和权限,科学地制定地方立法并作出制度安排,通过建立对城市水资源的节约利用、保持维护和开发创新的法律(制度)体系,实现城市水资源的可持续供给乃至发展.     

高校党政办公室工作的创新与实践

党政办公室在高校的发展与建设中承担着组织、协调、服务、督办等重要的职能与作用.面对新形势、新任务、新要求,党政办公室要跟上时代的步伐,就必须不断开拓进取,建立一种新的、现代的、更加先进的工作理念、工作方式、工作机制,充分调动工作人员的创造性和积极性,提高高校党政办公室工作的效率,建设一流部门,争创一流业绩.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Environmental protection, the economy, and jobs: national and regional analyses

The relationship between environmental protection (EP), the economy, and jobs has been an issue of harsh contention for decades. Does EP harm the economy and destroy jobs or facilitate economic growth and create jobs? We address this issue by summarizing the results of the Jobs and the Environment Initiative, research funded by nonprofit foundations to quantify the relationship between EP, the economy, and jobs. We estimate the size of the US environmental industry and the numbers of environment-related jobs at the national level and in the states of Florida, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ohio, and Wisconsin. This is the first time that such comprehensive, detailed estimates have been developed.     

Evaluating cumulative effects of disturbance on the hydrologic function of bogs,fens, and mires

Few quantitative studies have been done on the hydrology of fens, bogs, and mires. Consequently predicting the cumulative impacts of disturbances on their hydrologic functions is extremely difficult. For example, few data are available on the role of bogs and fens with respect to flood desynchronization and shoreline anchoring. However, recent studies suggest that very small amounts of groundwater discharge are sufficient to radically modify mire surface-water chemistry, and consequently, vegetation communities and their associated surface-water hydrology. Bogs and fens are, in a sense, hydrobiologic systems, and any evaluation of cumulative impacts will have to (1) consider the complicated and little understood interactions among wetland hydrology, water chemistry, and biota, and (2) place the effect of individual wetland impacts within the context of the cumulative impacts contributed to the watershed from other geomorphic areas and land uses.It is difficult to evaluate the potential cumulative impacts on wetland hydrology because geologic settings of wetlands are often complex and the methods used to measure wetland streamflow, groundwater flow, and evapotranspiration are inexact (Winter 1988). This is especially so for bogs, fens, and mires underlain by thick organic soils. These wetlands, found in the circumboreal areas of North America, Europe, and Asia, are major physiographic features in eastern North America, northern Europe, and Siberia (Kivenen and Pakarinen 1981, Gore 1983, Glaser and Janssens 1986). Their very scale makes it difficult to quantify the hydrologic function accurately. The hydrology of small bogs and fens found elsewhere is just as poorly understood because of conflicting conceptual models of pertinent hydrologic processes.This article (1) reviews our current understanding of the hydrologic function of bogs, fens, and mires at different scales and in different physiographic settings and (2) presents hypotheses on potential cumulative impacts on the hydrologic function that might occur with multiple disturbances.     

基于产品生命周期的环境管理

原料从开采、加工、再加工等生产过程到形成最终产品,又经过贮运、销售、消费、使用等过程,直至报废、回收和最终处置等生命周期带来不少环境问题。通过基于产品生命周期的设计、生产、流通、服役、退役等不同阶段,分别采用绿色设计、环境友好生产、生态标志认证、减少流通环节、绿色采购与消费、延伸生产者责任、建立回收与处置体系等环境管理模式,以减少甚至避免环境污染,为企业、管理部门、公众对产品全过程的环境管理提供系统认识和综合管理。     

Yield and quality of charcoals from olive mill residues and its stone and pulp fractions: An enhanced comparative study

Pyrolysis is a promising way to upgrade large amounts of residues from olive oil processing into charcoal. Pyrolysis of the stone and pulp fractions needed to be investigated before conclusions could be drawn. We subjected the olive stone fraction, the pulp fraction, and a mixture of the two to dynamic pyrolysis and isothermal pyrolysis at 360°C. We characterized the charcoals resulting from isothermal pyrolysis at 360°C for different durations in terms of the fixed-carbon content (FCC), carbon content (CC), and high heating value (HHV). We found that charcoal yield from the pulp was higher than that from the stones, which were 38.1% and 32.9%, respectively, after pyrolysis for 360 min. This seemingly unexpected result was due to the high contents of ash (6.22%) and extractives (13%) in the pulp, which remained completely and partially undecomposed, respectively, in the charcoals and are accounted for when calculating yields. However, charcoals obtained from the stones were of higher quality than charcoals from the pulp, with lower ash content and higher FCC, CC, and HHV. In particular, the FCC, CC, and HHV after pyrolysis for 360 min were 73.2%, 74.4%, and 30.2 MJ/kg for the stones and only 61.8%, 63.2%, and 25.9 MJ/kg for the pulp, respectively. Depending on the required quality of the final charcoal, our results help decide whether to pyrolyse the entire olive residues or only one of the two fractions, more likely the stones.     

底泥的氮、磷释放及其微生物影响的研究

氮和磷在自然界的循环已经引起了人们的关注,一方面因为氮和磷是生态系统中必不可少的营养元素,另一方面过剩的氮和磷会导致水域的富营养化 ,从而使生态平衡遭受破坏.本文综述了水体沉积物中氮和磷受微生物作用进行释放的影响,以及国内外的研究历史和现状.总结了氮磷微生物代谢的特点,并阐述了与传统认识相区别的最新发现和思想.本文试图从理论上说明微生物的氮磷释放机理,通过生物化学和分子动力的角度解释了细菌对氮磷的吸收和释放,即质子动势理论和Pho调控理论.目前,这一领域研究的热点是为了特殊的使用用途对于高效微生物的分离鉴别和组合培养,和对氮磷代谢的影响因素.     

A review of recent substance flow analyses of phosphorus to identify priority management areas at different geographical scales

The dwindling global reserves of extractable phosphorus (P) and its growing demand to produce the required food for a burgeoning global population (the global P crisis) necessitate the sustainable use of this crucial resource. To advert the crisis requires informed policy decisions which can only be obtained by a better understanding of the nature and magnitude of P flow through different systems at different geographical scales. Through a systematic and in-depth review of twenty one recent substance flow analyses of P, we have assessed the key P inflows, outflows, stocks, internal flows, and recycling flows at the city, regional, and country scales. The assessment has revealed, the main inflow and outflow of P at the city scale occurs through food and wastewater respectively, while the main stock of P occurs in landfill. At the regional scale, mineral ore is the main P inflow and chemical P fertilizer is the main outflow particularly in the regions that have P fertilizer production sector. In contrast, either chemical P fertilizer or animal feed is the key inflow and either food and agricultural products or soil losses (erosion, runoff, and/or leaching) is the major outflow especially in the regions without P fertilizer production sector. At the country scale, the key P inflow occurs either through mineral ore or chemical P fertilizer and the key outflow takes place either as food and agricultural products, waste (both solid and liquid), or soil losses (erosion, runoff, and/or leaching). The main stock of P both at the regional and country scales occurs in the soil of the agricultural production sector. As identified in this assessment, the key unproductive outflows and stocks at different geographical scales indicate that there is a potential scope to improve P management through the increased P recovery and recycling, and by the utilization of available soil P stocks. In many of the studies at all the geographical scales, P recycling flow has been found to be less than 20% of the total inflow, and even in some studies at the country scale, P recycling has been found to be entirely absent, which is a clear indication of poor P management. This study has also identified, there is a clear knowledge gap in relation to understanding the P flow over multiple years at the regional scale. The information about the key flows and stocks at different geographical scales as we identified can be utilized to make better P policy and management decisions for a city, region, or country. The information can also be used to guide future research that aims to analyze P flow at the city, regional, and country scales.     

污泥堆肥技术现状及应用中需注意的问题

阐述了堆肥技术背景与基本原理。通过对国内示范项目运行情况的研究分析,提出了堆肥处理处置中应注意的工艺选择、处理规模、通风除臭、自动化与可靠性、减量化与稳定化,以及重金属、POPs、经营风险等问题。分析了堆肥处理处置全过程的经济成本,得出了该技术的参考运行成本;给出了该技术的适用条件和发展趋势。