低温下ZCS工艺和改进式ZCS工艺脱氮效率研究及微生物特性分析

考察冬季低温下沸石联合生物吸附再生工艺和改进式沸石联合生物吸附再生工艺对城市污水的脱氮效率,结果表明在HRT为3.5 h下,ZCS工艺出水氨氮为11.65 mg/L,总氮高于20 mg/L.而相同条件下MZCS工艺氨氮出水为5.45 mg/L,总氮去除率比原ZCS工艺提高了11%,均值为16.8 mg/L.通过聚合酶链式技术,变性梯度凝胶电泳和电镜扫描技术发现两工艺微生物多样性、丰度高于传统活性污泥法,兼具活性污泥法和生物膜法的微生物特性.     

沸石联合生物吸附再生工艺可行性研究

对沸石联合生物吸附再生工艺用于城市污水脱氮的可行性进行了系统的研究。研究结果表明,对于城市污水,在3h的水力停留时间下,当沸石投加量为120mg/L时,平均出水氨氮为3.18mg/L,总氮为16.3mg/L,COD为29.2mg/L。在硝化细菌的作用下沸石粉能够得到有效的生物再生,试验中再生率达到了80%。     

改性沸石去除微污染原水中的铊(Tl)

随着有色金属工业的发展,地表水的铊(Tl)污染问题已经对饮用水卫生安全构成严重威胁.在改性的基础上,采用实验室小试方法对"沸石吸附-混凝沉淀"工艺除Tl可行性及主要影响因素进行了研究。红外光谱(IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)结果表明,经壳聚糖改性后的沸石表面孔道增多,比表面积增大,有利于其吸附交换能力的提高.延长吸附时间和增加投加量,有利于去除效果的改善。对于Tl浓度不超过0.25μg/L的微污染原水,采用预先吸附10 min后进行混凝沉淀处理,可满足标准限值要求。改性沸石的吸附速度明显快于天然沸石。相对于单纯的混凝沉淀工艺而言,p H对"沸石吸附-混凝沉淀"工艺的影响更大。沸石除Tl最佳p H范围为8~9.5。综合考虑除Tl效果和对混凝沉淀的影响,改性沸石投加量宜控制在100~300 mg/L范围内。投加沸石对混凝除浊影响不大,低投加量下可以提高TOC去除率。     

印染废水高标准排放组合工艺优化

为了实现印染废水的高标准排放,构建了生物吸附/MBBR/混凝沉淀池/硫铁自养反硝化/活性焦组合工艺,并对其进行了优化运行研究;考察了不同水力停留时间(HRT)和溶解氧(DO)对系统污染物去除的影响。结果表明：生物吸附池和MBBR池的HRT分别为1 h和10 h、DO分别为1 mg·L−1和5 mg·L−1的情况下,污染物的去除效果最佳;其中,COD的去除率达到98%;在最优条件下,组合工艺出水COD、${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $-N、TP和TN浓度分别为 16、0.56、0.32和1.39 mg·L−1,污水色度基本完全去除。该组合工艺实现了印染废水的高标准排放,为印染废水处理的工程应用提供了数据和技术支撑。     

高效耦合/生物再生工艺处理印染二级生化出水的脱氮效果

针对常规生化工艺出水氨氮(NH_3-N)、总氮(TN)不达标的难题,开展基于高效耦合/生物再生材料的工艺(HCBR工艺)实验研究,实现氮的高效去除,主要考察了C/N比、溶解氧(DO)、反硝化液回流比、污泥回流比等对HCBR工艺脱氮的影响,并与常规的A/O工艺和两级A/O工艺进行对比。实验结果表明,HCBR工艺在C/N比6、DO 0.4~0.6 mg·L~(-1)、反硝化液回流比100%、污泥回流比75%的运行条件下可获得良好的处理效果,能将印染二级高氮生化出水稳定处理至优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准,可使TN≤5.0 mg·L~(-1)。在与A/O工艺和两级A/O工艺的对比中发现,HCBR工艺的处理效果更好,出水TN为3.3 mg·L~(-1),去除率在91%以上,比A/O工艺及两级A/O工艺分别高出27%和18%。     

沸石联合生物吸附再生工艺可行性研究

对沸石联合生物吸附再生工艺用于城市污水脱氮的可行性进行了系统的研究。研究结果表明，对于城市污水，在3h的水力停留时间下，当沸石投加量为120mg／L时，平均出水氨氮为3．18mg／L，总氮为16．3mg／L，COD为29．2mg／L。在硝化细菌的作用下沸石粉能够得到有效的生物再生，试验中再生率达到了80％。     

基于预处理+A3/O+MBR+RO组合工艺的高浓度制药废水处理流程优化及其运行效果

针对上海某制药工厂产生高浓度难降解有机废水的水质特性,采用预处理+A³/O+MBR+RO组合工艺进行处理。结果表明：该工艺处理高浓度制药废水性能良好,且工艺运行稳定,对COD、NH₃-N的平均去除率达到 96.2 %、99.1%;该运行系统能满足此类制药废水水质水量波动较大、可生化性较差的状况;废水经预处理单元时,采用动态调整投加药剂量的优化方式,以实现降低药剂使用成本;后进入生化单元,通过对溶解氧、内回流比的优化调整,厌氧池、好氧池溶解氧分别控制为0.2~0.3 mg·L⁻¹、2~5 mg·L⁻¹,好氧池至缺氧池内回流比控制为100 %~150 %,系统脱氮除磷效果良好;在经复合深度膜处理单元出水稳定后达标排放。该系统工艺所产生的剩余污泥采用板框压滤结合低温烘干的优化模式,降低污泥含水率,以减少污泥委外与后续的处理成本,从而达到减污降碳的环境经济效益。本项目排水水质满足上海市地方标准《污水综合排放标准》 (DB31/199-2018) 的三级标准与《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》 (GB/T31962-2015) 的B级标准。该案例可为高浓度制药废水工艺实现减污降碳优化目标提供技术参考。     

A2/O污水处理工艺化学强化除磷研究

北京某污水处理厂采用A2/O生物除磷工艺,其除磷效果远没有达到我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级标准磷酸盐（P计）≤1.0 mg/L的要求。通过投加混凝剂的化学沉淀法强化对磷的去除,明显提高了该工艺的除磷效果,可以使其出水总磷满足排放标准的要求,加药点位置选择在初沉池出水口。此外,曝气池中各反应单元的溶解氧基本满足设计要求,并且确定了内回流比为200%,外回流比的调控范围为40%～60%。研究表明,新型聚合铝铁对总磷的去除率远大于三氯化铁,当投药量为55 mg/L时,二沉池出水总磷稳定在0.8 mg/L左右。     

活性炭和沸石对氨氮的吸附特性及生物再生

采用活性炭和沸石作为吸附材料,分别考察了这两种吸附材料对水体中氨氮的吸附特性及其生物再生性能。实验结果表明,活性炭和沸石对水体中氨氮的等温吸附符合Freundlich等温式,其拟合度分别为0.9783和0.9303;静态吸附结果表明活性炭和沸石均具有较好的氨氮吸附性能,24 h内沸石对氨氮的吸附能力为1.27 mg/g,高于活性炭的0.53 mg/g;动态吸附中沸石达到吸附饱和的时间为96 h,较活性炭达到吸附饱和的时间长,沸石显示出作为氨氮吸附剂的优越性;活性炭和沸石经过96 h的生物再生后吸附性能获得一定程度的再生,出水中氨氮浓度比未进行生物再生前分别降低17.31 mg/L和8.32 mg/L,且都在表面形成了稳定的生物膜。     

A2/O污水处理工艺化学强化除磷研究

北京某污水处理厂采用A²/O生物除磷工艺,其除磷效果远没有达到我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级标准磷酸盐（P计）≤1.0 mg/L的要求。通过投加混凝剂的化学沉淀法强化对磷的去除,明显提高了该工艺的除磷效果,可以使其出水总磷满足排放标准的要求,加药点位置选择在初沉池出水口。此外,曝气池中各反应单元的溶解氧基本满足设计要求,并且确定了内回流比为200%,外回流比的调控范围为40%～60%。研究表明,新型聚合铝铁对总磷的去除率远大于三氯化铁,当投药量为55 mg/L时,二沉池出水总磷稳定在0.8 mg/L左右。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.