湿法烟气脱硫中GGH对污染物扩散影响初探

介绍了烟气换热器(GGH)在湿法烟气脱硫工程中的应用情况，从大气污染物扩散的角度，分析探讨了设置或取消GGH情况下烟气污染物对大气环境的影响。     

Humic substances formation during poultry litter composting and its influence on the structural characteristics of the compost

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - This study aimed to elucidate the formation process of humic substances (HS) during poultry litter (PL) composting and its influence on the...     

Influence of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) on poly(vinyl chloride) dehydrochlorination

Recycling of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) waste is a serious problem because of its high chlorine content. Dehydrochlorination of PVC-containing polymer waste produces solid residue char, for which conversion to pyrolysis oil in a petrochemical plant seems to be an attractive way of recycling PVC waste. Unfortunately, some polymer admixtures react with HCl and cause formation of chloroorganic compounds in a char. This article describes the influence of polycarbonates and poly(ethylene terephthalate) on thermal feedstock recycling of PVC wastes using a two-stage method. It was found that the presence of polycarbonate causes the formation of small amounts of benzyl chloride and other chloroaryl or chloroalkylaryl compounds. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) interacts with HCl forming significant amounts of various chlorocompounds – mainly chloroethyl esters of terephthalic and benzoic acids, but derivatives possessing chlorine directly connected to the aromatic ring are also formed.     

2015年我国废钢铁总资源及可获量的推定

概述了国内资深专家对我国废钢铁资源现状和发展前景的看法,并对我国2015年废钢铁总资源及可获量进行推定。     

Influence of landfill leachate suspended solids on clog (biorock) formation

Laboratory column tests were performed to evaluate the role of leachate-suspended-solids in clogging a granular material permeated with Keele Valley Landfill leachate. The development of the clog material was a result of biological, chemical, and physical processes occurring within the column. The increase in volatile solids, which contributed to clog development over time, was primarily due to the retention of volatile suspended solids and growth of a biofilm capable of removing acetate, propionate, and butyrate from the leachate. Acetate fermentation was primarily responsible for precipitation of calcium within the column. The precipitated calcium and retention of inorganic suspended solids contributed to the increase in clog inorganic solids. Over the duration of the experiment, 3.7 times more calcium was precipitated in the column (due to acid fermentation) than was retained with inorganic suspended solids. Clogging resulted in a greater than 60% reduction in drainable porosity and a six-order magnitude decrease in hydraulic conductivity. The potential practical implications with respect to pipe cleaning and leachate recirculation were discussed.     

Effect of complex nitrogen source on the synthesis and accumulation of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) by recombinantEscherichia coli in flask and fed-batch cultures

When a recombinantEscherichia coli XL1-Blue harboring pSYL105 was cultured in a complex medium, a poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) concentration of 7.16 g/L was obtained in 48 h. However, a PHB concentration of only 0.91 g/L was obtained in 60 h by culturing in a defined medium. Also, fed-batch culture in a defined medium resulted in considerably lower PHB accumulation than in a complex medium. With the aim to produce a high concentration of PHB at a reduced medium cost, we examined 10 complex nitrogen sources for their ability to promote PHB synthesis in a defined medium. Tryptone, casamino acids, and casein hydrolysate promoted PHB synthesis to a higher extent than the others tested. PHB synthesis was also enhanced during fedbatch cultures when a defined medium was supplemented with various complex nitrogen sources. With tryptone supplementation a PHB concentration of 66.7 g/L could be obtained in 44 h. Yeast extract was less effective for promoting PHB synthesis than tryptone. Corn steep liquor, which did not enhance PHB synthesis significantly, could promote PHB synthesis considerably when supplemented together with yeast extract in both flask and fed-batch cultures.     

Influence of pH and C/N Ratio on Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Biodegradation in Mixed Bacterial Culture

Cultivation conditions affecting poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) degradation by a mixed bacterial culture of Bacillus sp. and Curtobacterium sp. were investigated. Bacterial strains used in this study were isolated from the watercourse and the sewage sludge of vinylonfibre mill by enrichments on PVA as the sole carbon source. The results showed that PVA was greatly degraded under the following conditions: 0.5% PVA as a substrate at the initial medium pH of 8 with 0.15% glucose and urea at C/U ratio 1.5:1 and 1% bacterial inoculum, at a temperature of 35 °C and a shaking speed of 110 rpm. The analysis of FTIR and ¹H NMR spectra before and after biodegradation indicate fission of the PVA molecular chain during the incubation.     

Investigation on the Influence of EVA Content on the Mechanical and Thermal Characteristics of Poly(lactic acid) Blends

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has gained considerable attention nowadays as a biocompatible polymer owing to its advantage of being prepared from renewable resources. PLA exhibits excellent tensile strength, fabricability, thermal plasticity and biocompatibility properties comparable to many petroleum based plastics. However, low heat distortion temperature, brittleness and slow crystallization rate limit the practical applications of PLA. In order to address these limitations, an attempt has been made in the current work to prepare binary blends of PLA with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) at different compositions via melt mixing technique. Systematic investigation on the mechanical properties, thermal degradation and crystallization behavior for PLA-EVA blends was carried out. The impact strength of binary blends of PLA–EVA was found to increase significantly by 176% for 15 wt% of EVA compared to virgin PLA. This is due to the strong interfacial adhesion among PLA and EVA resulting in brittle to ductile transition. Scanning electron microscopy analysis for impact fractured surfaces of binary blends of PLA implied the toughening effect of PLA by EVA. Thermogravimetry analysis results revealed that the activation energy of PLA–EVA blends decreased with increase in EVA content in the PLA matrix. While, differential scanning calorimetry results obtained for PLA–EVA blends revealed the improvement in crystallinity when compared with neat PLA. The effect of EVA on non-isothermal melt crystallization kinetics of PLA was also examined via DSC at various heating rates. Decreasing trend in the t_1/2 values indicated the faster rate of crystallization mechanism after addition of EVA in the PLA matrix.     

Biodegradable Blends from Corn Gluten Meal and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT): Studies on the Influence of Plasticization and Destructurization on Rheology,Tensile Properties and Interfacial Interactions

Melt extrusion was used to obtain thermoplastic corn gluten meal (tCGM) blends from plasticized corn gluten meal (pCGM) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). Dynamic rheological tests, morphology and spectroscopy were employed to understand the effect of the plasticization and destructurization of corn gluten meal (CGM) on tCGM blends. Rheological data showed a plateau in the low frequencies for tCGM blends demonstrating network formation which responds elastically over long timescales. Also, complex viscosity data showed the existing of shear thinning for PBAT and PBAT–CGM blend. Furthermore, rheology and morphology showed the synergistic influence of plasticization and destructuralization of CGM on the phase structure development of the blends. In addition, it was found for unmodified CGM–PBAT blend there was significant frequency dependence for G′ indicating it just acted as filler for PBAT matrix. FTIR studies showed that the urea has helped in unfolding the corn protein and facilitated hydrogen bonding interactions with PBAT. Tensile properties showed an improvement in tCGM blends when compared unmodified CGM blend. Tensile strength of tCGM blends was almost same as that of the neat PBAT matrix. Percent elongation, a strong reflection of the state of interface in the blends has showed higher values, indicating strong interactions between the PBAT and pCGM in the blend system.     

Effects of functionality and textural characteristics on the removal of Cd(II) by ammoniated and chlorinated nanoporous activated carbon

Virgin activated carbon (VAC) was chemically activated by hydrochloric acid and aqueous ammonia to obtain different surface functionalities and nanopore distributions. The N-tailored AC (NAC) acquired by alkali treatment significantly enhanced the cadmium sorption capacity, while the Cl-tailored AC obtained by acidic modification decreased the sorption capacity compared with that of VAC. With increasing ammonia concentration in the basic treatment, the NAC surface area was increased with declining pore volume and diameter, which increased the adsorption capacity for Cd(II) removal. However, increasing HCl concentration in the acidic modification decreased the surface area, with increasing pore volume and diameter, which decreased the cadmium adsorption capacity. The basic treatment created more alkaline-rich sites such as nitrogen-containing functional groups, on the carbon surface, thereby improving cadmium removal efficiency. However, the acidic treatment generated a stronger acidic chemical structure and much more the formation of the acyl- and alkyl chloride groups that greatly inhibited the Cd(II) sorption capacity.     

Influence of Carbon Sources on The Production and Characterization of The Exopolysaccharide (EPS) by Bacillus sphaericus 7055 Strain

In this study, EPS produced by five Bacillus spp. strains was determined. The only one strain (B. sphaericus 7055) was selected due to its high EPS production and it was investigated by growing this strain in LB broth medium containing various carbon sources. The highest EPS production of this strain was found in medium containing fructose. However, the effect of different concentrations of fructose and molasses on EPS production by the strain was studied. The maximum EPS yield of the strain 7055 was recorded with 2.5% (w/v) fructose, also the highest EPS production was found in 2.5% (w/v) molasses. The strain 7055 was found to contain (98.6%) galactose and (1.4%) glucuronic acid in control medium whereas the composition of the strain 7055 (2.5% (w/v) fructose) was found to be (99.9%) neutral sugar and (0.1%) Glucuronic acid while the strain 7055 (2.5% (w/v) molasses) was found to contain (65.9%), neutral sugars and (34.1%) glucuronic acid.     

Crosslinked Poly(2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) by Emulsion Templating: Influence of Crosslinker on Microcellular Structure

The synthesis of microcellular porous polymers based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) by free radical polymerisation of a continuous phase of high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) is reported. N,N’-methylene bisacrylamide (MBAA) and glutaraldehyde are used as crosslinking agents. GA is added to the monomer phase either during the emulsion preparation or post polymerisation crosslinking of HEMA is performed. The crosslinker influences the morphological structure of porous poly(HEMA) materials. In the case of using MBAA as the crosslinker, homogeneous polyHIPE structure is obtained, with average cavities diameter approximately 8 μm and interconnecting pore diameter approximately 3 μm. In the case of using GA in situ crosslinking a polyHIPE is obtained exhibiting cavities of diameter approximately 12 μm and interconnecting pores of approximately 3 μm. Post polymerisation crosslinking with GA influence the structural features resulting in a different morphology. Samples are characterised using FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption and swelling behaviour measurements. Polymers are prepared in the form of monoliths and membranes.     

Influence of Processing Conditions on Morphological,Thermal and Degradative Behavior of Nanocomposites Based on Plasticized Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Organo-Modified Clay

The effect of processing conditions (casting and extrusion) and plasticization on the disintegrability in compost of organically modified clay poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) nanocomposites was studied. Tributylhexadecylphosphonium bromide (TBHP) was used as organic modifier. As revealed by WAXS and TEM observations, intercalated nanobiocomposites with clay stacks and some individually dispersed platelets were obtained. The melting temperature of the neat PHB diminished with the addition of plasticizer, thus broadening the processing window. Biodegradation test revealed that while the clay slows down the degradation rate, the plasticizer increases the degradation of the samples, reaching a similar final percentage of disintegrability when both plasticizer and clay were added in the formulation.     

Anaerobic digestion and co-digestion of slaughterhouse waste (SHW): Influence of heat and pressure pre-treatment in biogas yield

Mesophilic anaerobic digestion (34 ± 1 °C) of pre-treated (for 20 min at 133 °C, >3 bar) slaughterhouse waste and its co-digestion with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) have been assessed. Semi-continuously-fed digesters worked with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 36 d and organic loading rates (OLR) of 1.2 and 2.6 kg VS_feed/m³ d for digestion and co-digestion, respectively, with a previous acclimatization period in all cases. It was not possible to carry out an efficient treatment of hygienized waste, even less so when OFMSW was added as co-substrate. These digesters presented volatile fatty acids (VFA), long chain fatty acids (LCFA) and fats accumulation, leading to instability and inhibition of the degradation process. The aim of applying a heat and pressure pre-treatment to promote splitting of complex lipids and nitrogen-rich waste into simpler and more biodegradable constituents and to enhance biogas production was not successful. These results indicate that the temperature and the high pressure of the pre-treatment applied favoured the formation of compounds that are refractory to anaerobic digestion.The pre-treated slaughterhouse wastes and the final products of these systems were analyzed by FTIR and TGA. These tools verified the existence of complex nitrogen-containing polymers in the final effluents, confirming the formation of refractory compounds during pre-treatment.     

Chemiluminescence in evaluating the thermal oxidative stability of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymers. 1. Influence of stabilizers and lubricants

The influence of lubricants, UV stabilizers, antioxidants, and metal deactivators on the resistance of ABS to thermal oxidation was studied by means of the chemiluminescence technique. Neither of the additives seems to affect significantly the induction period of oxidation. At the same time, the influence of various additives on the oxidation rate constant is remarkably different: the introduction of lubricants and UV stabilizers increases its value, while antioxidants and metal deactivators have the opposite effect. For the particular systems studied durability is decreased in samples containing the lubricant and UV stabilizers and increased in samples stabilized with the antioxidant and metal deactivator.     

Influence of Some Chelators on the Phytoextraction Ability of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) for Nickel‐Contaminated Soil

Chelation and complexation of nickel were evaluated as practical ways to solubilize, detoxify, and enhance nickel accumulation by plants. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) was selected as a potential nickel accumulator in two selected soils with different textures and nickel‐contamination levels. To enhance metal phytoextraction, ammonium nitrate and organic chelators (EDTA and citric acid) were added to soils in pots at rates of 0, 5, 10, and 20 mmol/kg. The pot experiments were run for eight weeks. The highest nickel uptake was obtained in plants grown on clayey soil, and the lowest uptake was observed in sandy soil. Citric acid was the most effective chelator of nickel metals that could enhance nickel accumulation in the sunflower shoots. The ammonium nitrate application showed a low effect on metal translocation into the sunflower shoots. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The Influence of pH/Salt Concentrations on Tuning Lower Critical Solution Temperature of Poly(NIPAAm-co-DMAA-co-DTBAVA) Multi-Environmentally Terpolymer

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - New series of thermo-pH multi-responsive terpolymers were fabricated. Cationic acrylate monomer was synthesized and named by...     

Influence of corn steep liquor and glucose on colonization of control and CCB (Cu/Cr/B)-treated wood by brown rot fungi

There are increasing problems with regard to the disposal of treated wood waste. Due to heavy metals or arsenic in impregnated wood waste, burning and landfill disposal options are not considered to be environmentally friendly solutions for dealing with this problem. Extraction of the heavy metals and recycling of the preservatives from the wood waste is a much more promising and environmentally friendly solution. In order to study the scale up of this process, copper/chromium/boron-treated wood specimens were exposed to copper tolerant (Antrodia vaillantii and Leucogyrophana pinastri) and copper sensitive wood decay fungi (Gloeophyllum trabeum and Poria monticola). Afterwards, the ability of fungal hyphae to penetrate and overgrow the wood specimens was investigated. The fungal growths were stimulated by immersing the specimens into aqueous solution of glucose or corn steep liquor prior to exposure to the fungi. The fastest colonization of the impregnated wood was by the copper tolerant A. vaillantii. Addition of glucose onto the surface of the wood specimens increased the fungi colonization of the specimens; however, immersion of the specimens into the solution of corn steep liquor did not have the same positive influence. These results are important in elucidating copper toxicity in wood decay fungi and for using these fungi for bioremediation of treated wood wastes.     

Effect of Poly(l-Lactide) and Poly(Butylene Succinate) on the Growth of Red Pepper and Tomato

Seeds of red pepper and tomato were sowed and cultivated in a soil blended with powdery poly(l-lactide) (PLLA), and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). PBS depressed the growth of the two plants significantly even at a concentration as low as 5%, whereas PLLA up to 35% affected negligibly or even boosted the growth of the two plants. pH and number of microbial cells in the soil after 80 days of cultivation were almost the same independently whether the soil was blended with the two polymers or not. In contrast, the molecular weight of PBS decreased much faster than that of PLLA. Because succinic acid and 1,4-butane diol, from which PBS was synthesized, exhibited toxicity to both plant and animal cells to retard the germination rate of young radish seeds and to deform the morphology of HeLa cells significantly [1], the monomers and the oligomers produced from the PBS degradation should have a detrimental influence on the growth of the two plants.     

Comprehensive analysis on mercury stream of cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) in Korea (Republic of)

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Due to the activation of the Minamata Convention, policies and treatment facilities for the safe management of mercury and mercury compounds have...