Aberfan and the management of trauma

This paper is a case study of the management of post-disaster trauma in 1960s Britain. It explores the traumatic aftermath of the 1966 Aberfan disaster (where 116 children and 28 adults were killed when a colliery spoil heap collapsed on top of a school in a small Welsh mining community) which had a devastating impact on the village. The professional and voluntary services made available to help the bereaved, survivors and wider community are documented and assessed. The paper demonstrates how limited finance and the popular and professional contemporary understanding of trauma and disasters hindered those services, and how the actions of government and media had a negative impact on the community's recovery. This case study of disaster management in the 1960s illustrates many of the pitfalls that continue to haunt the response to man-made tragedies in the UK.     

Organisational challenges in the United Kingdom's post‐disaster ‘crisis support’ work

Local authorities in the United Kingdom are required to ‘lead’ multi‐agency humanitarian responses to major disasters. Concerns mounted in the late twentieth century that responses to people bereaved in the immediate aftermath of such events at best failed to meet their needs and at worst compounded their distress. Subsequent reviews and reforms reframed some victim needs as ‘rights’ and established legal, administrative, and practice frameworks to improve matters. Local authority ‘crisis support’, provided in partnership with other actors, lies at the heart of the UK's contemporary emergency response to the bereaved. Drawing on primary research on the development and the deployment of crisis support in a local authority, and while acknowledging both incident‐ and context‐related difficulties, this paper considers the significance of challenges with their origins in organisational factors. Recent developments within and between responders may exacerbate them. This paper argues, therefore, that further research into such developments is necessary.     

安徽及邻区地震序列类型的判定及其分布特征

根据《大中城市震后趋势快速判定工作方案》制定指南,结合采用八五攻关成果中的一些新方法和历史地震资料,对安徽省及其邻近区域地震震型进行了判定,同时简要分析了其分布特征,以求在震后趋势判断上做些有效的工作。     

Gender and international crisis response: do we have the data,and does it matter?

For more than a decade the humanitarian community has been mandated to mainstream gender in its response to crises. One element of this mandate is a repeated call for sex-disaggregated data to help guide the response. This study examines available analyses, assessments and academic literature to gain insights into whether sex-disaggregated data are generated, accessible and utilised, and appraised what can be learned from existing data. It finds that there is a gap between policy and practice. Evaluations of humanitarian responses rarely refer to data by sex, and there seems to be little accountability to do so. Yet existing data yield important information, pointing at practical, locally-specific measures to reduce the vulnerability of both males and females. This complements population-level studies noting the tendency for higher female mortality. The study discusses some possible obstacles for the generation of data and hopes to spur debate on how to overcome them.     

有毒气体扩散模型在事故救援中的应用

针对近年来日益增多的危险化学品泄漏事故,对国内外常见的有毒气体扩散模型进行了简要论述,在分析其各自特点的基础上,从事故救援需求的角度,提出了一种基于高斯模型的有毒气体泄漏扩散算法;基于GIS实现了有毒气体扩散的动态仿真,可较好地预测扩散造成的危害范围.实例分析了一定气象条件、地形特征和时间序列下,危险化学品泄漏后有毒气体浓度的分布情况,为辅助救援人员合理划定警戒区域、及时采取有效措施组织抢险救援行动,提供了一种行之有效的方法.     

Climate hazards: Lessons from recent events in the United States

Three recent cases of climate extremes are studied to identify human impacts and response strategies and to identify common characteristics that may help illuminate the nature of climate hazards. The 1980 heat wave in the central United States, 1981 cold wave in Boston, Massachusetts, and recent flooding and lake level rise in northern Utah, illustrate several important aspects of climate hazards that separate them from the more traditional set of catastrophic events (e.g. tornadoes, hurricanes and earthquakes) usually dealt with by hazards research and management. Among those characteristics are an emphasis on health impacts rather than physical damage, accumulative effects rather than short shocks, a tendency for impacts to accrue to certain socio-economic classes, and relatively slow onset. The management and research implications of these hazard characteristics are explored.     

辽宁气候变化及若干气象灾害的事实分析

利用辽宁省1961~2005年39个气象观测站的常规地面观测资料,采用趋势分析等统计方法,分析了辽宁省近45年的气候变化特征。采用沙道夫干湿指数分析了辽宁省近45年的旱涝变化趋势;同时研究了辽宁省夏季低温冷害和沙尘天气的变化。结果表明,近45年来辽宁气温升高、降水减少,气候向暖干化方向发展。在气候变暖背景下,近45年来辽宁的干旱有增加趋势、洪涝减少,夏季低温冷害明显减少,沙尘日数减少。     

甬江建闸的环境影响分析

甬江建闸能够阻咸蓄淡,带来一定的社会经济效益;但也会出现泥沙淤积、水体富营养化、水生生物减少等一系列问题,尤其是泥沙淤积,将对防洪排涝、出海航运和现有港口等产生严重的负面影响.就防洪排涝而言,如果建设甬江大闸,那么泥沙淤积后的镇海口将难以通过20年一遇和50年一遇的洪峰流量.综合考虑岸线前进、地面沉降和海面上升的结果,提出甬江大闸还是不建为宜.     

东北玉米热量指数预测方法研究(Ⅰ)——热量指数与玉米产量

利用东北地区典型站点1961-2005年气象资料和东北3省1961-2005年玉米产量资料,计算分析了东北不同地区玉米热量指数的变化趋势以及与产量的关系。结果表明：受气候变暖的影响,辽宁省热量指数出现下降的趋势,而吉林省和黑龙江省的热量指数出现显著升高的趋势,气候变暖对吉林省和黑龙江省玉米生产有有利的影响。热量指数较好地反映了玉米产量与环境温度的相关关系。因此,可通过对玉米热量指数的预测进行农作物低温冷害预测,为农业生产防灾减灾提供决策依据。     

河北平原的地面沉降

本文通过分析河北省的水准测量资料，揭示了河北平原的地面沉降情况。整个河北平原都存在着下降的趋势。在大范围的下降背景上，又分布着许多大大小小的沉降中心。这些沉降区多数都是以城市为中心，互相连成一片，下沉速度有逐渐加快的趋势。河北平原地面沉降的原因，除少数有构造运动的因素以外，绝大多数都是集中过量开采地下水造成的。     

Improving the Efficiency and Cost-effectiveness of Food Aid Grain Delivery

Grain food aid averages 13 million tonnes per year. Donors have a duty to deliver food aid grain in an adequate and acceptable condition at least cost. This paper reviews commodity procurement, packaging, inspection, shipping and storage with regard to overall quality assurance and cost-effectiveness. Experience at ports of loading and discharge and in food aid delivery programmes indicates that sufficient attention is rarely paid to quality assurance and loss minimisation. Grain procurement specifications that are normally appropriate for safe handling and storage in temperate climates, particularly moisture content, are commonly inappropriate for tropical climates. The technology for safe delivery of food aid grain is well established but not always implemented. Procurement of food aid grain in developing countries has increased recently, creating a need to improve operational and management aspects of tendering and quality assurance procedures. Such purchases entail potential cost savings but are associated with lengthening delivery lead times for non-urgent consignments. Although woven polypropylene sacks are cheaper to buy than jute ones, the losses associated with handling and storage problems indicate that jute sacks are preferable for food aid delivery.     

西安f7地裂缝发展变化的预测研究

论文首先分析和总结了影响西安地裂缝发展变化的主要人为因素。随后,利用三维非稳定渗流分析方法研究了人类活动对地下水位的影响;根据西安市新增固定资产投资的变化,预测了地面荷载的变化;以时间、地下水位和地面荷载为基本变量,建立了预测f 7地裂缝活动趋势的BP神经网络模型;最后,借助MATLAB语言进行编程,利用训练稳定的网络模型,预测了f 7地裂缝的活动趋势以及年平均的垂直位移沉降量,为进一步研究西安地铁2号线安全运行和防护提供参考依据。     

东北玉米热量指数预测方法研究(Ⅳ)——均生函数预测方法

均生函数预测方法是开展环境要素变化趋势预测的有效方法之一。通过对东北地区玉米热量指数的分析,建立了热量指数时间变化趋势的均生函数预测模型,各模型预测的平均精度基本都达到95%以上,与逐步回归统计模型一致,但普遍要好于GM(1,1)模型,同样可以应用该模型的预测结果指导农业生产。     

东北玉米热量指数预测方法研究(Ⅲ)——GM(1,1)预测方法

GM(1,1)是开展时间序列环境要素变化趋势预测的有效方法之一。通过对东北地区玉米热量指数的分析,建立了热量指数时间变化趋势的GM(1,1)预测模型,各模型的平均预测精度虽低于逐步回归统计模型,但也都达91%以上,可以应用该模型的预测结果指导农业生产。     

长江中下游 南黄海地震带地震活动趋势分析

对长江中下游 南黄海地震带地震活跃期、幕划分及其发展趋势进行了研究,对江苏及其邻区今后几年的地震大形势及重点危险区进行了判定。分析认为,长南带从１９７１年以来进入第二活跃期的第３幕,该幕地震活动将持续到２０１０年前后,最高活动水平为６．５级左右。今后几年江苏东部至南黄海海域发生５～６级或６级以上地震的可能性较大。     

中国雨日变化趋势的分形研究

利用1951-2002年中国752个台站的雨日资料,运用分形理论和R/S分析法,研究并预测了中国五大降水区年雨日的气候变化趋势.研究表明:中国五大降水区未来的年雨日变化趋势与过去50a的变化有着很好的自相似性.为了更深入研究雨日的未来的变化,设计了两项Hurst指数试验,用两项试验结果与年雨日年际变化趋势的对应关系来推断未来的变化趋势及其转折与突变.结果表明:中国五大降水区年雨日有着一致的减少趋势,但其变化呈现显著的地域分异特征.依照五大降水区的气候倾向率,西北区、西南区、青藏高原区、东部北方区、东部南方区未来平均每10a雨日减少分别为4.1d,11.4d,3.7d,6.8d和5.9d,其中西南区年雨日减少最多.期间,中国五大降水区虽有气候变化的转折,但不存在雨日气候变化的突变点.     

吉林省夏季极端降水事件特征分析

利用吉林省46个气象站1961-2010年逐日降水资料,采用百分位定义极端事件阈值的方法,对吉林省极端降水事件的时空分布及变化趋势特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)吉林省极端降水事件主要发生在夏季,其中5%的降水日数贡献了该季度25%～30%的降水量;夏季极端降水强度以通化地区最强、东部山区最弱,极端降水频率东部山区最大、西北部最小;(2)吉林省100mm以上的极端大暴雨天气也时有发生,通化地区南部发生几率最大,约为4～6 a一遇;中部一带约为8～10a一遇;西北平原区和东部山区出现大暴雨概率很小。(3)近50a吉林省夏季极端降水事件稍有增多的趋势,而强度变化趋势不明显,但存在明显的地域差别,西北部表现为频率减少、强度减弱,中部和东南部表现为频率增多、强度增强。(4)极端降水事件存在年代际差异,20世纪70年代极端降水频率最小,90年代极端降水强度最大,60年代初期极端降水强度存在由强转弱的突变。     

陕西省的地震危险趋势估计

本文应用计算某一地震带(区)上地震复发周期的公式;T_m=m×10~(bm-a)以及灰色系统理论的动态模型对陕西地区进行了地震危险趋势估计。     

淮河洪涝灾害的地貌学分析

本文试图从河流地貌学与历史地貌学的角度,对淮河流域洪涝灾害的成因进行初步的分析。并从历史上洪涝变化趋势及其与河流地貌条件的关系分析讨论中提出治理淮河洪涝灾害的对策。     

农业病虫害的灾变预测及预报精度分析

在农业病虫害突变规律的研究基础上,建立了定性与定量的尖角突变模型,确定了各病虫的突变区域。根据综合控制变量所确定的边界值,对未来病虫发生发展趋势进行预测。经多年历史资料检验和1992年农业病虫害发生突变的趋势预报证明:准确率高,覆盖面广。