短期噪声暴露对作业人员心率的影响

综采工作面噪声污染严重,为了减少噪声污染对作业人员的身心健康和作业安全的不利影响,运用人因工程学、生理学、实验心理学和行为学的相关知识,利用24 h动态心电图仪器进行试验研究,定量分析不同噪声水平和噪声暴露时间对作业人员心率的影响。结果表明:①噪声刺激会造成人心率升高;②噪声刺激水平和暴露时间大小都对被试者的心率产生了显著性影响;作业人员心率与噪声刺激的水平和暴露时间大小都有相关关系;③由于人耳对噪声的适应性,在同一噪声水平刺激下,随着暴露时间的延长,心率会有短暂恢复;④在噪声水平95 dB的噪声刺激下,随着暴露时间的增加,人对噪声的适应性比较明显,此时的噪声暴露时间是影响人心率的主导因素,且在噪声暴露40～50 min时,由于人耳对噪声的适应性会出现短暂的心率恢复的现象,人体出现疲劳;⑤在噪声水平95 dB的噪声刺激下,随着暴露时间的增加,人对噪声无明显适应性,心率随着噪声分贝的增大在缓慢上升,此时的噪声水平是影响人的心率变化的主导因素。     

石化聚酯装置生产性噪声职业暴露调查及风险评估

目的通过对生产性噪声职业暴露进行定量风险评估,探讨其在职业病危害评价工作中的主要内容和步骤,从而提高职业病危害评价水平。方法以某石油化工聚酯装置的短丝及聚酯生产车间为对象,通过对其生产工艺过程噪声职业暴露调查,分析劳动者职业暴露的特点、检测工作环境的噪声强度并对频谱特性进行分析,对个人使用的防噪耳塞防护效果进行分析,通过装置的噪声检测结果与国际标准化组织1971年发布的0a—45a间连续性噪声A声级与听力损害的危险率的关系表相结合,对聚酯装置噪声所致听力损害进行风险评价。结果牵伸工、卷绕工和切粒岗存在噪声暴露时间长、暴露强度高的特点;聚酯装置主要岗位噪声暴露强度为85.5dB(A)—99.7dB(A);卷绕机频谱带较窄;切粒工及卷绕工护耳器保护不足;卷绕工发生听力损害的危险率最高。结论对高噪声作业进行职业暴露评估是研究劳动者听力保护管理的重要方法,其中关键的步骤就是要进行定量风险评估。通过开展生产性噪声职业暴露的调查与风险评估,可进一步探讨噪声危害的客观规律,从风险管理的角度提出切实可行的噪声危害控制措施,保护劳动者的健康。说明噪声的职业暴露及风险评估在今后的建设项目职业病危害评价工作中有一定的实际意义。     

海洋石油钻井平台生产性噪声慢性暴露对血清皮质醇水平的影响

采用自身对照试验,利用个体噪声剂量系统检测海洋石油钻井平台作业人员在作业期间生产性噪声个体暴露水平(40 h等效声级),采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分别检测噪声暴露作业前后血清皮质醇水平,并分析血清皮质醇水平变化与噪声暴露水平和暴露时间的关系。结果表明:噪声暴露作业后,全部作业人员血清皮质醇水平明显升高(p0.05,α=0.05);不同噪声暴露水平作业人员血清皮质醇水平差别没有统计学意义(p0.05);噪声暴露20 d的作业人员血清皮质醇水平明显高于噪声暴露≤20 d者(p0.05)。血清皮质醇水平变化与噪声暴露水平没有显著关联性,而与噪声暴露时间呈明显的正相关(p0.05)。研究表明,生产性噪声慢性暴露使血清皮质醇水平升高,且暴露时间是主要影响因素。     

如何预防噪声性耳聋？

噪声是由许多不同频率和不同强度的杂乱声音组合而成。噪声危害已成为当今世界各国主要的职业公害之一,噪声对人类的危害是多方面的,对听觉器官的损害最为明显。无论暴露在一次短暂的强脉冲噪声或长期反复的噪声暴露所致的听力下降,统称为噪声性听力损伤,亦称噪声性聋。     

高速铁路隧道与明线段噪声影响对比分析

测试设计时速350 km高速铁路隧道与明线路基段噪声,获得动车组进出隧道时噪声与路基区段噪声时频特性差异,分析认为导致差异产生的主要影响因素包括隧道混响声、噪声沿隧道的传播、隧道壁对噪声的遮挡、隧道对气动声源的影响等。试验结果表明:动车组在隧道内时有较高噪声传出洞口,宜采用暴露声级评价隧道洞口与明线段噪声差异;隧道洞口声环境恶化主要由动车组驶出隧道引起,暴露声级高出路基区段约2 dB(A),驶入隧道时暴露声级与路基区段相差较小。     

基于劳动者轨迹的噪声暴露测量方法

为解决职业性噪声暴露测量过程质量控制难、测量不确定度较大的问题，本研究提出一种基于声场分布和劳动者实时定位技术的新型测量方法，通过对噪声作业场所声场分布测量和劳动者轨迹获得噪声暴露值，在解决质量控制缺失的基础上，可消除部分测量不确定度因素，从而最大限度地保证测量结果的可靠性。开发了相应测试装置，结合实际场所测试结果对测量不确定度进行评估。研究结果表明：本测量方法可有效地支持职业性噪声暴露测量，在不确定度控制方面相比现有方法具有优越性，同时该测量方法也为劳动者噪声暴露的日常持续监测提供了技术保障。     

不同煤矿噪声暴露时间对视觉认知影响研究

噪声是煤矿井下主要危害,对人体视觉系统的影响不容忽视。为了提高暴露在噪声环境中工人的视觉认知能力,进而减少人因事故的发生,针对视觉认知随噪声暴露时间的变化进行研究,利用Eye Link II眼动仪采集被试者的平均注视时间、平均眼跳幅度和眼跳次数3个眼动指标来衡量视觉认知能力随着综采工作面噪声暴露时间的变化。结果表明:1)噪声能够使视觉注意力下降,对视觉认知效率的影响不显著,对视觉辨识能力的影响较复杂;2)噪声在0~10 min和40~55 min时间段对视觉注意力影响较严重,在0~15 min和50~80 min时间段对视觉辨识能力影响较严重;3)被试者随时间变化出现视觉性疲劳后,噪声可轻微提高视觉认知效率和视觉辨识能力。     

铅与噪声对蓄电池制造作业工人健康影响的联合作用

探讨铅与噪声对蓄电池制造作业工人的联合作用,为职业危害联合作用健康管理提供科学依据。依据蓄电池厂作业工人的职业史调查、环境检测和生物检测资料,将研究对象分为铅与噪声联合暴露组、单纯铅暴露组、正常组,分析比较3组作业工人的听力损伤、神经系统和消化系统症状、贫血结果。结果显示在4 000 Hz和6 000 Hz频率段,联合组听力异常率及听阈均值高于单纯铅暴露组和正常组(P0.05),与单纯铅暴露组和正常组比较,联合组的神经系统和消化系统症状率明显增多(P0.05)。表明铅和噪声联合作用可增加作业者的听觉系统、神经系统和消化系统症状患病,并提出相应管理对策。     

企业噪声危害等级划分初探

以接触噪声人数、人均等效Ａ声级、噪声暴露听力损伤率为评价量，采用加权计算法对福州市部分企业噪声危害等级划分进行尝试，有助于综合评价企业噪声危害的程度。     

化肥行业噪声危害调查及治理评价

通过对７家大中型化肥厂的噪声调查，分析了化肥行业中的噪声源特性和岗位噪声暴露状况。对１６０１名作业工人进行了体检并得出了噪声危害和岗位噪声的剂量──反应关系。还对各厂已采取的噪声治理措施进行了技术评价。最后，根据化肥行业的特点，提出了降低噪声和加强听力保护的几点建议。     

Evaluation of sound exposure and risk of hearing impairment in orchestral musicians

This study aimed to assess exposure to sound and the risk of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in orchestral musicians. Sound pressure level was measured in 1 opera and 3 symphony orchestras; questionnaires were filled in. On the basis of that data, the risk of NIHL was assessed according to Standard No. ISO 1999:1990. Classical orchestral musicians are usually exposed to sound at equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure levels of 81?90 dB (10th?90th percentiles), for 20?45 h (10th?90th percentiles) per week. Occupational exposure to such sound levels over 40 years of employment might cause hearing loss (expressed as a mean hearing threshold level at 2, 3, 4 kHz exceeding 35 dB) of up to 26%. Playing the horn, trumpet, tuba and percussion carries the highest risk (over 20%).     

采用消声障板控制通风管路送、回风口声辐射的研究

根据扁矩形消声通道二维消声理论替代一维理论导出的消声系数Φ（α），研究了障板消声结构的Φ（α）计算机程序和消声量与障板几何尺寸的关系     

Estimating surface acoustic impedance with the inverse method

Sound field parameters are predicted with numerical methods in sound control systems, in acoustic designs of building and in sound field simulations. Those methods define the acoustic properties of surfaces, such as sound absorption coefficients or acoustic impedance, to determine boundary conditions. Several in situ measurement techniques were developed; one of them uses 2 microphones to measure direct and reflected sound over a planar test surface. Another approach is used in the inverse boundary elements method, in which estimating acoustic impedance of a surface is expressed as an inverse boundary problem. The boundary values can be found from multipoint sound pressure measurements in the interior of a room. This method can be applied to arbitrarily-shaped surfaces. This investigation is part of a research programme on using inverse methods in industrial room acoustics.     

Exposure to impulse noise at an explosives company: a case study

Impulse noise encountered in workplaces is a threat to hearing. The aim of this study was to assess the occupational exposure to impulse noise produced by detonation of dynamite on the premises of an explosives company. Test points were located on the blast test area (inside and outside the bunker) and in work buildings across the site. Noise propagation measurement was performed during 130 blast tests at nine measurement points. At every point, at least 10 separate measurements of A-weighted equivalent sound pressure level (L_Aeq), maximum A-weighted sound pressure level (L_Amax) and C-weighted peak sound pressure level (L_Cpeak) were made. Noise recorded in the blast test area exceeded occupational exposure limits (OELs). Noise levels measured in buildings did not exceed OELs. Results of the survey showed that for 62% of respondents, impulse noise causes difficulties in performing work. The most commonly reported symptoms include headaches, nervousness and irritability.     

高海拔矿井风机气动噪声数值模拟及实验研究

为研究高海拔矿井风机气动噪声规律,建立小型轴流风机三维物理模型,利用CFD软件对环境气压分别为1,0.9,0.8,0.7,0.6及0.5 atm时的风机模型进行定常模拟、非定常模拟及噪声计算,并通过自主设计的压变实验装置对上述不同环境气压条件下风机转数分别为500,1 000,1 500和2 000 rpm时的风机噪声进行测试,分析风机叶片附近监测点噪声频谱曲线及压变环境风机噪声实验数据,结果表明:风机转数和环境气压是影响风机气动噪声的2个重要因素;环境气压P一定时,风机转数n越大,各频率下的风机气动噪声声压级SPL越大,且风机噪声总声压级Lp和平均声压级Lavg均随风机转数n的增大呈对数函数增加;风机转数n不变时,随着海拔高度的升高,环境气压P降低,各频段下风机气动噪声声压级SPL均将减小,且风机噪声总声压级Lp和平均声压级Lavg随环境气压值P的降低呈线性函数减小,环境气压每降低0.1 atm,二者分别降低1.47和1.29 dB。     

Experimental study on explosion characteristics of ethanol-gasoline blended fuels

In the present work, a series of experiments have been performed to analyze the explosion characteristics of ethanol-gasoline with various blended ratios (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, and 100%). A vented rectangular vessel with a cross-section of 100 mm × 100 mm, 600 mm long and a 40 mm diameter vent on the top is used to carry out the experiments. The flame propagation is recorded by a phantom high-speed camera with 5000 fps, while the histories of the explosion overpressure are measured by two PCB pressure sensors and the explosion sound pressure level is obtained by a CRY sound sensor. The results indicate that the maximum overpressure and flame propagation speed increases linearly as the blended ratio increases when the initial volume of blended fuel is 1.0 mL; While the change of explosion overpressure and flame propagation speed shows a trend of decreasing at first and then increasing as the concentration increases to 1.8 mL. It is also found that the peak of the sound pressure level exceeds 100 dB under all tests, which would damage the human's hearing. What's more, relationships between explosion overpressure and sound pressure level are examined, and the change of the maximum overpressure can be reflected to some extent by the measurement of the maximum sound pressure level. The study is significant to reveal the essential characteristic of the explosion venting process of ethanol-gasoline under different initial blended ratios, and the results would help deepen the understanding of ethanol-gasoline blended fuels explosion and the assessment of the explosion hazardous.     

Noise variability in underground room and pillar coal mines

Noise in an underground coal mine has dominant components generated mainly from 3 sources: (a) continuous mining machines, (b) roof bolters, and (c) cars/vehicles used to transport personnel and/or coal. Each of these 3 noise sources also has a number of well-defined sub-sources with their own noise characteristics. Sound level meters were used to collect noise data in the form of instantaneous readings and also to check calibration of other sound measuring instruments. The most useful information was obtained from a spectrum analysis of continuous digital recordings of noise over time. This paper discusses the variability or dynamics of generated noise in both frequency and time domains in relation to several independent variables related to coal extraction and transportation processes.     

环空带压气井保护液液位测试方法研究

为了有效检测环空保护液位,评估气井环空带压情况,在传统回声法检测的基础上,提出了基于频谱分析及自相关分析的2种液位检测方法;搭建了液位检测试验系统,开展了不同环空压力下的液位检测试验,计算了不同压力下的环空声速;设计了FIR低通滤波器对液面回波信号进行滤波处理,同时利用了上述2种方法计算液位值并与实际值及传统液位计算方法对比,得出了声衰减系数并评判了衰减过程对液面回波信号频谱分析的影响程度。研究结果表明:设计的FIR低通滤波器适用于所建液位检测试验的滤波处理过程;频谱分析及自相关分析都能够有效检测液位高度,最大误差分别为1.65%和0.61%,自相关分析方法具有更高的精确度;声衰减系数整体较小,对液面回波信号频谱分析结果影响较小。     

岩体声发射技术在金川二矿区的应用

岩体声发射技术是利用岩体变形破坏过程中产生应力波的强弱,来监测岩体的安全状态。针对金川二矿区地压大、岩体破碎的特点,金川公司先后在二矿区１１５０ｍ水平二期快进巷道、８０１采场、１４３８ｍ水平１２＃采场进路等处进行了应用岩体声发射预报矿岩体和充填体安全状态的试验。在对试验过程和监测结果进行分析的基础上,初步建立了金川二矿区矿岩体和充填体安全状态与声发射参数的近似关系,为实现金川二矿区安全管理的定量化进行了有益探索。     

模式预测法应用于铁路噪声的预测研究

伴随新建铁路、既有线增建二线、电气化改造等项目的大规模建设,围绕铁路建设、运营由来已久的铁路噪声污染和扰民的问题却更为突出。根据铁路噪声的传播特性,合理地选取了一种噪声预测方法,即模式预测法作为铁路噪声预测方法,并重点介绍了噪声模式法的理论依据、计算公式和边界条件。以我国中西部地区具有代表性的铁路干线之一作为研究对象,分析讨论由于工程规模、线路质量、列车速度、运输组织的变化,引起的铁路噪声对沿线声环境的影响,定量给出了典型区段距铁路外轨中心线30m、60m、120m处的昼夜间等效连续声级值。通过对噪声贡献值与声环境适应性分析,定性描述铁路噪声对周边环境产生的影响,研究成果为进一步有效控制铁路噪声污染、合理划分工程沿线土地利用功能提供有力依据。