观点

观点ＭｉｃｈａｅｌＪｅｆｆｅｒｓｏｎ，世界能源理事会副秘书长，３４Ｓｔ．Ｊａｍｅｓ＇ｓＳｔｒｅｅｔ，ＬｏｎｄｏｎＳＷｌＡｌＨＤ，ＵｎｉｔｅｄＫｉｎｇｄｏｍ本刊：本期《产业与环境》集中讨论气候变化的工业意义．您能介绍世界理事会在界定和发展这个重要辩论领...     

可持续城市发展规划：欧洲意识情景研讨会（EASW）

可持续城市发展规划：欧洲意识情景研讨会（ＥＡＳＷ）ＦｒａｎｃｉｓｃｏＦｅｒｎａｎｄｅｚ，欧洲委员会ＤＧＸ１１１／Ｄ－２，ＪｅａｎＭｏｎｎｅｔＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ，Ｂ４／８７，ＰｌａｔｅａｕｄｕＫｉｒｃｈｂｅｒｇ，Ｌ－２９２０Ｌｕｘｅｍｂｏｕｒｇ意识情景研...     

电话机的寿命周期设计

电话机的寿命周期设计ＣａｒｌｏＶｅｚｚｏｌｉ,ＣＩＲ．ＩＳ－ＵＲ．ＰＳ,跨系研究中心,“为环境可持续性而革新”研究组,ＰｒｏｄｕｃｔａｎｄＳｅｒｖｉｃｅｓＤＩＴｅｃＤｅｐｔ．,ＰｏｌｙｔｅｃｈｎｉｃＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＭｉｌａｎ,ＶｉａＢｏｎａｒ...     

机动车污染模拟和地理信息系统支持

机动车污染是城市大气污染物的重要来源,对街区机动车污染排放量的预测和排放模拟对了解城市街区环境污染状况有重要价值。文章中将ＣＡＲ模式的模拟计算和ＧＩＳ集成在一起,通过ＶｉｓｕａｌＢａｓｉｃ进行了一个样例开发,其中ＧＩＳ功能由ＭａｐＸ控件实现。     

“为环境而设计”软件

“为环境而设计”软件ＭａｒｋＳ．Ｃｕｒｔｉｓ，Ｐａｒｔｎｅｒ，ＤｅｓｉｇｎＩＶ，１０ＨｅｒｅｆｏｒｄＲｏａｄ，Ａｂｅｒｇａｖｅｎｎｙ，ＧｗｅｎｔＮＰ７５ＰＲ，ＵＫ环境和竞争优势，是１９９０年代两个十分重要的方面．随着环境立法的迅速实施，制造商正在努力...     

菲律宾新的工业废物交换计划

菲律宾新的工业废物交换计划Ｇ．Ｆａｖｉｌａ，，３／ＦＬｏｗｅｒＬｅｖｅｌ，ＤＡＰＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ，ＳａｎＭｉｇｕｅｌＡｖｅｎｕｅ，Ｐａｓｉｇ，ＭｅｔｒｏＭａｎｉｌａ１６０１，Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎｅｓ菲律宾环境商会菲律宾环境商会（ＰＢＥ）最近在推行新的工...     

联合国环境规划署清洁生产教育工作组

联合国环境规划署清洁生产教育工作组ＤｏｎａｌｄＨｕｉｓｉｎｇｈ，伊拉兹姆斯大学环境科学中心，Ｐｏｓｔｂｕｓ１７３８，ＢｕｒｇｅｍｅｅｓｔｅｒＯｕｄｌａａｎ５０，３０００ＤＲＲｏｔｔｅｒｄａｍ，ＴｈｅＮｅｔｈｅｒｌａｎｄｓＭｉｃｈａｅｌＪｏｒｇｅｎｓｅ...     

Total Contents of Chinese Journal of Appliedand Enviromental Biologyin 2002 Vol.8

ＮｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｏｆａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌａｎｄｎａｔｕｒａｌｓｕｂａｌｐｉｎｅｓｐｒｕｃｅｆｏｒｅｓｔｓｉｎｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＳｉｃｈｕａｎ ＰＡＮＧＸｕｅｙｏｎｇｅｔａｌ ( 1)………ＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｐｌａｎｔｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓａｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅｆｒｏｍｔｏｕｒｉｓｔｐａｔｈｉｎｅｃｏｔｏｕｒｉｓｍｒｅｇｉｏｎＣＨＥＮＧＺｈａｎｈｏｎｇｅｔａｌ ( 8)…………………………………………………………………………………     

阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对酞酸酯类化合物增溶性研究

用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对六种酞酸酯类化合物(五种脂肪链酞酸酯和一种苯基酞酸酯)进行了增溶性实验．结果表明,在表观浓度(Ｃｓ)小于临界胶速浓度(ＣＭＣ)时,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对四种酞酸酯(ＤＭＰ和ＤＰｈＰ除外)有一定程度的增溶作用;当Ｃｓ大于ＣＭＣ时,对六种化合物的增溶性显著增强．其增溶性(Ｓｔ/Ｓｗ)随Ｃｓ增大而线性递增:当Ｃｓ＜ＣＭＣ时,Ｓｔ/Ｓｗ＝ａ＋Ｋｍｎ·Ｃｓ,ｒ＞０．９０,ｎ＝５;当Ｃｓ＞ＣＭＣ时,Ｓｔ/Ｓｗ＝ａ＋Ｋｍｃ·Ｃｓ,ｒ＞０．９９,ｎ＝５． 各化合物增溶系数随各自固有水溶性(Ｓｗ)减小而增大(苯基酞酸酯有所反常),ｌｇＫｍｎ和ｌｇＫｍｃ与各自ｌｇｌ/Ｓｗ具有良好的线性正相关性．本文进一步对增溶机理进行了分析解释．     

马氏甲烷八叠球菌S－6的一个染色体区段的表达、序列分析和结构分析

用一组多克隆抗体对马氏甲烷八叠球菌（Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｓａｒｃｉｎａｍａｚｅｉ）Ｓ－６菌株的基因组ＤＮＡ文库进行了筛选．仅选出ｐ６０Ａ克隆能对马氏甲烷八叠球菌中可发生细胞形态学变化菌株的抗血清发生阳性反应．对ｐ６０Ａ克隆的双链ＤＮＡ进行了序列分析．识别出一开式阅读框架（ｏｐｅｎｒｅａｄｉｎｇｆｒａｍｅＰ，ＯＲＦＰ）．表达的蛋白是ＯＲＦＰ编码的蛋白的３倍，并得到ＯＲＦＰ蛋白的三聚体，在ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ中表现出整体蛋白的迁移行为．同时，此表达蛋白抗１０％ＳＤＳ，６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ尿素及热处理．基因结构分析表明，ＯＲＦＰ具有与Ｍ．ｂａｒｋｒｉｍｃｒＡ有同源性的核糖体结合位点和一个与甲烷细菌启动子共有序列相似度达７７％的启动子序列．使用参照序列分析表明，由ＯＲＦＰ演绎的氨基酸序列，具有高密度的带电荷的氨基酸和占优势的β－层迭构型．对此表达蛋白作了Ｎｅｕｒｏｓｒｏｒａｃｒａｓｓａ的ｐｏｒｉｎ蛋白抗血清试验，以研究其可能功能．检验了Ｍ．ｍａｚｅｉＳ－６细胞的蔗糖梯度制备物，对此原细胞中的ＯＲＦＰ蛋白作了定位．结果表明，ＯＲＦＰ蛋白可能是一种古细菌Ｐｏｒｉｎ，其在Ｍ．ｍａｚｅｉＳ－６中的表达，可能象大肠杆菌那样与渗透压调节有关．     

Graph theory as a proxy for spatially explicit population models in conservation planning.

Spatially explicit population models (SEPMs) are often considered the best way to predict and manage species distributions in spatially heterogeneous landscapes. However, they are computationally intensive and require extensive knowledge of species' biology and behavior, limiting their application in many cases. An alternative to SEPMs is graph theory, which has minimal data requirements and efficient algorithms. Although only recently introduced to landscape ecology, graph theory is well suited to ecological applications concerned with connectivity or movement. This paper compares the performance of graph theory to a SEPM in selecting important habitat patches for Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) conservation. We use both models to identify habitat patches that act as population sources and persistent patches and also use graph theory to identify patches that act as stepping stones for dispersal. Correlations of patch rankings were very high between the two models. In addition, graph theory offers the ability to identify patches that are very important to habitat connectivity and thus long-term population persistence across the landscape. We show that graph theory makes very similar predictions in most cases and in other cases offers insight not available from the SEPM, and we conclude that graph theory is a suitable and possibly preferable alternative to SEPMs for species conservation in heterogeneous landscapes.     

Randomized graph sampling

Randomized graph sampling (RGS) is an approach for sampling populations associated with or describable as graphs, when the structure of the graph is known and the parameter of interest is the total weight of the graph. RGS is related to, but distinct from, other graph-based approaches such as snowball and network sampling. Graph elements are clustered into walks that reflect the structure of the graph, as well as operational constraints on sampling. The basic estimator in RGS can be constructed as a Horvitz-Thompson estimator. I prove it to be design-unbiased, and also show design-unbiasedness of an estimator of the sample variance when walks are sampled with replacement. Covariates can be employed for variance reduction either through improved assignment of selection probabilities to walks in the design step, or through the use of alternative estimators during analysis. The approach is illustrated with a trail maintenance example, which demonstrates that complicated approaches to assignment of selection probabilities can be counterproductive. I describe conditions under which RGS may be efficient in practice, and suggest possible applications.     

生态学及其相关学科SCI收录期刊介绍

将SCI收录的76种及中国进入科学引文索引和科学引文索引扩展版的生态学类日核心期刊进行了全面的揭示，包括英文刊名、汉译刊名、山版周期、原版刊号、最新影响因子、国际标准刊号、出版地、出版者、联系地址、最新期刊刚址，期刊描述等全方位的期刊信息。期刊描述内容包括：期刊的创刊年以及期刊的发展。期刊主要内容及使用的话言。网站可免费获取的该刊目次和文摘及全文信息等。     

Hummingbird isolegs in an experimental system

Summary Optimal foraging theory was first looked upon as a tool to study the evolution of niches in community ecology. Isoleg theory is being developed to reestablish it as such a tool. Isoleg theories are maps of isolegs in a graph whose axes are population densities. There are two kinds of isolegs: some are lines of equal optimal behavior in the graph; others mark threshold combinations of densities past which sudden shifts in behavior should occur. A technique for determining whether isolegs exist is described and applied to hummingbird data. These data were collected experimentally in the field expressly to test one isoleg model. All three species of hummingbird exhibited at least one of the sudden-shift type of isoleg. Their behaviors map onto the density graph in the predicted portions of the graph with only one exception. The data also support the prediction that behavior in the field is disjunct, i.e. subject to substantial, abrupt, discontinuous changes produced by very small continuous changes in a control variable. Some evidence for continuous control was also found, but it is ambiguous. Theory predicts that the two forms of control should be found together in some optimal systems.     

Specialized bees fail to develop on non-host pollen: do plants chemically protect their pollen?

Bees require large amounts of pollen for their own reproduction. While several morphological flower traits are known to have evolved to protect plants against excessive pollen harvesting by bees, little is known on how selection to minimize pollen loss acts on the chemical composition of pollen. In this study, we traced the larval development of four solitary bee species, each specialized on a different pollen source, when reared on non-host pollen by transferring unhatched eggs of one species onto the pollen provisions of another species. Pollen diets of Asteraceae and Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae) proved to be inadequate for all bee species tested except those specialized on these plants. Further, pollen of Sinapis (Brassicaceae) and Echium (Boraginaceae) failed to support larval development in one bee species specialized on Campanula (Campanulaceae). Our results strongly suggest that pollen of these four taxonomic groups possess protective properties that hamper digestion and thus challenge the general view of pollen as an easy-to-use protein source for flower visitors.     

Distribution and zoogeography of the marine cladoceran Podon schmackeri in the northwestern Pacific

Embryology of the hermaphroditic and dimorphic alcyonacean Heteroxenia fuscescens has been examined by scanning electron microscopy and light microcopy. Initial embryonic development in this octocoral occurs while the embryos migrate freely inside the anthocodiae and the tentacles. Immature planulae are extruded externally into intersiphonozooid spaces, where they mature. All stages of planular morphogenesis, from egg to planula, occur while the embryo is coated by the original egg mesogleal coat derived from the parent colony. Hatching from this mesogleal coat occurs as late as immediately prior to planulation. H. fuscescens demonstrates highly specialized brood care involving the retention of embryos in internal polyp cavities as well as in external spaces. This highly specialized brood care, coupled with the embryo coating, may provide better protection for the embryo and greater fecundity for the colony.     

An improved formal approach to demographic loop analysis

Loop analysis is introduced to demographic analysis as a tool to compare relative contributions of different life-history types to population growth rate. In 1998, G. M. Wardle brought in basic concepts of the graph theory to demographic loop analysis and proposed a methodology to determine the loops from any life-cycle graph based on these concepts. However, the mathematics behind Wardle's methodology cannot readily be used by most population ecologists. A new methodology that is also based on graph theory concepts but both makes ecological sense in its application and is simpler to implement is proposed. Three rules of thumb serve as the basis of the proposed methodology that brings a more systematic approach to loop selection: it identifies only those loops that are ecologically meaningful (i.e., loops that are forward-flowing and with positive elasticity values). Thus, it produces a loop set that is more amenable to answer questions on comparison of different lifehistory types. It is tested on several life-cycle graphs from the literature. Three of these are presented: Vouacapoua americana, Dipsacus sylvestris, and Alcyonium sp. In each case, the methodology successfully produced a loop set that makes sense in terms of the ecology of the species. The methodology is also implemented as a couple of open-source computer codes. It is hoped that the proposed methodology will lead to wider use of loop analysis in demographic population studies.     

Larval hemolymph feeding: a nondestructive parental cannibalism in the primitive ant Amblyopone silvestrii Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Summary The queens of larger colonies of the primitive ant Amblyopone silvestrii are exclusively dependent on the hemolymph of their own larvae as a nutrient, even when prey feeding is possible. On the other hand, the foundresses suppress larval hemolymph feeding (LHF) when prey is available, allowing them to rear the first workers more swiftly. The nondestructive form of cannibalism can be regarded as a nutritive adaptation related to: (1) the lack of social food transfer in this species, and (2) its specialized predation on large sporadic prey (centipedes). LHF similar to that in Amblyopone was found in Proceratium and another type of LHF, with a larval specialized exudatory organ, in Leptanilla.     

Reproductive isolation between populations from Northern and Central Europe of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica L.

Summary. Allopatric populations of the leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica are known to feed upon either willow (Salicaceae) or birch (Betulaceae). This study aimed to elucidate the differentiation process of these allopatric populations. We investigated whether these allopatric populations specialized on different host plants are still able to produce fertile offspring when interbreeding. Individuals from a population in Finland (willow specialists) and one in the Czech Republic (birch specialists) were crossed in laboratory. Hybrid formation succeeded only between females from the Czech, birch specialized population and males from the Finnish, willow specialized population, while no eggs were produced by females of the willow specialists having mated males of the birch specialists. Behavioral, morphological, physiological, and chemical features of the F₁ hybrids were studied. The chemical composition of larval defensive secretion and feeding preferences of the resulting F₁ hybrids mainly showed similarities with the paternal phenotype, while the area of black coloring on the offspring’s elytra was intermediate between those of the parental elytra. F₁ hybrids did not accept the host plant (birch) of their mothers for feeding and only survived on willow. Thus, since mothers only lay eggs on birch, we found evidence for a postzygotic isolation mechanism between the individuals of the two investigated populations: when having been mated with willow specialized Finnish males, the birch specialized Czech mothers place the hybrid eggs on a plant species (birch), on which the hatching larvae cannot survive.     

The paradox of risk assessment: comparing responses of fathead minnows to capture-released and diet-released alarm cues from two different predators

Summary. Many aquatic prey are known to use chemical alarm cues to assess their risk of predation. In fishes, such alarm cues can be released either through damage of the epidermis during a predatory attack (capture-released) or through release from the predator feces (diet-released). In our study, we compared the importance of capture- versus diet-released alarm cues in risk assessment by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) that were na?ve to fish predators. We utilized two different fish predators: a specialized piscivore, the northern pike (Esox lucius) and a generalist predator, the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Handling time of pike consuming minnows was much shorter than for trout consuming minnows, likely resulting in less epidermal damage to the minnows during attacks by pike. In accordance with this, minnows showed a less intense antipredator response to capture-released cues from pike than capture-released cues from trout. This represents a paradox in risk assessment for the minnows as they respond to the specialized piscivore, the more dangerous predator, with a less intense antipredator response. In contrast, the minnows showed a stronger antipredator response to the specialized piscivore than to the generalist when given diet cues. This work highlights the need for researchers to carefully consider the nature of the information available to prey in risk assessment.