福建宁德晴川湾海域鱼类群落结构及其时空变动

福建宁德晴川湾是闽东渔场的中心区域,但针对该区域鱼类群落结构的研究相对欠缺。本研究在2020年4月和10月开展了两次底拖网调查,旨在通过对晴川湾海域鱼类群落结构及其时空变动的分析,探究环境因子对该海域鱼类群落的影响。结果显示：本次调查共采集到鱼类11目29科49属55种,其中,30种为洄游性鱼类;春季优势种主要为孔虾虎鱼（Trypauchen vagina）,秋季优势种为龙头鱼（Harpadon nehereus）;多样性指数存在季节差异,具体表现为春季平均Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数（1.80和0.70）高于秋季（1.36和0.47）,秋季的物种丰富度（2.70）显著高于春季（2.48）;不同站位间各环境参数不存在显著差异,同一站位内春、秋两季的水温、盐度、溶解氧和叶绿素a等均存在显著差异。RDA排序结果显示,春季鱼类群落受叶绿素a浓度影响显著;秋季鱼类群落则受盐度、溶解氧影响显著。本调查填补了宁德晴川湾海域鱼业资源现状的空白,同时为该海域渔业资源的可持续利用和有效管理以及海区生态系统修复提供了参考依据。     

Petroleum hydrocarbons and their effects on fishery species in the Bohai Sea, North China

Systematic studies on the changes in concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) and their e ects on fishery species in the Bohai Sea during 1974–2004 are presented. Changes in PHs concentrations were closely related to Yellow River runo . Concentrations of PHs accumulated in fish and shrimp increased by about 0.712 mg/kg dry weight when trophic level of fish and shrimps increased by 1. Attention should also be paid to the high PHs concentrations in mollusks along the coastal waters of the Bohai Sea. Average concentration of PHs in the adjacent coastal waters of Tianjin City during 1996–2005 decreased the population growth rates of fish, crustaceans and mollusks in the Bohai Sea by 2.58%, 6.59% and 2.33%, respectively. Therefore, PHs have significantly contributed to the decline in fisheries in the Bohai Sea, and they must be reduced to realize the sustainable fisheries.     

东山湾渔业资源承载力评价指标体系构建及评估

本文在《资源环境承载能力监测预警技术方法（试行）》的基础上,结合渔业资源的特有属性和东山湾的实际情况,探讨并优化完善了东山湾渔业资源承载力评价技术指标体系和方法。根据2016年春季（4月）和秋季（11月）东山湾游泳动物和鱼卵、仔稚鱼调查资料,结合2012~2013年的调查数据进行综合评估,结果表明东山湾渔业资源承载状况已临界超载。针对目前东山湾渔业资源承载现状,提出了进一步加强渔业资源监测调查、生态环境保护和监督管理等预警措施,旨为东山湾渔业资源可持续利用提供理论依据,为进一步推进海洋资源承载力评估业务化和其他海湾的渔业资源承载力评价提供借鉴和技术支持。     

Assessment of 316(b) impacts on Ohio River fish populations

Cooling water intake systems have the potential to adversely impact aquatic organisms though entrainment and impingement (impacts referenced under 316(b) of the Clean Water Act), yet the loss of individual fish does not necessarily mean that a population will suffer a significant decrease in number. The results of utility sponsored studies on Ohio River fish populations provide strong evidence of positive changes in the fishery due to water quality improvements. Despite these improvements, a simulation is needed to determine if a reduction in 316(b) fish losses would result in higher or similar fish population levels. Electrofishing data collected at seven power plant locations from 1981 to 1998 will be used for the population assessments. Potential 316(b) impacts on Ohio River fish populations will be modeled using site specific 316(b) data and a Leslie matrix model. The theoretical maximum population for various fish species, with and without 316(b) impacts, will be compared and the probabilistic risk that fish populations will fall below the threshold for species survival will be assessed. Historically, EPA has allowed 316(b) to be implemented on a case-by-case basis, however, the utilities believe that the first step in assessing potential adverse environmental impacts is to assess the condition of the affected fish populations.     

316(b) and Quad Cities Station,Commonwealth Edison Company

Quad Cities Station is a 1630 MW_e dual reactor facility located on the Upper Mississippi River approximately 30 miles north of Davenport, Iowa and Rock Island, Illinois. As designed, the Station utilizes river water at the rate of 2270 cfs in an open-cycle mode of operation. From the 316(b) perspective, numerous agencies and intervenors expressed major concern regarding the potential adverse impacts of open-cycle entrainment and impingement effects on the River’s highly valued and diverse fishery. As a result, the fishery has been monitored continuously since 1971 through field surveys directed at measurements of community composition and relative abundance, as well as fish impingement surveys of the Station’s intake. From 1972 to 1983 the Station operated in a closed-cycle or partial closed-cycle mode.Regulatory relief and intervenor approval for open-cycle operation were not granted until 1984, following several years of intensive studies directed at entrainment/impingement and methods to reduce impingement. Beginning in 1978, the freshwater drum was selected as the indicator species most likely to manifest changes in population characteristics potentially resulting from open-cycle operation. Population levels (numbers and biomass), growth, fecundity, sex ratios and survival were all monitored to determine if compensatory responses occurred within the population following increases in impingement under open-cycle operation. Included in the agreement that allowed the return to open-cycle operation was a commitment to construct and operate a fish production facility to mitigate for potential impacts.After 14 years of monitoring under open-cycle operation, there have been no measurable changes in the local fishery and, specifically, none within the freshwater drum population. Naturally occurring environmental conditions have more profound influences on this dynamic and resilient fishery than operation of a large generation facility. Station operation is relatively constant from year to year and impingement monitoring may actually be the most accurate monitoring activity. Fluctuations in annual impingement projections are reflections of conditions within the river and the fishery’s response to them. Increases or decreases in fish numbers impinged at the Station in any given year are primarily due to fluctuations in the fishery and the effects of existing environmental variables and not to Station operation. The fishery fluctuations are reflections of conditions within the river and the fishery’s response to them.     

互花米草入侵对广西北海光滩大型底栖动物群落的影响

为探讨互花米草入侵对广西北部湾光滩的生态影响,于2012年7月—2013年9月对北海市青山头地区的互花米草群丛和光滩2种生境分别连续进行5次大型底栖动物群落采样,分析不同采样时间和生境下大型底栖动物的物种组成、生物量、总栖息密度、群落生物多样性、群落结构等群落特征. 结果表明:①该区域内大型底栖动物共15种,隶属于4门5纲11科,其中中国绿螂(Glauconome chinensis)占互花米草群丛大型底栖动物个体总数的86.7%,为绝对优势物种;短指和尚蟹(Mictyris brevidactylus)为光滩的优势物种. ②双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA)结果显示,互花米草入侵光滩后大型底栖动物物种数量显著增加,并且互花米草群丛中中国绿螂个体数量的剧增也显著增加了大型底栖动物的生物量和总栖息密度,而采样时间对大型底栖动物物种数、生物量和总栖息密度的影响不显著;不同生境和采样时间均未对大型底栖动物的多样性指数产生显著影响. ③非度量多维度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)结果表明,互花米草群丛与光滩的大型底栖动物物种群落相似度较高,但与2012年10月相比,2013年9月互花米草和光滩大型底栖动物群落相似度降低,因此可能随着互花米草入侵时间的增加,其对大型底栖动物群落的影响也不同.      

Surplus production,compensation, and impact assessments of power plants

For over 60 years, fishery scientists have been using the argument that nature creates surplus, and that the surplus can be used as justification to impose anthropogenic sources of mortality (power plants, fishing, pollution, etc.) on fish populations; otherwise, it is wasted. Surplus production is closely tied to the concept of compensation, a form of density-dependent mortality in which the mortality rate of a cohort is directly related to abundance of that cohort. Scientific arguments have been put forth in assessments of power plant impacts that compensation can at least partially offset impacts imposed by power plants. Although we cannot dismiss the existence of surplus production outright, since in some years environmental conditions are such that a surplus in reproductive effort may occur, we should be assessing the reproductive effort of fish populations in the context of the ecosystem in which they reside. In terms of addressing the risks of power plant mortality, we may be at a point in collection and analyses of biological data, coupled with a greater flexibility in managing power plant technology, to modulate the risks of power plant mortality on fish populations on a more-or-less real-time basis by taking into account environmental influences. For these reasons, assessments of power plant impacts should include analyses of predation forgone and production forgone.     

浑太河鱼类群落多样性及生境适宜性量化分析

以辽宁浑太河为范例,评价物种、多样性水平和功能群组成3种群落结构特征下,鱼类群落与栖息地环境因子的定量响应关系.结果表明：流速、BOD₅、氨氮、电导率和底质指数是显著影响浑太河鱼类群落空间分布的栖境因子;鲫等耐污种的氨氮和电导率的最适值和正响应阈值较高,洛氏鱥和东北七鳃鳗等适应较高的流速和底质指数,东北七鳃鳗的最适流速为0.59m/s;多样性水平的栖境因子最适值和阈值随香农多样性指数的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,（2-3）区间的电导率最适值最大,为378.07μS/cm;杂食性功能群鱼类对BOD₅、氨氮和电导率有较高的最适值和正响应阈值,其最适值分别为1.20mg/L、0.63mg/L和383.37μS/cm.定量分析鱼类群落与栖境因子的关系,为开展重要鱼类物种保护、生物多样性恢复以及关键栖息地的生境修复等流域生态管理决策提供基础数据和科学依据.     

冬季长江口渔场游泳动物群落种类组成和多样性的年代际变化

根据1991—2011年间3个代表年冬季长江口渔场的调查数据,对该海域游泳动物群落的年代际变化进行了研究。结果表明：1991—2011年,游泳动物种类数总体表现为升高的趋势,其中鱼类的增加幅度较小,甲壳类和头足类的增加幅度较大。以重量和尾数为代表的资源密度指数均表现出先下降后升高的趋势。平均体重先呈现急剧下降然后继续小幅下降的趋势。1991年优势种类数为7种,2001年为9种,2011年为7种,后2个年份和1991年相比,优势种发生了较大的更替。细点圆趾蟹（Ovalipes punctatus）和龙头鱼（Harpadon nehereus）为3个年份的共同优势种。游泳动物的站位平均种类数呈现持续升高趋势,而站位平均丰富度指数、多样度指数和均匀度指数则呈现出先升高再降低的趋势。1991和2001年、1991和2011年之间的平均相异性较高,均超过60%,而2001和2011年之间的平均相异性较低,为36.05%;引起群落差异的主要种类数呈增加的趋势,生态类群也逐渐扩大。游泳动物长度谱呈现逐渐变窄的趋势,主要是由于群落中的生物种类演替、小型鱼类数量增多和大型鱼类的群体年龄结构降低等原因造成的。     

Morphological distinctness despite large-scale phenotypic plasticity��analysis of wild and pond-bred juveniles of allopatric populations of Tropheus moorii

Cichlids are an excellent model to study explosive speciation and adaptive radiation. Their evolutionary success has been attributed to their ability to undergo rapid morphological changes related to diet, and their particular breeding biology. Relatively minor changes in morphology allow for exploitation of novel food resources. The importance of phenotypic plasticity and genetically based differences for diversification was long recognized, but their relationship and relative magnitude remained unclear. We compared morphology of individuals of four wild populations of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid Tropheus moorii with their pond-raised F(1) offspring. The magnitude of morphological change via phenotypic plasticity between wild and pond-bred F(1) fish exceeds pairwise population differences by a factor of 2.4 (mean Mahalanobis distances). The genetic and environmental effects responsible for among population differentiation in the wild could still be recognized in the pond-bred F(1) fish. All four pond populations showed the same trends in morphological change, mainly in mouth orientation, size and orientation of fins, and thickness of the caudal peduncle. As between population differentiation was lower in the wild than differentiation between pond-raised versus wild fish, we suggest the narrow ecological niche and intense interspecific competition in rock habitats is responsible for consistent shape similarity, even among long-term isolated populations.     

Abundance thresholds and the underlying ecological processes: Field voles Microtus agrestis in a fragmented landscape

Field voles (Microtus agrestis) were trapped in 14 field margins and their behavioural and demographic parameters measured. Strong support was found for thresholds in margin width below which vole abundance was extremely low. Narrow margins were male biased with individuals moving greater distances and a large proportion of males behaved as transient individuals. However, no effect was observed on the age structure or survival of the population. Individuals were able to compensate for the lack of habitat through alterations in their behaviour sufficiently to maintain their survival. Within intensive agro-ecosystems, narrow strips between crops are important links for voles between wider margins and, if available, other more suitable habitats. Maintenance of narrow margins, along with larger areas of suitable habitat, is therefore effective in farmed landscapes for sustaining populations of specialist species where they show sufficient flexibility.     

海洋渔业脆弱性研究评述与展望

海洋渔业脆弱性是海洋渔业可持续发展研究的重要内容。本文从海洋渔业脆弱性的概念与内涵、研究分类与分析框架、评价方法与测度指数、驱动因素与应对措施4个方面对海洋渔业脆弱性研究进行了系统梳理。结果表明:（1）海洋渔业脆弱性概念虽未统一,但关于概念内涵的理解已经达成了一些共识;（2）海洋渔业脆弱性评价方法单一,评价体系有待完善;（3）海洋渔业脆弱性驱动因素与机制研究不足。未来宜重点完善海洋渔业脆弱性概念,构建系统全面的评价体系,加强海洋渔业脆弱性多尺度研究,深化海洋渔业脆弱性的驱动因素与机制研究等,为解决海洋渔业发展问题提供科学支撑。     

东洞庭湖长江江豚及其与鱼类资源相关性

为掌握东洞庭湖长江江豚种群动态分布规律及其与鱼类资源的相关关系，2012年6月~2017年12月，对东洞庭湖进行了54次长江江豚种群调查和8次水声学鱼类资源空间分布调查.调查结果显示：（1）共发现长江江豚1110头次，分布在湘阴-洞庭大桥之间长约65km的区域内；（2）100% MCP）、95% MCP、75% MCP和50% MCP下，长江江豚栖息地面积依次为161.3、114.26、76.95和64.31km²，占保护区总面积百分比依次为24.18%、17.13%、11.54%和9.63%；（3）不同水位条件下，长江江豚观测群次和头次差异显著，枯水期可观测到群次和头次最高，分别为（13.92±4.64）群次/次和（31.92±7.17）头次/次，丰水期观测群次和头次最低，分别为（5.17±1.64）群次/次和（17.25±7.46）头次/次；（4）水声学调查结果显示，2013年3月东洞庭湖鱼类资源平均密度最高为57.21尾/1000m³，东洞庭湖鱼类密度与水位呈弱负相关关系，相关系数r=-0.601（P>0.05）；（5）GIS模型分析结果显示，东洞庭湖鱼类资源低水位时期（枯水期和退水期后期），集中分布于扁山至鲶鱼口区域，高水位时期，东洞庭湖鱼类资源分布较为分散；（6）方差分析结果显示，东洞庭湖低水位期鱼类资源水平密度分布不均，扁山至煤炭湾区域鱼类资源水平空间平均密度最高，与其它区域有显著性差异（P<0.05），高水位时期鱼类分布较为均匀，方差分析显示，除煤炭湾至鹿角区域与城陵矶至洞庭大桥区域和扁山至煤炭湾区域分别有显著差异之外（P<0.05），其他水域之间无显著性差异（P>0.05）；（7）Pearson相关性分析显示长江江豚头次与对应的鱼类密度呈显著正相关，R²=0.86，P<0.01，长江江豚可能具有随鱼群迁徙的行为特征.     

环境变化对鸟类种群结构的影响研究

文章将镇江市域内主要优势种树麻雀作为指示种,通过对种群数量、时空分布、不同生境分布、栖息地和森林植被等方面对树麻雀的生态影响进行了调查研究。结果表明：各生境中,分布密度以乡村与城镇最高,农田次之,森林、灌丛及水域最低;植被变化、城乡建设、以及农药、化肥的施用是引起某些鸟类数量变化的重要原因;以鸟类为代表的野生动物与环境关系密切,其分布区域和种群数量的变化以及群落参数变化反映和预示了环境的变化趋势。     

东海区带鱼伏季休渔效果及其资源的合理利用

根据2002-2003年东海区带鱼年龄鉴定资料,并引用以往的带鱼渔业生物学研究结果,作为估算带鱼死亡系数和建立动态综合模型所需的有关参数值估算的依据,从而运用Ricker动态综合模型分析了在现行渔业条件下东海区带鱼伏季休渔效果和带鱼资源利用状况以及变更渔业利用情况对带鱼渔业所产生的影响。结果表明:在现行渔业下(tc=0.5a,F=2.61/a),东海区实施3个月的伏季休渔制度能使年平均资源量增加87%,年产量增加29%,渔获平均体重增加42%;带鱼资源的利用虽处于捕捞过度状态之中,但尚能承受较大的捕捞压力,资源结构利用不合理之处是捕捞大量的幼鱼群体,渔获个体依然过小,渔获平均体重仅为75g/ind.;单位补充量渔获量(Y/R)随tc变化的影响大于随F的变化,建议在维持现有伏季休渔制度下,应逐渐降低捕捞强度,并以提高起捕规格放大网目尺寸作为今后一个时期首选的渔业管理目标,应是较为现实的资源合理利用措施。     

Techno policy aspects and socio-economic impacts of eco-industrial networking in the fishery sector: experiences from An Giang Province,Vietnam

Eco-industrial networking is considered as a new approach for businesses to improve their competitiveness, economic viability and human and ecosystem health. A cyclic material flow with alternative usage of all materials in the loop is an essential feature of an eco-industrial network. While eco-industrial networking has been primarily applied on the high-tech sector, this paper attempts to apply the principles on the fishery sector of An Giang, a Vietnamese province in the Mekong River Delta. An Giang Province has its own market share in the trade of Tra and Basa fish. The industries in the value chain of Tra and Basa are in a situation that forces them to improve their competitiveness to retain the market share. It was found that forming an eco-industrial network and recruiting new businesses to utilize all materials in the process provides additional revenue apart from reducing waste disposal concerns. This paper details the current market situation, the issues faced and material flow patterns and presents a feasible eco-industrial network. The results of the study indicate that the eco-industrial network creates positive impacts in terms of increased competitiveness, improved socio-economic conditions and cleaner environment.     

衡水湖湿地恢复预案空间模拟及生态风险评价

基于湿地水位、坡度和土地利用/植被覆盖数据3个湿地生境要素,依据湿地生境自然生态单元要素组合和不同湿地恢复策略,在综合考虑水禽生境适宜性和保护区发展现状及未来目标的基础上,对衡水湖国家级自然保护区湿地的生态恢复进行了多预案设计.同时,将目标保护物种纳入考虑范围,通过对湿地恢复预案的生态指数、脆弱度和生态风险值进行评估,构建了一套相对系统的湿地恢复规划与评价体系,并通过对湿地恢复预案实施前后基础设施建设和人为活动导致的生态风险进行评估,揭示了各预案下湿地生态风险在保护区内的空间分布特征.研究表明,以湿地恢复为主的预案1的高风险值区域分布范围最大,以生境改造为主的预案2的高风险值区域分布范围在3个调整方案中最小,湿地恢复与生境改造并重的方案3的高风险值区域在3个调整方案中处于中等水平.结合鸟类适宜生境及其风险分布情况,湿地恢复和生境改造并重的方案值得推荐.     

Consequences of correlations between habitat modifications and negative impact of climate change for regional species survival

While several empirical and theoretical studies have clearly shown the negative effects of climate or landscape changes on population and species survival only few of them addressed combined and correlated consequences of these key environmental drivers. This also includes positive landscape changes such as active habitat management and restoration to buffer the negative effects of deteriorating climatic conditions. In this study, we apply a conceptual spatial modelling approach based on functional types to explore the effects of both positive and negative correlations between changes in habitat and climate conditions on the survival of spatially structured populations. We test the effect of different climate and landscape change scenarios on four different functional types that represent a broad spectrum of species characterised by their landscape level carrying capacity, the local population turnover rates at the patch level (K-strategies vs. r-strategies) and dispersal characterstics. As expected, simulation results show that correlated landscape and climatic changes can accelerate (in case of habitat loss or degradation) or slow down (in case of habitat gain or improvement) regional species extinction. However, the strength of the combined changes depends on local turnover at the patch level, the overall landscape capacity of the species, and its specific dispersal characteristics. Under all scenarios of correlated changes in habitat and climate conditions we found the highest sensitivity for functional types representing species with a low landscape capacity but a high population growth rate and a strong density regulation causing a high turnover at the local patch level.The relative importance of habitat loss or habitat degradation, in combination with climate deterioration, differed among the functional types. However, an increase in regional capacity revealed a similar response pattern: For all types, habitat improvement led to higher survival times than habitat gain, i.e. the establishment of new habitat patches. This suggests that improving local habitat quality at a regional scale is a more promising conservation strategy under climate change than implementing new habitat patches. This conceptual modelling study provides a general framework to better understand and support the management of populations prone to complex environmental changes.     

Field evidence for non-host predator avoidance in a manipulated amphipod

Manipulative parasites are known to alter the spatial distribution of their intermediate hosts in a way that enables trophic transmission to definitive hosts. However, field data on the ecological implications of such changes are lacking. In particular, little is known about the spatial coexistence between infected prey and dead-end predators after a parasite-induced habitat shift. Here, we used an Amphipoda (Gammarus roeseli)–Acanthocephala (Polymorphus minutus) association to investigate how infection with a manipulative parasite affects the predation risk by non-hosts within the invertebrate community. First, we collected invertebrates by sampling various natural habitats and calculated the distribution amplitude of amphipods according to their infection status. Infection with P. minutus significantly reduced the habitat breadth in G. roeseli, parasitised individuals being mainly found in floating materials whereas uninfected ones were widespread throughout the sampled habitats. Second, to test if these changes also affect the risk for P. minutus to be ingested by non-hosts, we estimated the predation risk experienced by G. roeseli within the macro-invertebrate community. The habitat overlap between potential invertebrate predators and G. roeseli showed that the spatial probability of encounter was lower for P. minutus-infected amphipods than for uninfected conspecifics. For the first time, to our knowledge, a study used ecological tools to bring field evidence for the spatial avoidance of dead-end predators in a manipulated amphipod.     

Sport Fishing Index (SFI): A method to quantify sport fishing quality

A team of biologists, including representatives from the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and state fishery resource agencies in the Tennessee River Valley, developed an index to quantify sport fishing quality for individual sport fish species. The objective of the Sport Fishing Index (SFI) is to provide the fishing public with information that will assist them in selecting locations that have the best potential for a successful fishing experience for the species they prefer. Additionally, the index provides biologists with a reference point measure of the quality of that fishery. Comparison of population sampling parameters and creel results for a particular sport fish species with expectations of these parameters from a high quality fishery (reference conditions) allows determination of fishing quality. To date, indices developed include largemouth, smallmouth, and spotted bass; crappies (black and white combined); walleye; sauger; and channel catfish. Each SFI relies on measurements of quantity and quality aspects of angler success and fish population characteristics. Comparison of index results among reservoirs and between years from the Tennessee and Cumberland River reservoirs from 1996 to 1998 indicated that differences in fishing quality for a particular species were measurable.