卷烟包装材料及滤嘴的生物降解性能研究

本研究以目前几种常见的卷烟包装用商标纸、卡纸、铝箔内衬纸、透明塑料薄膜以及卷烟滤嘴为实验材料，采用ATSMD-5338标准方法，进行了为期25天实验。结果表明商标纸、铝箔纸内衬纸和卡纸的生物降解性能比较好，而滤嘴和透明塑料薄膜的生物降解性能比较差。今后研究开发可降解卷烟包装材料应该把重点放在滤嘴和透明塑料薄膜上面。     

绿色包装材料的进展

较为详尽地论述和介绍了绿色包装及绿色材料的内涵，从可降解包装材料、包装纸、可食性包装材料、天然生物包装材料和陶瓷包装材料等几个方面来探讨绿色包装材料的发展趋势。绿色包装材料是绿色包装的重要组成部分，包装问题与环境密不可分，采用绿色包装材料是2l世纪包装工业的发展方向和必然抉择。     

可降解塑料的开发与应用

以可降解塑料替代普通塑料作包装材料和农用薄膜,已成为发展的方向和趋势。本文比较详细地介绍了国内外对可降解塑料的研制现状和应用前景,并指出了可降解塑料在开发和应用方面所存在的一些问题。     

治理“白色污染”前景光明

我国治理废弃塑料制品形成的“白色污染”，用环保型包装材料替代塑料制品，将尽快成为现实。由泉州远东环保科技发展有限公司最新研究开发、公认世界最高水平的可降解餐饮具与食品容器包装技术，为解决“白色污染”提供了有效的途径。日前，全国方便食品包装替代工作领导小组批准“可降解快餐饮具与食品容器包装全国定点生产企业”落户广州南沙经济开发区，并正式引进荣获国家重点新产品项目的SP－９９节能性纸浆环保餐具成套生产线。世界各国对加强环境保护、治理“白色污染”，早已形成共识。国内外专家经过长期分析检测证明：一次性发…     

生物可降解塑料的环境行为及毒性效应

由于不合理的管控,塑料污染成为环境污染的重要问题,人们对新型、绿色的生物可降解塑料的需求与日俱增。然而,研究表明,生物可降解塑料对生态环境和人体健康同样具有负面影响。本文梳理了2000-2023年的近万篇文献,综述了生物可降解塑料的应用、发展历程、种类、污染现状、环境行为以及毒性效应,并对今后生物可降解塑料的研究方向提出展望,旨在促进生物可降解塑料的生态和健康风险评估,并为其合理使用和有效监管提供参考。     

高技术再资源化是根治“白色污染”的主要方向

针对“白色污染”日益严重的现状，对现有的“白色污染”防治对策和技术进行了分析探讨，指出简单的技术已不适用，可降解的发展尚需时日，而废塑料再资源化技术才是根治“白色污染”的主要方向。     

微生物絮凝剂的研究现状与发展趋势

介绍了近几年来国内外微生物絮凝剂的发展概况、分类及絮凝机理,指出了与传统絮凝剂相比较微生物絮凝剂在水处理中的优越性,分析了已使用的微生物絮凝剂在污水达标治理过程中存在的问题,并探讨了开发廉价、高效、可降解微生物絮凝剂的发展趋势和研究方向.     

废纸资源化技术研究新进展

介绍了几种废纸资源化的新技术：生产木材、制作农用育苗盒，改善土壤土质、生产动物饲料，采用生物技术生产乳酸等化工产品，生产各种功能材料如复合材料、新型建筑和装饰材料，包装材料、保温材料、耐火材料和除油材料，制造家庭用品和文具，用作燃料。并指出了废纸资源化的发展方向。     

英国推出新型可降解塑料——降解时间由人定

最近，记者应邀参加了英国“交响环境公司”在英国议会大厦举行的新产品发布会，该公司在会上隆重推出的一种“神奇”的可降解塑料，让人们看到了解决“白色污染”问题的新希望。可降解塑料制品在英国和其它国家并非鲜为人知，但至今可降解塑料产品仅限于垃圾袋，食品和商品等包装仍沿用传统聚乙烯塑料。“交响环境公司”在开发出新型可降解塑料的同时，还在英国率先提出要将可降解塑料向食品包装等领域推广。新型可降解塑料同现在可降解塑料相比不但能用于食品等其它领域，其最为引人注目的“神奇”之处在于它的寿命可预先控制，塑料可按照…     

一次性可降解餐具的研究现状及前景分析

1引言 民以食为天，与食有关的一次性餐具也就当然不会受到冷眼相待。但是经济的高速发展，经常伴随着日趋严重的环境问题。资源和能源的过度消耗及其给人类生存构成的严重威胁，使得当今世界掀起了一个以保护生态环境为核心的绿色浪潮。绿色包装则是这股浪潮的重要组成部分。绿色包装是指能够循环利用，再生利用或自然降解，并在产品的整个生产周期中对人体和环境不造成危害的适度包装。世界发达国家对发展绿色包装提出了“3R1D”，即Reduce（减量化）、Reuse（重复使用）、Recycle（再循环）、Degradable（可降解），因此，绿色包装实际上是包装材料的绿色化。在这样的背景下，原来受人欢迎的，快速便捷的不可降解一次性发泡餐具（PS餐具）被国家有关部门列为限期淘汰产品。[第一段]     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.