生物净化挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的研究进展

有机废气中大多含有低浓度的苯、甲苯、苯乙烯、多环芳烃等挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)。这类挥发性有机化合物会对人体健康和生态环境造成危害。治理VOCs污染是大气污染治理的重要部分。生物法处理有机废气具有运行费用低、没有二次污染等优点。常用的生物处理技术主要有生物过滤池、生物滴滤池和生物洗涤塔。20世纪80年代生物法在欧洲得到快速发展,我国于90年代以后也开始了生物处理VOCs废气的研究,并取得了一定的成就。     

生物硫铁复合材料对水中U(Ⅵ)的去除性能及作用机理

目前,生物材料处理含铀废水已成为研究热点,为此,对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)产生的生物材料的性能进行研究。通过接种硫酸盐还原菌制备了生物硫铁复合材料,探讨了p H值、U(VI)初始质量浓度和温度对生物硫铁去除U(VI)的影响,对比了硫铁、活性生物硫铁和硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)对U(VI)的去除效果。采用环境扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、高分辨率透射电镜(TEM)-X射线能谱(EDS)分析了生物硫铁结构特性及其对U(VI)的去除机理。结果表明,当初始p H值为7.5、温度为35℃,U(VI)初始质量浓度为7.2 mg/L、生物硫铁投加量为0.1 g时对U(VI)的去除效果最好,12 h完成反应,去除率达99.5%。活性生物硫铁除U(VI)效果优于硫铁和SRB,表明活性生物硫铁中硫铁化合物和SRB同时对U(VI)产生吸附与还原作用,具有速度快、效率高等优点。生物硫铁中的硫铁化合物为无定形态和不规则角柱体,角柱体厚度为20~150 nm,长度为200 nm~1μm。TEM-EDS分析表明,生物硫铁除U(VI)机理有胞外吸附与胞内积累,铀占总元素的质量分数为9.70%,特征峰明显,生物硫铁具有良好的U(VI)去除能力。FTIR分析表明,与U(VI)作用的基团主要有羟基、羧基、磷酸基和C=O、C—N、P—O。     

利用ARIMA(自回归移动平均)模型对跑道侵入事件的分析及预测

综合运用具有相当精度的时间序列分析方法,建立美国民航运输安全中的机场跑道侵入的AR IMA(自回归移动平均)模型,克服了样本空间总是有限带来的不足,揭示出民航跑道侵入的动态变化规律,并对未来美国民航跑道侵入事故发生次数进行较准确的预测,为我国民航部门科学地制定飞行计划、人员培训、提高安全管理水平,提供可靠的依据。     

膜生物反应器(MBR)处理酒精生产废水的试验研究

研究了膜生物反应器(MBR)处理酒精生产废水的特性和效果。探讨了生物降解和膜滤作用对CODCr、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的降低效果以及膜组件运行压力等。研究结果表明,膜生物反应器(MBR)中生物在2~4 h内对CODCr、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的降解效果明显,而膜滤是强化生物降解效果的补充,对CODCr,NH+4-N,TN和TP的去除均有着不同程度的效果,说明膜生物反应器能净化酒精生产废水。     

基于GM(1,1)模型的铁路行车事故预测

铁路行车事故的发生具有偶然性 ,但可利用预测理论的方法加以预测。笔者简述了灰色理论中GM(1,1)预测模型的建模过程和精度检验的方法及步骤 ,在某铁路分局 1995～ 2 0 0 2年间的铁路行车事故统计的基础上 ,应用GM(1,1)预测模型预测了该铁路分局 2 0 0 4年的铁路行车事故发生趋势 ,经精度检验表明 ,模型的精度等级合格 ,其预测结果为铁路行车事故的防范和降低事故损失提供了指导和科学依据。     

聚磷菌协同生物炭对水中U(Ⅵ)的去除特性及机理研究

低浓度含铀废水中铀的高效去除是铀矿冶安全生产过程中亟待解决的问题。生物吸附法是处理较低浓度重金属废水的高效廉价的方法之一。采用生物炭负载聚磷菌,制备了一种新型吸附剂,通过对比分析普通生物炭与负载聚磷菌生物炭对水中U(VI)的去除特性,结合BET、SEM及XPS等检测手段,考察聚磷菌对生物炭去除水中U(VI)的协同作用,探究低浓度铀废水处理新方法。结果表明,通过负载聚磷菌,生物炭能够快速降低水中U(VI)的浓度,去除率可达99.86%。BET及SEM表征手段表明,聚磷菌被固定在生物炭表面,负载聚磷菌的生物炭比表面积大大减小,但对铀的去除率反而增加。结合XPS结果可知,吸附后沉淀产物为四价铀和六价铀的混合物,表明聚磷菌对水中铀进行了还原、微沉淀,具有协同生物炭除铀作用。吸附动力学试验表明,该吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型;Freundlich吸附等温线模型能更好地描述吸附剂对铀的吸附行为。     

高锰酸钾改性生物炭对U(Ⅵ)的吸附特性

选用农林剩余物加工制得生物炭,用强氧化剂(KMnO_4、H_2O_2、HNO_3)对生物炭进行化学改性,选择最佳改性方法。通过吸附试验得出用0.01 mol/L KMnO_4改性的生物炭除铀效果最佳。采用KMnO_4改性的生物炭对废水中的铀进行吸附,考察吸附剂投加量、溶液pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度等因素对U(Ⅵ)去除效果的影响。结果表明,当吸附剂投加量为0.3 g/L、U(Ⅵ)质量浓度为10mg/L、溶液pH=6、温度为25℃、吸附时间为120 min时,改性生物炭对U(Ⅵ)的去除效果最佳,吸附量达到32.57 mg/g,比未改性前提高了67.9%。对改性前后的生物炭进行了SEM、XRD、FTIR表征及表面含氧官能团测定、吸附动力学分析。结果表明,改性生物炭对U(Ⅵ)的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程及Langmuir等温吸附模型(决定系数R20.99)。这表明对溶液中铀的去除可能是化学沉淀作用的结果,改性后含氧官能团增加,对溶液中铀的去除也可能存在官能团络合作用与表面吸附,使吸附剂化学吸附能力增强,除铀能力提高。     

基于GM(1,1)的残差修正模型的电梯故障率预测

为研究某城市某品牌电梯故障率发展趋势,建立了该城市该品牌电梯故障率的GM(1,1)灰色预测模型,并对所建模型进行了数据检验,检验结果表明该预测模型的预测精度波动较大。为了提高GM(1,1)灰色预测模型的预测精度,利用对模型进行数据检验时得到的残差序列,建立GM(1,1)灰色预测模型的残差修正模型,利用该残差修正模型对原预测模型进行修正。利用经残差修正模型修正后的故障率预测模型对该城市A品牌电梯的故障率进行预测,结果表明:1)残差修正模型对原模型修正后的相对误差与修正前相比有升也有降,但精度有所提高且趋于稳定,表明残差修正模型有利于提高预测精度;2)利用所建立的故障率预测模型求得的预测故障率与实际故障率相比,相对误差不超过8.010%,表明该故障率预测模型的预测精度较高;3)修正模型预测值表明,在现有状态下该城市A品牌电梯的故障率呈上升趋势,应加强该品牌电梯的检维修与管理。     

煤与瓦斯突出预测的支持向量机(SVM)模型

基于支持向量机(SVM)分类算法,考虑影响煤与瓦斯突出的主要因素,建立了煤与瓦斯突出预测的SVM模型。该模型选取开采深度、瓦斯压力、瓦斯放散初速度、煤的坚固性系数以及地质破坏程度5个指标作为模型输入量,同时将煤与瓦斯突出程度划分为无突出、小型突出、中型突出和大型突出4个等级,进而使其评判结果更为细化。以实测数据作为学习样本进行训练,建立相应判别函数对待判样本进行预测。通过算例分析,表明该模型的方法对煤与瓦斯突出预测的合理性与有效性,可以在实际工程中推广。     

基于GM(1,1)模型的军用车辆交通事故预测研究

在分析军用车辆交通事故预测技术重要性的基础上,根据2005—2009年的军用车辆交通事故原始数据,建立军车交通事故的GM(1,1)灰色预测模型。对军用车辆交通事故起数和死亡人数进行短期预测,并通过实例验证预测模型的适用性。通过模型验证结果可以看出:GM(1,1)模型预测所得数据较为精确。预测结论如下:未来几年,军车交通事故会稳步下降,事故发生次数会快速减少,但死亡人数相对减少较缓。     

A comparative study on the autoxidation of dimethyl ether (DME) comparison with diethyl ether (DEE) and diisopropyl ether (DIPE)

The Japanese government is planning to introduce DME as a substituted energy for oil and LNG. Introduction of DME could contribute greatly to both the prevention of global warming and the formation of resource-recycling societies. In these circumstances, a safety assessment of DME is very important when DME is used on a large scale. There is a possibility that prolonged exposure in air induces autoxidation to produce explosive organic peroxides during transportation and storage of DME. Therefore, the reactivity of DME with oxygen and the mechanism of the autoxidation were investigated. Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) was used to evaluate the thermal stability of DME and DIPE, a known peroxide producers, under adiabatic and various atmospheric conditions. In ARC studies of DME under oxygen, exothermic decompositions were detected although its self-heating rate was low in comparison with DIPE. Oven storage tests were carried out and iodimetry was used to measure the concentration of peroxides produced from DME in comparison with DIPE and DEE. However, no products could be found for DME either by GC/MS or by iodimetry, while some evidence of autoxidation of both DEE and DIPE were obtained from these experiments.     

石英砂负载壳聚糖吸附剂对Cu^2＋吸附性能的研究

为降低壳聚糖处理废水的成本,以壳聚糖和石英砂为原料,采用共混沉降法制成石英砂负载壳聚糖吸附剂.用石英砂负载壳聚糖吸附剂处理含Cu2 废水,研究振荡时间、溶液pH值、石英砂壳聚糖投加量、Cu2 初始质量浓度和石英砂粒径对Cu2 吸附性能的影响,同时讨论其吸附动力学特征.结果表明,温度为20 ℃,振荡时间为30 min,pH=6,石英砂壳聚糖用量为20 g/L,Cu2 初始质量浓度为33.3 mg/L时,石英砂壳聚糖对Cu2 的吸附效果较好,吸附率可达91.57%.本文吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型(相关系数r=0.985 2); 吸附过程符合一级动力学反应(r=0.985 6).研究表明,石英砂负载壳聚糖吸附剂可用于含Cu2 废水的处理.     

A case study on the influence of a magnetic shielding retrofit on the static magnetic field present in a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) suite

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to assess whether the practice of retro-fitting passive magnetic shielding to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) suites is effective in retaining the 0.5 mT footprint of the static magnetic field to within its designed position.MethodologyThe research methodology involved identification of an MRI installation where passive magnetic shielding was to be fitted to an installation already in operational use. Site based physical measurements of the magnetic flux density of the static field were then taken both ante and post installation of the shielding, so as to be able to determine its effectiveness.FindingsThe results identified areas in the retrofitted magnetic shielding where, as a result of its design, hot spots in excess of 0.5 mT occurred.Practical implicationsThis research highlights design, construction and safety issues that the designer could, if he had this prior knowledge, have eliminated at source.ValueAt the planning stage of a new MRI suite, designers could use the information contained in this research as part of their design risk management process. This research serves to demonstrate the importance of eliminating any possible future need to install retrofitted passive magnetic shielding to an original MRI suite design. It also shows the need for designers to identify the location of any hot spots in the shielding installation where the magnetic flux density may exceed 0.5 mT and become a potential hazard to those individuals fitted with heart pacemakers or other electronic body implants.     

Comparative study of the methodologies based on Standard UNE 60079/10/1 and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to determine zonal reach of gas-generated Atex explosive atmospheres

This study presents two methodologies which can be used to determine the classification and extended area of hazardous zones caused by gas, vapours and mists. The first is based on UNE 60079/10/1: Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres – Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas, whilst the second is developed on the basis of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) using the FLUENT software application. Both methodologies were applied in the same case study of differing leakage components from a dairy farm steam boiler room fuelled by liquid natural gas (LNG).The results obtained show that CFD methodology is a powerful tool with a significant capacity for determining the size of an explosive atmosphere for a broad range of exhaust sources. This methodology offers more conservative results than those obtained from the analytical methodology recommended in Standard UNE 60079/10/1. Results obtained using CFD are more useful in enabling the study of turbulence phenomena, boundaries, and diverse initial and contour conditions.In contrast, the Standard UNE 60079/10/1 methodology is less conservative and aims at determining the hypothetical volume V_z of the explosive atmosphere. This volume is a measurement of the ventilation efficiency which is in turn proportional to a massive gas release through an exhaust source divided by the number of air changes in the enclosed area.From the results obtained, it can be confirmed that Standard UNE 60079/10/1 should be revised.