混凝土高温爆裂性能影响因素及预防措施综述

对混凝土高温爆裂成因进行总结,综述高温下混凝土内部蒸汽压力的测试手段、降低混凝土内部蒸汽压力方法、提高混凝土在高温中的抗高温爆裂性能的方法,以及总结了升温速率对混凝土高温爆裂的影响,并提出了几种预防混凝土高温爆裂的措施,为混凝土高温爆裂研究提供依据。     

长时间服役的进口锅炉T91炉管失效行为研究

针对某进口亚临界锅炉三级过热器T91炉管失效事件,通过对其进行硬度、金相组织和SEM扫描电镜分析找出导致爆管的原因,并根据高温氧化皮厚度对其进行蠕变剩余寿命评估,结果表明该段T91管材爆管类型为典型长期过热爆管,炉管长期处于较高温度运行导致组织老化严重,力学性能下降,引起材料蠕变损伤,导致长期过热爆管,经计算其蠕变剩余寿命已达到寿命极限。本文对该锅炉防止类似事故具有重要作用,并对国内其他同在二十世纪90年代开始服役的T9彳炉管具有重大的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

超临界CO2气爆致裂规律实验研究

针对我国低渗透性煤层增透困难的现状,研发了可控超临界二氧化碳气爆发生装 置,对不同强度的模拟煤体进行了不同温压条件下的超临界CO2气爆实验,结合孔内窥 镜观测和外观测量手段,对爆后宏观裂隙数目和长度等爆破响应信息进行统计分析。结 果表明:气爆裂纹起裂所需的最小爆破压力与介质的抗拉强度呈指数式增长的关系,主 要是固体材料在动力载荷作用下强度增大引起的;超临界二氧化碳气爆后产生宏观裂隙 的数目和累计长度与爆破压力满足Logistic函数关系,是裂隙面积超线性增加所消耗能 量也超线性增加的结果;超临界CO2对温压条件敏感,爆破有降温作用,是良好的物理 爆破原料,使用超临界二氧化碳作为爆破原料的爆破效果优于空气爆破效果。     

基于遗传-神经网络算法的含均匀腐蚀缺陷油气管线爆破压力预测研究*

为提高含均匀腐蚀缺陷油气管线爆破压力的预测精度，保障长输油气管线的安全运行，将遗传算法和BP神经网络相结合，建立含均匀腐蚀缺陷油气管线爆破压力预测的遗传-BP神经网络（GA-BPNNs）模型。采用已有文献实验数据，分析对比该模型与AGA NG-18，ASME B31G，修正B31G，PCORRC，DNV RP-F101和SHELL 92等方法用于X46，X52，X60，X65，X80等材质油气管线含均匀腐蚀缺陷时爆破压力的计算误差。结果表明:GA-BPNNs模型用于含均匀腐蚀缺陷油气管线爆破压力预测时，误差在-7.78%～6.06%之间，预测精度明显高于目前国内外通用规范的计算结果；该模型操作简单，适用范围广，工程实用性好，为含缺陷压力管道爆破压力的预测提供更好的思路和方案。     

Effect of the vent burst pressure on explosion venting of rich methane-air mixtures in a cylindrical vessel

The effect of the vent burst pressure on explosion venting of a rich methane-air mixture was experimentally investigated in a small cylindrical vessel. The experimental results show that Helmholtz oscillation of the internal flame bubble of the methane-air mixture can occur in a vessel with a vent area much smaller than that reported by previous researchers, and the period of Helmholtz oscillation decreases slightly when the vent burst pressure increases. The maximum overpressure in the vessel increases approximately linearly with the increase in the vent burst pressure; however, the pressure peaks induced by Helmholtz oscillation always remain approximately several kilopascals. The external flame reaches its maximum length in a few milliseconds after vent failure and then oscillates in accordance with the pressure oscillation in the vessel. The maximum length of the external flame increases, but its duration time decreases with the increase in the vent burst pressure.     

Comparative analysis of test work studying factors influencing pressures developed in vented deflagrations

A test programme was developed to study factors that may influence the maximum pressure during venting developed during deflagration. The factors considered were vent burst pressure, vent mass, ignition source location, discharge ducting, downstream obstructions and water covers.     

氧气瓶内附油脂充氧过程爆炸分析与计算

分析总结了氧气钢瓶物理爆炸和化学爆炸的原因。针对2009年某市发生的一起氧气瓶内含油脂爆炸事故,系统分析了国内曾经发生的几次因油脂导致气瓶爆炸事故。油脂进入到氧气瓶内大都是由于误操作。油脂与高压纯氧接触会发生剧烈的自燃氧化放热,使瓶内的氧气迅速升温升压,超出气瓶承压极限导致爆炸破裂。分析比较发现由油脂导致的气瓶爆炸,其破坏程度不如混入可燃气体导致的气瓶爆炸剧烈,一般不是粉碎性爆炸。在正常的充氧过程中,氧气瓶温度会升高,采用变质量热力学中的方法,计算说明气瓶在充装过程中氧气温度的具体变化。充氧温度计算为充氧工作人员提供参考,如发现异常情况,可以及时地控制和预防。由现场压力表可知氧气瓶在充装至12MPa时发生爆炸,而氧气瓶最小爆炸压力为37.6MPa,油脂燃烧放热,计算可知致使钢瓶爆炸破裂所需要的最小油脂量,为66.4-79.6g。不同的充装压力下发生爆炸,所需要的最小油脂量不同,充装压力越高,爆炸所需要的最小油脂量越少。     

气瓶内附油脂充氧过程爆炸实际油脂量计算

通过热力学计算,充氧12 MPa时,导致氧气瓶爆炸需要的最小油脂量为66.4~79.6 g。同一气瓶在不同的充装压力下发生爆炸,所需要的最小油脂放热量不同,即所需要的油脂量不同。同一气瓶充装压力越高,瓶内的气体压缩能越高,导致气瓶爆炸所需要的最小油脂量就越少。实际求解碎片运动的动力学方程,得到碎片的初动能Ek,并推断气瓶实际爆炸能量。     

页岩气加砂压裂高压管汇失效爆裂风险 控制措施研究与实践

随着页岩气平台井工厂化压裂施工启动,在大排量、高压力、长时间施工条件下,高压管汇失效爆裂大幅增加。为减少高压管汇在压裂过程中失效爆裂风险,运用故障假设、因果分析法从人的因素、物的因素、技术工艺、生产管理、工作环境5个方面分析事故的原因,提出了提升采购产品质量、修订完善高压管汇使用技术规范和管理制度、实施专业化管理、应用大数据管理高压管汇、优化现场地面高压管汇流程分配布局设计与联接工艺等高压管汇失效爆裂风险预防控制措施和失效后应急安全防护措施,建立了生命周期全过程、专业化的高压管汇失效爆裂防控与应急防护体系,实现风险可防受控。为页岩气压裂作业的安全提供了参考。     

“8·29”充装台充装现场氧气瓶爆炸事故原因分析

介绍了较为少见的充装台充装过程中氧气瓶爆炸事故,描述了事故爆炸后的现场。对爆炸气瓶碎片进行化学成分分析、机械性能、金相试验、内壁附着物化学成分分析和能谱分析。通过分析认定,由于误操作油脂混进氧气瓶,高压氧气和油脂接触发生剧烈的自燃氧化放热,使瓶内的氧气迅速升温升压,超出气瓶承压极限导致气瓶爆炸。结合工作经验,提出要严格气瓶充装前的检验,加强气瓶使用和经销单位的安全监管等防范措施和建议,对氧气瓶的安全管理具有参考价值和实际意义。     

坚硬顶板煤层一次采全高矿压显现规律研究

大采高综采技术是厚煤层开采工艺的重要发展方向,越来越多的被采用,矿压事故在矿山生产安全事故中占有较大比例,有效掌握矿压规律,采用合理生产工艺是采矿生产过程中必须认真考虑的问题。大采高综采工作面采场顶板跨度大、高度高,矿山压力复杂,矿压显现规律特殊,管理难度大。针对某煤矿9、10号煤层大采高综采工作面顶板坚硬特性,为掌握类似地质条件下大采高工作面矿压显现规律,作者从理论分析入手,采用相似模拟实验方法,经过对模拟实验数据进行研究分析,得出了本矿区特定坚硬顶板条件下大采高工作面矿压显现规律,认为类似地质条件大采高工作面,顶板垮落易造成动力冲击,顶板破坏形式主要是拉断和剪断,最大压力值发生在工作面中部前方,采空区积水的影响情况和地表的沉陷状况,还需通过其他方法进行进一步的分析、论证,提出了针对类似围岩条件采煤工作面的安全技术和管理措施。     

基于节点流量校核的供水管网爆管定位研究

针对目前基于节点压力变化定位供水管网爆管的方法,当供水管网中泵切换时,导致定位爆管位置存在误报的问题,提出了基于节点流量校核的管网爆管定位方法.利用奇异矩阵法推导出节点流量灵敏度矩阵,采取奇异矩阵中的最优搜索向量计算方法找到节点流量变化位置,确定爆管管道.首先,将该方法应用于一个小管网,阐述基于节点流量校核的管网爆管定...     

特厚煤层巷道冲击特征及冲击危险性评价方法研究

通过研究特厚煤层巷道能量储存、应力分布及围岩强度特征,揭示了特厚煤层巷道与薄及中厚煤层相比具有储存能量多、应力影响范围广及围岩强度低的主要冲击特征。基于特厚煤层巷道冲击特征和冲击地压启动理论,提出了综合弹性能指数、应力比指数和冲击能量速度指数的冲击危险性评价多元指数法,建立了特厚煤层巷道冲击危险性的综合评价指标体系。将该评价指标体系应用于陕西某矿特厚煤层掘进期间巷道冲击危险性评价,根据评价结果对冲击地压危险区域采取了合理的卸压措施,保证了工作面的安全开采。     

薄壁圆柱壳初始爆破强度的可靠度分析

充分考虑固体火箭发动机壳体的结构特点,建立用中径公式预测其初始爆破强度的方法,对固体火箭发动机壳体爆破强度的可靠度进行了探索。研究表明:①固体火箭发动机壳体实际初始爆破强度与中径公式的名义值之比是符合正态分布的随机变量;②借助于钢制薄壁内压容器的爆破试验数据,在置信度为99%时,得到了该随机变量的分布参数;③应用强度-载荷干涉模型,推导得到了固体火箭发动机壳体爆破强度的可靠度指标计算公式;④固体火箭发动机壳体的可靠度在一定范围内变动。     

Self-ignition and explosion during discharge of high-pressure hydrogen

The phenomenon of self-ignition and explosion during discharge of high-pressure hydrogen was investigated. To clarify the ignition conditions of high-pressure hydrogen jets, rapid discharge of the high-pressure hydrogen was examined experimentally. A diaphragm was used to allow rapid discharge of the high-pressure hydrogen. The burst pressure was varied from 4 to 30 MPa. The downstream geometry of the diaphragm was a flange and extension pipes, with the pipe length varying from 3 to 300 mm. The diameter of the nozzle was 5 or 10 mm. When short pipes were used, the hydrogen jet did not ignite. However, the hydrogen jet showed an increasing tendency to ignite in the pipe as the length of the pipe became longer. At higher burst pressures, a diffusion jet flame was formed from the pipe. The blast wave from the fireball formed on self-ignition of the hydrogen jet resulted in an extremely rapid pressure rise.     

储气井螺纹连接安全性有限元模拟分析及实验研究

储气井是一种新型压力容器,其螺纹连接的安全性目前既没有经过充分的研究论证,也没有经过实践的充分检验.通过实验和有限元模拟方法,对储气井螺纹连接的安全性进行了分析研究,得出了以下结论:(1)储气井模拟构件在极限内压实验过程中,在管体发生强度失效前,螺纹连接接头部位先发生泄漏失效,表明螺纹连接接头是储气井的薄弱环节;(2)储气井在极限内压条件下的破坏模式为“漏而不破”,这一特性有益于保障储气井的安全;(3)螺纹沟槽对于井管管体而言是一种“损伤”,但其并没有增高螺纹连接接头部位的结构应力,原因是因为接箍起到了加强作用;(4)螺纹连接接头部位螺纹牙底存在应力集中,可能会导致疲劳失效,建议设计时予以重点考虑,内压疲劳实验结果显示螺纹连接接头的抗疲劳性能满足储气井一般工况要求.     

Vent burst pressure effects on vented gas explosion reduced pressure

The overpressure generated in a 10 L cylindrical vented vessel with an L/D of 2.8 was investigated, with end ignition opposite the vent, as a function of the vent static burst pressure, P_stat, from 35 to 450 mb. Three different K_v (V^2/3/A_v) of 3.6, 7.2 and 21.7 were investigated for 10% methane–air and 7.5% ethylene–air. It was shown that the dynamic burst pressure, P_burst, was higher than P_stat with a proportionality constant of 1.37. For 10% methane–air P_burst was the controlling peak pressure for K <∼8. This was contrary to the assumption that P_red > P_burst in the literature and in EU and US standards. For higher K_v the overpressure due to flow through the vent, P_fv, was the dominant overpressure and the static burst pressure was not additive to the external overpressure. Literature on the influence of P_stat at low K_v was shown to support the present finding and it is recommended that the influence of P_stat in gas venting standards is revised.     

Strength reliability analysis of aluminium–carbon fiber/epoxy composite laminates

Strength reliability of composite laminated structures relates to a series of parameters such as the design sizes, material parameters and load level. By introducing the Monte Carlo simulation and response surface method respectively, a static strength-based reliability model is proposed to predict the reliability of aluminium–carbon fiber/epoxy composite laminates for composite vessels. The burst pressure of composite vessels for different layer structures is predicted using finite element analysis. In the reliability analysis, two design parameters for composite vessels: the radius of polar axis and the winding thickness of each composite layer at the cylinder are assumed to obey the uniform distribution and Gaussian distribution respectively, and the burst pressure of composite vessels is taken as the random output response. Effects of the number of sampling and the limit strength on the strength reliability of composite vessels are explored. Besides, the numerical results obtained using two methods and two distributions for two random input parameters are compared in terms of the calculation efficiency and accuracy. Numerical results also indicate the proposed probability method exhibits preferable advantage over the conventional design method merely using empirical safety coefficient.     

Hydrostatic burst test 0F X80 grade steel pipe

To evaluate the future application of X80 steel pipe in high-pressure oil and gas pipelines in China, hydrostatic burst tests were performed. The deformation and yield strength of longitudinal submerged arc-welding steel pipe Ф1016 × 18.4 mm under five applied pressure levels were measured. When the hoop stress is lower than 1.1SMYS, the pipe normally deforms elastically and uniformly with the maximum strain less than 0.3%. The slope offsets of the pressure–volume plot of pipe were discussed.     

浅谈在用工业管道的壁厚测定

某企业的在用压力管道发生爆裂事故,经事故调查组现场调查分析主要原因是管道壁厚减薄,承受不了内部正常工作压力所致.本文根据分析结果,提出了开展日常在线定点测厚、年度检查测厚和定期检验测厚的处理措施,预防此类事故的再次发生.