Determination of heterogeneous reaction mechanisms: A key milestone in dust explosion modelling

Reaction kinetics is fundamental for modelling the thermal oxidation of a solid phase, in processes such as dust explosions, combustion or gasification. The methodology followed in this study consists in i) the experimental identification of the reaction mechanisms involved in the explosion of organic powders, ii) the proposal of simplified mechanisms of pyrolysis and oxidation, iii) the implementation of the model to assess the explosion severity of organic dusts. Flash pyrolysis and combustion experiments were carried out on starch (22 μm) and cellulose (53 μm) at temperatures ranging from 973 K to 1173 K. The gases generated were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography. In this paper, a semi-global pyrolysis model was developed for reactive systems with low Damköhler number. It is in good agreement with the experimental data and shows that both carbon monoxide and hydrogen are mainly generated during the pyrolysis of the solid, the generation of the latter compound being greatly promoted at high temperature. A simplified combustion model was also proposed by adding two oxidation reactions of the pyrolysis products. In parallel, flame propagation tests were performed in a semi open tube in order to assess the burning velocity of such compounds. The laminar burning velocity of cellulose was determined to be 21 cm s⁻¹. Finally, this model will be integrated to a predictive model of dust explosions and its validation will be based on experimental data obtained using the 20 L explosion sphere. The explosion severity of cellulose was determined and will be used to develop and adjust the predictive model.     

粉碎研磨设备粉尘爆炸的预防

粉碎研磨设备火灾爆炸事故发生率较高。针对该过程的火险特点,防火对策应从防止粉尘沉积,消除粉尘源,防止摩擦、撞击、生热,消除静电危害,搞好工艺防火,惰性介质保护,设置防爆泄压装置,粉尘爆炸的抑制,火灾事故处理措施,加强消防安全教育诸方面加以考虑。     

Study of the severity of hybrid mixture explosions and comparison to pure dust-air and vapour-air explosions

The explosion behaviour of heterogeneous/homogeneous fuel-air (hybrid) mixtures is here analysed and compared to the explosion features of heterogeneous fuel-air and homogeneous fuel-air mixtures separately.Experiments are performed to measure the pressure history, deflagration index and flammability limits of nicotinic acid/acetone-air mixtures in a standard 20 L Siwek bomb adapted to vapour-air mixtures. Literature data are also used for comparison.The explosion tests performed on gas-air mixtures in the same conditions as explosion tests of dust-air mixtures, show that the increase in explosion severity of dust/gas-air mixtures has to be addressed to the role of initial level of turbulence prior to ignition.At a fixed value of the equivalence ratio, by substituting the dust to the flammable gas in a dust/gas-air mixture the explosion severity decreases. Furthermore, the most severe conditions of dust-gas/air mixtures is found during explosion of gas-air mixture at stoichiometric concentration.     

浓度对橡胶粉尘爆炸特性的影响

为了解橡胶粉尘的爆炸危险性,采用20 L球爆炸测试装置对常温常压下、粒径75μm以下的橡胶粉尘在质量浓度50~700 g/m3范围内的爆炸特性进行试验研究,测定其最大爆炸压力及爆炸指数随质量浓度的变化规律,进而对其爆炸危险性程度进行分级。结果表明:橡胶粉尘质量浓度为300 g/m3时,爆炸压力达到最大值0.49MPa;在橡胶粉尘质量浓度为250 g/m3时,爆炸指数达到最大值5.04MPa·m/s,根据ISO 6184粉尘爆炸烈度等级分级标准,其粉尘爆炸危险性分级为St-1级。     

Influences of coal dust components on the explosibility of hybrid mixtures of methane and coal dust

In order to study the influences of coal dust components on the explosibility of hybrid mixture of methane and coal dust, four kinds of coal dust with different components were selected in this study. Using the standard 20 L sphere, the maximum explosion pressure, explosion index and lower explosion limits of methane/coal dust mixtures were measured. The results show that the addition of methane to different kinds of coal dust can all clearly increase their maximum explosion pressure and explosion index and decrease their minimum explosion concentration. However, the increase in the maximum explosion pressure and explosion index is more significant for coal dust with lower volatile content, while the decrease in the minimum explosion concentration is more significant for coal dust with higher volatile content. It is concluded that the influence of methane on the explosion severity is more pronounced for coal dust with lower volatile content, but on ignition sensitivity it is more pronounced for coal dust with higher volatile content. Bartknecht model for predicting the lower explosion limits of methane/coal dust mixture has better applicability than Le Chatelier model and Jiang model. Especially, it is more suitable for hybrid mixtures of methane and high volatile coal dust.     

固体惰性介质对煤粉爆炸压力的影响研究

通过对固体惰性介质在减轻煤粉爆炸作用的实验研究,给出影响固体惰化剂作用效果的主要影响因素。实验分别选用来自加拿大和中国的3种煤粉和石灰石,对每种实验样品的成分、粒度都进行分析。用20L球形容器进行实验,测定煤粉中加入不同含量的石灰石后煤粉爆炸的Pmax和(dp/dt)max值。结果表明,石灰石能够起到减轻煤粉爆炸影响的作用,并且随着煤粉粒度的减小,要达到相同的抑爆效果需要的石灰石的用量将加大。     

湍流对粉尘云电火花点火过程的影响

随着现代工业的发展,粉尘爆炸事故发生的频率也逐年增加,因此,对粉尘云点火敏感程度进行测量和计算就变得十分重要。粉尘云最小点火能是粉尘爆炸重要的特性参数之一,是采取粉尘爆炸防护的基础。最小点火能在测量的过程中受到多个敏感条件的影响,其中湍流则是最复杂的影响因素之一。文中对实验过程中粉尘云的湍流进行了定义,并分析了湍流对粉尘云最小点火能影响的内在原因;同时对通过数值模拟计算粉尘云最小点火能过程中的湍流计算给出了数学模型。从实验和数学模型两个方向对湍流进行了全面描述,对粉尘云电火花点火过程中湍流影响的分析结论,可有效的指导实验。     

运用本质安全原理预防煤粉爆炸

旨在将本质安全原理与粉尘爆炸(以煤粉爆炸为例)的风险控制联系起来。利用20 L球形爆炸装置的标准测试方法测试煤粉及煤粉-CaCO3混合物的爆炸下限、最大爆炸压力、压力上升速度等爆炸特性。基于本质安全基本原理和试验结果,讨论预防煤粉爆炸的各种基本方法,并重点阐述本质安全原理与粉尘爆炸影响因素、不同的预防方法、过程设备的选择等之间的关系,对已制定的爆炸风险控制措施进行完善和补充。     

小麦淀粉粉尘爆炸特性参数的研究

采用哈特曼管式爆炸测试装置和20L球爆炸测试装置对小麦淀粉粉尘爆炸特性参数进行评估,对粒度小于75μm的样品的爆炸危险性参数进行测试,得出了一定条件下的小麦淀粉对静电火花的敏感程度以及其爆炸的猛烈程度,进而对其爆炸危险性程度进行分级。结果表明,温度在25℃,喷粉压力为0.70MPa,小麦淀粉的最小点火能量在40~80mJ;在点火能量为10 kJ时,最大爆炸压力为0.60MPa,最大爆炸指数为7.87MPa.m/s,其粉尘爆炸危险性为Ⅰ级。     

激波诱导下煤粉的爆炸压力测试

因气体爆炸导致沉积粉尘的二次爆炸的威力远大于单纯的气体或者粉尘爆炸产生的威力,利用自制的装置,诱导煤粉爆炸的激波由甲烷气体爆炸产生,对激波诱导下煤粉的爆炸压力Pmax、爆炸压力上升速率(dp/dt)max进行了实验研究。该实验分别研究煤粉浓度及煤粉粒度对爆炸指数的影响,其结果表明:对于不同的煤粉浓度,存在一个理想煤粉浓度值,在这个浓度下的煤粉爆炸压力值最大;随着煤粉粒度的减小,其爆炸压力不断升高。     

超细聚苯乙烯微球粉体的燃爆特性研究

为研究超细聚苯乙烯微球粉体的燃爆特性,通过粉尘层最低着火温度测试装置、MIE-D1.2最小点火能测试装置、20 L球形爆炸测试装置,对其最低着火温度、最大爆炸压力、最小点火能量(MIE)等爆炸特性参数进行测定,探讨了加热温度、点火延滞时间、粉尘质量浓度、粉尘粒径对粉体燃爆特性的影响。结果表明:超细聚苯乙烯微球粉尘层在350℃左右时会发生无焰燃烧,且加热温度越高,粉体粒径越小,粉尘层发生着火时所需的时间越短;当粉体质量浓度为250 g/m3时,最大爆炸压力达到0.65 MPa,质量浓度为500 g/m3时,最大爆炸压力的上升速率达90 MPa/s以上;随点火延滞时间增加,最小点火能表现出先缓慢减小再急剧增大的规律;随粉尘质量浓度增加,最小点火能逐渐降低,当粉尘质量浓度超过500g/m3后逐渐趋于稳定。     

基于正交实验的面粉爆炸特性研究

为探究面粉爆炸实验中粉尘质量浓度、点火能量、点火延迟时间对面粉爆炸的影响,采用正交实验法并利用20 L球形爆炸测试装置比较研究了粉尘质量浓度、点火延迟时间以及点火能对面粉爆炸的影响程度.结果表明:对最大爆炸压力影响最为显著的因素是点火延迟时间,对最大爆炸指数影响最为显著的因素是粉尘质量浓度;在实验浓度范围内,存在最佳实...     

热爆炸理论在粉尘爆炸机理研究中的应用

笔者对粉尘爆炸的几种机理进行了简要分析 ,认为粉尘爆炸是由热爆炸引起的。在对粉尘燃烧过程作了较为合理的假设后 ,将热爆炸理论中均温系统的热爆炸判据 ,应用于粉尘爆炸中 ,得出了爆炸下限与粉尘粒径呈线性关系的结论 ,且与实验符合 ,并推导出粉尘的热爆炸判据。结果表明 :用热爆炸理论来解释粉尘爆炸机理是可行的。     

瓦斯煤尘爆炸特性及抑爆方法研究进展

为探究瓦斯煤尘爆炸特性及抑爆机理,本文通过一系列实验,研究瓦斯、煤尘爆炸的速度和温度等特征,提出利用图像相关系数法和辐射测温原理计算火焰传播速度及温度场变化,定量分析影响煤尘爆炸的因素以及产物变化规律,揭示煤尘爆炸的宏微观机制。结果表明:火焰分形维数可以用来反应瓦斯爆炸强度,即当分形维数更接近2.2937时爆炸反应最为强烈,其爆炸过程中自由基最终生成浓度与CH 4初始浓度呈倒U型关系;当量比对煤粉火焰爆炸压力及速度也有一定影响,在最佳当量比的2倍左右时可以达到最大爆炸压力和最大火焰传播速度。另外本文亦采用泡沫陶瓷对瓦斯的多次爆炸和连续爆炸进行抑爆,发现不同厚度和孔隙的泡沫陶瓷具有不同的抑制效果,孔隙较大的泡沫陶瓷对爆炸能量有较好的抑制作用。     

五氯硫酚锌盐粉尘爆炸下限浓度的实验研究

五氯硫酚锌盐的一些基本的危险性参数,如燃烧爆炸性能,目前国内外报道极少。笔者采用野外定性燃烧试验、哈特曼管实验及20 L球实验,对该物质粉尘爆炸的危险性进行研究。结果表明,该物质具有燃烧爆炸危险性,但与细小片状铝粉(燃爆危险性很强烈)相比,其粉尘的燃爆危险性很弱。以硅系点火具作为点火源,在20 L爆炸球中测试获得该粉尘爆炸下限浓度约为213 g/m3。根据ISO-6184及VD I-3673等标准,认为该粉尘的爆炸猛烈度为1级。所得结果为该物质的生产及使用安全提供了重要的参考。     

外部条件对玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸特性的影响

为了探明外部条件对玉米淀粉粉尘爆炸特性参数的影响,利用20 L球形爆炸装置进行试验测试,探讨了点火能量及粉尘含水量对粉尘爆炸特性的影响,对比研究了CaCO_3和Al(OH)_3两种惰性介质的抑爆效果。结果表明:随点火能量增加,粉尘最大爆炸压力和最大升压速率呈线性上升,在高质量浓度下,粉尘爆炸压力受点火能量的影响更显著;添加CaCO_3和Al(OH)_3能够降低玉米淀粉的爆炸压力,相对于CaCO_3的物理抑爆,Al(OH)_3的物理-化学抑爆效果更佳;玉米淀粉粉尘的最大爆炸压力及爆炸升压速率随粉尘含水量降低而不断增大。     

碳纤维复合材料粉尘爆炸强度特性研究

碳纤维复合材料是应用于航天、航空领域的高性能材料之一,对于该材料的粉尘爆炸特性还未有相关研究报告。为了研究碳纤维复合材料粉尘的爆炸强度特性,本文采用20L球形粉尘爆炸测试实验系统开展了相关实验研究。实验测得碳纤维复合材料粉尘爆炸下限浓度为50g/m 3,最大爆炸压力为0.48MPa。在测试浓度范围内,最大压力上升速率和爆炸指数均随浓度的增大而变大。另外,在其爆炸强度特性研究的基础上,对产尘车间的环境风险进行了初步辨识,提出了相应的防护措施。本文的研究成果对此类碳纤维复合材料粉尘的工业防护具有实际的指导作用,对于该粉尘的爆炸机理的深入研究也具有一定的参考价值。     

硬脂酸粉尘爆炸特性试验研究

为研究硬脂酸粉尘的爆炸特性,采用20 L球型爆炸仪对4个粒径范围的硬脂酸粉尘进行粉尘爆炸试验研究。结果表明:一定浓度范围内增大粉尘浓度能够提升硬脂酸粉尘的爆炸能量和燃烧速率。增大粉尘浓度,爆炸猛烈度先增强后减弱;减小粉尘粒径,能增强爆炸猛烈度和敏感度。粒径小于58 μm粉尘的爆炸猛烈度和敏感度最大,浓度500 g/m3时,该粉尘有最大爆炸压力1.12 MPa和最大升压速率142.00 MPa/s。     

Scenario derivation and consequence evaluation of dust explosion accident based on dynamic Bayesian network

In order to clarify the correlation between the evolution path of dust explosion accidents and emergency decision-making, and to accurately predict the disaster damage levels of various disaster bearing bodies. This paper extracts 56 key scenario elements from four aspects, namely state, answer, goal and environment, based on the analysis of typical dust explosion accident cases. At the same time, a general scenario evolution path of dust explosion accident is constructed. Using fuzzy number set theory and dynamic Bayes joint probability model, the accurate solution of scenario state probability was realized. With the help of accident cases and dynamic Bayes approach, the dust explosion consequence prediction index system and evaluation criteria were constructed, covering factors such as dust explosion intensity, casualties, direct economic losses, equipment damage, building damage, environmental damage and other factors. A polyethylene wax dust explosion accident in a city of China was used to verify the dust explosion accident scenario evolution model and consequences prediction model. The predicted results were in good agreement with the actual damage of various carriers of the accident, which indicated that the model could be used for dust explosion accident prediction and disaster loss prediction. The research results provided reference and technical support for the prediction of dust explosion accident evolution direction, emergency aid measures decision and deployment, disaster damage prediction and evaluation.     

粉尘涉爆企业隐患分析及风险控制研究

通过对77家粉尘涉爆企业299个重大隐患进行分析,得出企业存在的隐患主要集中在除尘系统和粉尘清理方面。绘制了粉尘爆炸因果链锁图,基于粉尘爆炸5要素和海因里希因果连锁论,构建粉尘爆炸预防性和控制性原理,将粉尘爆炸控制措施分为预防性措施PM和控制性措施CM。根据粉尘爆炸预防性和控制性原理,提出采取预防性措施为主,控制性措施为辅的粉尘爆炸控制原则。