中国电力行业氮氧化物排放的时空分布特征与类群分析

电力行业是中国氮氧化物排放最多的行业之一,其减排成效是完成氮氧化物减排任务的关键。文章基于各省(市、自治区)能源平衡表,采用"自下而上"排放因子法,对中国30个省(市、自治区)电力行业2006—2014年能源消费氮氧化物排放进行了核算。综合考虑经济发展水平、能源消费结构,以及产业结构等方面,从氮氧化物排放总量、人均氮氧化物排放量、氮氧化物排放强度、综合能源氮氧化物排放系数等方面,分析了中国电力行业能源消费氮氧化物排放的省域特征,对省域氮氧化物排放特征进行类群划分,以期为中国电力行业氮氧化物分区域减排政策、途径、措施的制定提供理论参考与科学依据。研究结果表明,从排放总量来看,2006—2014年各省(市、自治区)电力行业能源消费氮氧化物排放总体上呈增长趋势,年平均增长率为3.62%;从人均排放的绝对量来看,经济发展较快和经济发达省域电力行业的人均氮氧化物排放量较高;从排放强度绝对量来看,中西部省域电力行业氮氧化物排放强度较高,东部发达省域的人均氮氧化物排放强度较低,且中东部省域氮氧化物排放强度下降较快,西部省份下降较慢;从综合能源氮氧化物排放系数来看,大部分省域排放系数呈下降趋势,经济发达省域的排放系数较低,欠发达省域的排放系数较高。中国电力行业氮氧化物减排政策、途径和措施应充分考虑省域经济发展水平、产业结构以及能源利用结构等因素。     

江浙沪地区人为NH_3排放量的估算

对１９９０年江浙沪地区人为氨排放进行了统计计算，结果表明江浙沪地区人为氨排放总量为７６９．３０ｋｔ，主要的氨来源为化肥的使用、家畜以及能源的消耗，其中家畜占３００％、化肥使用占２５０％、能源消耗占２５８％。江浙沪地区单位面积排放强度为３．６５ｔ／ｋｍ２，而人均排放量为６２６ｋｇ／人。     

中国工业SO2排放量动态变化分析

中国工业SO2减排工作的重点。经济增长、经济空间结构变化、技术进步是影响污染物排放量变化的三个重要因素。在分析我国工业SO2排放量、排放结构、排放强度等变化趋势的基础上,通过构建对数平均权重分解模型定量分解经济增长、结构变化、技术进步这3个因素对工业SO2排放量变化的贡献。结果表明：（1）中国工业SO2排放量年均增长48.7×10^4 t,年均增长率为3.2%,且2002—2006年增速加快;（2）分地区看,1991年以来,东部地区SO2排放量所占比重明显下降,中部地区略有上升,而西部地区所占比重增加显著;（3）单位产值工业SO2排放强度在研究期内迅速降低,年均下降幅度为8.4%,对减缓SO2排放量的过快增长起到了积极作用;（4）经济增长平均每年促进SO2排放量增长183.7×10^4 t,技术进步则平均每年使SO2排放量减少134.2×10^4 t,空间结构因素平均每年减少SO2排放量0.8×10^4 t。可以看出,长期以来,虽然我国的技术水平有了一定程度提高,但经济规模的扩张使中国工业SO2排放量持续增长,对中国环境压力形成了巨大压力,同时,经济总量在不同地区的分配对SO2排放量的影响也在不断变化中。     

基于城市流和引力模型的我国西部地区能源输送格局研究

西部地区是我国矿产资源分布的主要集聚区,定量测度我国西部地区的能源外向服务功能并分析能源城市与我国主要消费城市的引力格局可以综合探究促进西部地区协调、可持续发展的能源输送格局。通过构建城市流模型和引力模型分别对陕西、甘肃、四川、云南、贵州、新疆和内蒙古7个西部省区采矿业外向功能量、城市流强度和能源城市对消费城市的能源输送引力大小进行测度。结果表明:(1)陕西城市流强度和外向服务功能量最高,能源综合竞争力居于第2位,是西部各省区的核心区域;(2)内蒙古和新疆为西部各省区能源综合竞争力较强地区;(3)榆林、鄂尔多斯和咸阳能源供给潜力较高,可作为我国主要的能源供给城市;(4)能源需求较大的重工业城市应当成为能源城市优先供给区域,其次是直辖市地区和我国城市群中心城市;(5)东北三省、广州、海口等距离中心能源区较远的地区与能源城市之间的引力弱,应注重新能源的开发和利用以满足自身发展需要。     

江浙沪地区人为NH3排放量的估算

对１９９０年江浙沪地区人为氨排放进行了统计计算，结果表明江浙沪地我人为氨排放总量为７６９．３０ｋｔ，主要的氨来源为化肥的使用，家畜以及能源的消耗，其中家畜占３０．０％，化肥使用占２５．０％，能源消耗占２５．８％，江浙沪地区单位面积排放强度为３．６５ｔ／ｋｍ＾２，而人均排放量为６．２６ｋｇ／人。     

基于探索性空间分析的中国氮氧化物排放强度研究

采用全局和局部空间相关分析方法研究中国省际氮氧化物排放强度的空间自相关性和空间异质性.结果表明:2003—2011年全局自相关Moran'sⅠ值均为正数,表明省域之间氮氧化物排放强度呈现正相关的空间集聚分布,2003—2011年氮氧化物排放强度的空间聚集程度在不断加强;氮氧化物排放强度的空间异质性主要表现为氮氧化物排放强度的“冷点”区相对稳定,主要集中在东部、南部沿海和长江中游地区,“热点”区主要集中在东北、大西南、大西北和黄河中游地区;氮氧化物排放强度的空间差异与区域经济发展水平、产业结构和能源利用效率等因素密切相关,基于空间探索性数据分析方法研究我国氮氧化物排放强度的空间异质性,为国家制定差异化的区域氮氧化物减排目标和氮氧化物排放调控政策提供有益参考.     

基于小流域尺度的目标抗生素排放量估算方法——以梅江流域为例

抗生素的大量使用和排放造成的环境污染和生态风险问题日益突出,抗生素排放量的估算是评价流域内抗生素污染程度的重要指标,但目前抗生素排放量估算方法尚不完善。本研究以梅江流域为例,建立了适合小流域尺度的典型抗生素排放量估算方法,计算了四环素类抗生素(TCs)向不同环境相的排放量并分析了其主要来源。结果表明:2016年梅江流域TCs排放量为8 558.1 kg,不同行政区抗生素排放量差异较大,其中梅江镇受人口密度及养殖密度影响,抗生素排放量最大,高达1 224.4 kg;同时流域内不同抗生素的排放量也有所不同,其大小顺序为强力霉素(DXC)土霉素(OTC)四环素(TC)金霉素(CTC);TCs受排放源、排放途径等因素影响,以进入环境水相及土壤相为主,其中进入水相中的抗生素主要来自人类及生猪粪便,进入土壤相中的抗生素主要来自生猪及三黄鸡粪便。梅江小流域抗生素具有潜在的生态风险,应加强抗生素使用管理。该研究为我国小尺度流域目标抗生素排放量的估算提供了十分有效的方法。     

基于LMDI的中国二氧化硫排放区域变化的因素分解

运用LMDI方法将中国SO2排放变化分解为规模效应、区域经济结构效应、能源强度效应、能源结构效应、产污系数效应和污染治理效应六个因素,并进行了东、中、西和东北四个地区的差异分解分析。结果表明：规模效应是造成各地区SO2排放增加的最重要原因,不同地区不同时段SO2排放的减排因素不同。1999―2003年间,东部、中部地区能源结构和产污系数的减排效应显著,西部、东北地区能源强度和产污系数效应突出;2003―2006年间,东中西部污染治理和产污系数减排效应明显,东北地区能源效率减排贡献大;2006―2009年间,东部、中部的污染治理和能源效率减排贡献突出,西部的产污系数效应和污染治理作用显著,东北的产污系数和能源强度效应突出。建议按照不同地区结合实际情况实行灵活的减排政策。     

内蒙古自治区原煤中汞含量分布及燃煤大气汞排放量估算

燃煤汞排放是主要的人为大气汞排放源,且煤炭消耗量巨大,全球因燃煤向大气排放的汞量已不容忽视[1].我国作为世界能源消费大国,现今及今后50年仍将以煤炭燃烧作为主要的能源[2].内蒙古自治区地区煤炭资源储量极其丰富,煤炭预测资源总量约为1.4万亿吨,位居全国第二.因此,确定内蒙古自治区原煤中汞含量及空间分布、估算各行业燃煤大气汞排放量对于完善我国煤炭汞资料、评估燃煤汞排放的环境风险具有重要指导意义.1材料和方法根据内蒙古自治区地区煤矿分布情况,在赤峰、大雁、霍林河、锡林郭勒旗、鄂尔多斯、榆林(内蒙和陕西交界处)、伊     

秸秆腐熟剂对秸秆还田稻田CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对太湖地区稻田生态系统甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放进行田间原位观测,研究秸秆与秸秆腐熟剂(金葵子腐熟剂与宁粮腐熟剂)配施条件下秸秆还田稻田CH_4和N_2O的排放规律。结果表明,相对秸秆还田处理(S),配施秸秆腐熟剂处理(SJ和SN)提前出现CH_4排放峰值,而对N_2O排放的季节变化趋势无明显影响。秸秆配施金葵子腐熟剂处理(SJ)和宁粮腐熟剂处理(SN)CH_4累积排放量(以C计)分别为363和388 kg·hm~(-2),N_2O累积排放量(以N计)分别为0.18和0.20 kg·hm~(-2)。相对于S处理,添加腐熟剂处理CH_4累积排放量分别增加2.5%和9.6%,N_2O累积排放量分别减少33.3%和25.9%。同时,水稻产量分别增加7.5%和11.1%,温室气体排放强度(GHGI)分别减少5.1%和1.7%。该研究可为评估秸秆腐熟剂对秸秆还田稻田系统CH_4和N_2O排放的综合影响提供科学依据。     

A causal investigation on the determinants of CO2 in China

ABSTRACT

This article examines the causal relationship among carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, per capita economic growth, and international trade using temporal econometric models with serial data for the period 1980–2017 in China. In the Armax model all regressors are significant in having influenced the dependent CO2 variable. Subsequently, unidirectional causalities are identified from energy consumption and from commercial opening to carbon dioxide emissions, from commercial opening to energy consumption, from carbon dioxide emissions to per capita economic growth and from economic growth to commercial opening. These results show that, over time, more energy consumption in China results in more carbon dioxide emissions so there will be more environment pollution.     

Decomposition analysis of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in the iron and steel industry in China

This work aims to identify the main factors influencing the energy-related carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from the iron and steel industry in China during the period of 1995–2007. The logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) technique was applied with period-wise analysis and time-series analysis. Changes in energyrelated CO₂ emissions were decomposed into four factors: emission factor effect, energy structure effect, energy consumption effect, and the steel production effect. The results show that steel production is the major factor responsible for the rise in CO₂ emissions during the sampling period; on the other hand the energy consumption is the largest contributor to the decrease in CO₂ emissions. To a lesser extent, the emission factor and energy structure effects have both negative and positive contributions to CO₂ emissions, respectively. Policy implications are provided regarding the reduction of CO₂ emissions from the iron and steel industry in China, such as controlling the overgrowth of steel production, improving energy-saving technologies, and introducing low-carbon energy sources into the iron and steel industry.     

Analysis of driving forces behind diversified carbon dioxide emission patterns in regions of the mainland of China

China has large regional disparities in carbon dioxide CO₂ emissions with economic development among its 31 provincial mainland regions. This paper investigates these disparities in CO₂ emission patterns and identifies the factors underlying the differences. Results show that the 30 study China's mainland provinces (Tibet not included) can be divided into seven groups with three typical CO₂ emission patterns. Index decomposition results indicate that changes in economic development, the industrial sector, and technology contribute far more to increased CO₂ emissions than do population, energy structure, and other sectors. Close inspection reveals that different industry structures and technology contribute greatly to the differences observed in CO₂ emissions between provinces with similar economic output. This study highlights the importance of region-specific industrial structure adjustment policies, especially for regions transitioning to heavy industry and for those still in the primary stages of industrialization. The potential application of a domestic carbon emissions trading system, to encourage regional investment in updated technology, is also discussed.     

1999—2009年我国不同收入水平下的碳排放差异分析

碳排放差异研究对于科学合理地制定我国节能减排政策具有重要的指导意义。在利用IPCC参考方法对中国1999—2009年期间各省（市）CO2排放量计算的基础上,引入Theil指数,定量分析了中国不同收入水平下的CO2省际差异及其与人均收入水平之间的关系。结果表明,1999—2003年中国人均CO2排放量随着人均收入水平的提高而增加,2003—2009年中国各收入水平省份的人均排放量近似于不规则的＂M＂型增长趋势,中等偏低收入省份的人均排放量迅速增加,并超过中等收入省份;不同收入水平省份之间和各省份内部的人均CO2排放水平均存在较大的差距,但省份之间的排放不平等水平明显大于省份内部的不平等水平。因此,中国在制定节能减排政策时,要充分考虑经济发展和人均收入水平的条件下,兼顾区域和省域碳排放的特征,制定合理有效的减排目标和计划。     

Enhanced photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide by electric field generation and defect engineering in TiO2

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and rising fossil fuel consumption have already resulted in global warming and energy crisis. Therefore, conversion of CO2 into...     

Net emissions of CH4 and CO2 in Alaska: implications for the region's greenhouse gas budget.

We used a biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), to study the net methane (CH4) fluxes between Alaskan ecosystems and the atmosphere. We estimated that the current net emissions of CH4 (emissions minus consumption) from Alaskan soils are approximately 3 Tg CH4/yr. Wet tundra ecosystems are responsible for 75% of the region's net emissions, while dry tundra and upland boreal forests are responsible for 50% and 45% of total consumption over the region, respectively. In response to climate change over the 21st century, our simulations indicated that CH4 emissions from wet soils would be enhanced more than consumption by dry soils of tundra and boreal forests. As a consequence, we projected that net CH4 emissions will almost double by the end of the century in response to high-latitude warming and associated climate changes. When we placed these CH4 emissions in the context of the projected carbon budget (carbon dioxide [CO2] and CH4) for Alaska at the end of the 21st century, we estimated that Alaska will be a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere of 69 Tg CO2 equivalents/yr, that is, a balance between net methane emissions of 131 Tg CO2 equivalents/yr and carbon sequestration of 17 Tg C/yr (62 Tg CO2 equivalents/yr).     

Dynamic impacts of energy use,agricultural land expansion,and deforestation on CO2 emissions in Malaysia

Environmental and Ecological Statistics - This study empirically investigates the nexus among energy use, agricultural land expansion, deforestation, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Malaysia....     

Long-run dynamics of renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions and economic growth in the European union

This paper examines long-run and short-run dynamics of renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and economic growth in the European Union. This study employs cointegration tests, Granger causality tests and vector error correction estimates to examine the direction of Granger causality, the long-run dynamics of economic growth and energy variables on carbon emissions. This study analyses time series data from the World Development Indicators over the period from1961 to 2012. The results of this study support a link between renewable energy consumption, economic growth, industrialization, exports and CO₂ emissions in the long-run and short-run. The results support that the sign of the long-run dynamics from the endogenous variables to the CO₂ emissions variable is negative and significant, which implies that the energy and environmental policies of the European Union aimed at curbing CO₂ emissions must have been effective in the long-term. Furthermore, renewable energy consumption and exports have significant negative impact on CO₂ emissions in the short-run. However, industrialization and economic growth have positive impact on CO₂ emissions in the short-run. The results suggest that both economic growth and industrialization must have been achieved at the cost of harming the environment. The finding suggests that the increasing consumption of renewable energy tends to play an important role in curbing carbon emissions in the region.     

Quantification of energy related industrial eco-efficiency of China

Improving eco-efficiency is propitious for saving resources and reducing emissions, and has become a popular route to sustainable development. We define two energy-related eco-efficiencies: energy efficiency (ENE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission-related eco-efficiency (GEE) using energy consumption and the associated GHG emissions as the environmental impacts. Using statistical data, we analyze China??s energy consumption and GHG emissions by industrial subsystem and sector, and estimate the ENE and GEE values for China in 2007 as 4.871×10⁷ US$/PJ and 4.26×10⁸ US$/TgCO₂eq, respectively. Industry is the primary contributing subsystem of China??s economy, contributing 45.2% to the total economic production, using 79.6% of the energy consumed, and generating 91.4% of the total GHG emissions. We distinguish the individual contributions of the 39 industrial sectors to the national economy, overall energy consumption, and GHG emissions, and estimate their energyrelated eco-efficiencies. The results show that although ferrous metal production contributes only 3.5% to the national industrial economy, it consumes the most industrial energy (20% of total), contributes 16% to the total industrial global warming potential (GWP), and ranks third in GHG emissions. The power and heat sector ranks first in GHG emissions and contributes one-third of the total industrial GWP, although it only consumes about 8% of total industrial energy and, like ferrous metal production, contributes 3.5% to the national economy. The ENE of the ferrous metal and power and heat sectors are only 8 and 2.1×10⁷ US$/PJ, while the GEE for these two sectors are 9 and 4×10⁴ US$/GgCO₂eq, respectively; these are nearly the lowest ENE and GEE values among all 39 industry sectors. Finally, we discuss the possibility of ecoefficiency improvement through a comparison with other countries.     

Cointegration and causality: considering Iberian economic activity sectors to test the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis

Few studies have attempted to study the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis at the individual sector level using more than one sector at once. This paper investigates the existence of the EKC hypothesis in the Iberian countries (Portugal and Spain) using thirteen economic activity sectors for each, analyzing each individual sector’s cointegration and causality relationships considering carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, sector gross value added and energy consumption. The findings of this paper using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach only validate cointegration in six Portuguese sectors and in five of the Spanish sectors. Results confirm both short- and long-run bi-directional and unidirectional causality between economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions, using the error correction model (ECM) and Toda and Yamamoto’s causality approaches. Moreover, results for Portuguese and Spanish sectors indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship only for one sector each. In some sectors there was evidence of a U-shaped relationship and in others the EKC hypothesis could be verified but no statistical significance was obtained. The study has significant contributions for sector policy, including implications to curtail energy pollutants by implementing environmental friendly regulations to sustain economic development at the sector level in the Iberian market. It also allows inferences to be made about the existence of different behaviors in comparative terms for the same economic activity sectors of the individual countries.