连续微滤装置的清洗工艺

通过对国产连续微滤（CMF）装置运行以及清洗后的跨膜压差和膜通量的研究,对该装置的化学清洗工艺进行了优化。结果表明：在过滤运行20min、气一水双洗30s、大流量反冲洗25s、排污10s的运行条件下,CMF装置适宜的化学清洗周期为60d;最佳化学清洗方法是用高锰酸钾、盐酸和草酸溶液冲洗并与多段水洗工艺相结合。该工艺提高了化学清洗的效率,清洗后装置的跨膜压差最多可减少0．0150MPa。     

生物滴滤塔处理甲苯废气

分别以生物陶粒和聚氨酯泡沫为生物滴滤塔填料,对甲苯废气进行处理,考察不同生物滴滤塔挂膜启动时间以及气体流量和甲苯质量浓度条件下生物滴滤塔对甲苯废气的去除效果。实验结果表明：生物陶粒为填料的生物滴滤塔所需要的挂膜启动时间更短;在气体流量为450L/h时,以生物陶粒为填料的生物滴滤塔甲苯去除率稳定在72%左右,聚氨酯泡沫为填料时甲苯去除率稳定在65%左右。以聚氨酯泡沫为填料时,随甲苯质量浓度提高,甲苯去除率下降幅度较小,甲苯质量浓度为1.80g/m3时,甲苯去除率仍在72%以上。     

化学沉淀-微滤法处理FGD废水的试验研究

研究了化学沉淀-微滤法工艺处理湿法烟气脱硫（FGD）废水的效果、实际运行中可能出现的膜污染及其解决方法。试验表明，化学沉淀-微滤工艺处理FGD废水，效果好、抗冲击负荷能力强、系统占地小、自控性强、易于操作，但随着系统的运行，污泥浓度会随之增大，从而导致膜污染，必须定期排泥和进行膜清洗。     

生物滴滤塔处理硫化氢废气

采用生物滴滤塔去除废气中的H_2S。研究了进气量及进气浓度对H_2S去除率的影响,同时对生物滴滤塔填料表面的微生物群落进行了分析。实验结果表明:当营养液喷淋量为6 L/h、进气量为0.8 m~3/h左右、进气H_2S质量浓度在0～70 mg/m~3之内随机变化时,生物滴滤塔对H_2S的去除率能稳定达到90%以上。此时生物滴滤塔的最高负荷为5 400 mg/(m~3·h)。通过高通量测序得出H_2S去除中起主导作用的细菌为硫杆菌。     

生物滴滤塔处理含H_2S和NH_3气体的中试研究

利用生物滴滤塔对含H_2S和NH_3气体的处理进行了中试研究.经培养驯化的活性污泥在生物滴滤塔上挂膜后,对H_2S和NH_3的去除率分别达85%和90%以上,处理后NH_3出口质量浓度小于0.2 mg/m~3、H_2S出口质量浓度小于0.001 mg/m~3,均达到GB14554-93<恶臭污染物排放标准>和TJ36-79<工业企业设计卫生标准>.对装置连续运行的稳定性研究表明,NH_3和H_2S的去除率均能保持稳定.     

内滤式布袋除尘器滤袋内流场的数值计算

利用FLUENT6．1流体动力学计算软件，对内滤式袋式除尘器布袋内的流场、压力进行了计算模拟，得到了布袋尺寸、过滤速度、进出口压差变化时布袋内流场的变化情况，为袋式除尘器的改进和设计提供了理论依据。     

生物滴滤塔处理氯苯废气的工艺性能

将活性污泥培养及驯化后接种于生物滴滤塔中,挂膜启动后处理模拟氯苯废气（简称氯苯废气）,考察了生物滴滤塔在挂膜启动阶段及稳定运行阶段的性能。实验结果表明：接种41 d后生物滴滤塔成功挂膜,此时氯苯去除率稳定在90%以上;生物滴滤塔稳定运行阶段,随着进气中氯苯质量浓度由303.82 mg/m³逐渐增至1 489.05 mg/m³,氯苯去除率从85.1%降至70.1%。处理氯苯废气适宜的工艺条件为：空塔停留时间超过45 s,喷淋液流量31.8 mL/min,氯苯负荷23.97~128.01 g/（m³·h）。生物滴滤塔对喷淋液的酸性环境有较好的适应性,喷淋液pH的变化对氯苯去除率无显著影响。     

外滤式分室反吹除尘器在淮钢集团3＊5t电炉上的应用

外滤式分室反吹除尘器采用多单元小仓室工艺结构，薄板式切换阀，以及ＰＬＣ自动控制，低平阻力曲线清灰工艺等技术，使除尘器稳定运行在低阻状态，不但解决了分室反吹类和脉冲类除尘器普遍容易出现的“高阻症”等问题，同时还具备了上述两类除尘器的主要优点。     

生物滴滤法处理药厂混合废气的工程实践

建立了生物滴滤现场中试装置,处理某生物发酵类制药厂生产车间和污水处理设施产生的混合废气。该装置28 d挂膜启动成功,对废气中恶臭和VOCs组分有较好的处理效果,能适应现场废气浓度和气量波动的变化。总体而言,喷淋强度对处理效果的影响较小,处理气流量对处理效果的影响较大。当处理气流量大于2 845 m³/h(对应空床停留时间40 s)时,对恶臭和VOCs的去除效果不理想。当处理气流量为2 000 m³/h时,VOCs的最大去除负荷为2.003 g/(m³·h),对应的进气负荷为2.119 g/(m³·h)。对该装置中填料上的微生物进行了高通量测序,发现金属杆菌(Metallibacterium sp.)、硫单胞菌(Thiomonas sp.)、黄杆菌(Fluviicola sp.)、支气杆菌(Cloacibacterium sp.)和嗜酸菌(Acidiphilium sp.)为优势菌种。     

助剂强化生物滴滤法处理VOCs研究进展

介绍了近几年国内外通过添加各种助剂强化生物滴滤法处理疏水性VOCs的研究进展,并提出进一步利用助剂提高生物滴滤法处理效果的发展方向:研发新型助剂并探求其功效最优化、深入研究助剂作用机理、研究多类型助剂相互影响机制及解析助剂对多种疏水性VOCs去除的影响。     

基于水资源再利用的自动蓄水循环系统

提出一种居民家庭自动蓄水循环系统和二次循环水利用及新型概念房的构想。通过错过夏天用水高峰时段,合理利用夜晚水压进行水箱日常用水的自动补给。中水回用和雨水收集使得在概念房的有限面积内达到最大的水循环利用效率。     

Processes for water reclamation

Water treatments fall into two broad classes; those that remove or destroy specific classes of pollutants, i.e. color, metal ions, hardness, sediment, bacteria, etc., and those that remove water from nearly all of the pollutants. The first class includes sedimentation, biological treatment by microbes, chemical precipitation, adsorption on active carbon or ion exchange resins, and disinfection. The second class includes distillation, freezing and reverse osmosis (RO). The first class are the least expensive in terms of energy and have a long history of successful use on a large scale to reclaim water containing sewage. Most of the second group are energy intensive and have been used primarily on a moderate scale. All processes, except disinfection, leave a residual sludge or brine that contains a substantial quantity of water.Many of the problems of treating waste water for reuse on Earth stem from the fact that waste water carries pathogenic organisms from one location to another and may spread disease over long distances. In a closed group, such as in a Space Station, there are so many other routes for transfer of microorganisms, i.e. in the air, on surfaces, by hand-to-mouth, that undue emphasis on disinfection of water is inappropriate. Successful examples of water reuse on Earth are reviewed in terms of their possible application in space.     

合理使用水资源,大力发展节水型火电

我国属于资源型严重缺水的国家,人均水资源只有2 200 m3/a,仅相当于世界人均水平的1/4,其短缺程度比能源更为严重.因此,在国家"十一五"规划规定的三个约束性指标当中就有单位工业增加值用水量降低30%的要求,而完成这个指标并不比完成单位GDP能耗下降20%容易.同时,更要看到在我国大多数煤炭基地缺水程度更甚,水资源问题成为并且将进一步成为限制火电发展的瓶颈之一.     

水利水电建设中河流生态用水理论与方法研究

国内外研究表明,除了水质,生态用水也是维持生态系统健康发展的重要因素。因此,在水资源配置中保证一定量的生态用水是保护生态环境的重要措施。生态用水具有时空尺度和阈值范围,而人类大规模的水电开发则会造成其时空尺度的改变,甚至生态阈限难以被满足。统计数字表明,近5年来我国新建水电站下泄生态流量的不满足率达到57％。我国目前急需考虑的生态用水政策是：尽快建立河流最小生态流量的相关标准,制定河流生态用水配套法律法规;同时,通过跨流域调水等水段,加强生态环境需水的宏观调控。建议最小生态用水量不应小于工程所在河流控制断面多年平均流量的10％,当多年平均流量大于80m^3／s时不小于5％;同时根据河流的不同生态环境功能,应积极开展多方法、多方案比选。     

大同热电有限责任公司废水零排放工艺研究

通过对大同热电有限责任公司用水和废水的水质，水量调查，提出了新的水量平衡方案，达到了改进循环冷却水和冲灰水系统的运行状况，废水回收再用，节约用水和实现废水零排放的目的。     

回用水用于湿法脱硫系统工艺水的水质要求

介绍了湿法脱硫系统中工艺水的用水情况及相应的水质要求,讨论了工艺水中一些主要的监测指标对脱硫系统运行的影响,并提出了工艺水水质的具体要求.根据脱硫工艺水系统的设计现状,提出了优化方案,可对电厂回用水的合理利用起到指导作用.     

火电厂节水与废污水回用研究

从火电厂加强水务管理和废污水治理的角度，对生活污水、含油污水、灰水、循环水的治理现状和措施作了较全面地介绍，初步分折了火电厂节水的经济效益，并介绍了实际工程设计中的一些体会。     

Recovery of municipal waste incineration bottom ash and water treatment sludge to water permeable pavement materials

Water treatment plant sludge and municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash are non-hazardous residues, and they can be reprocessed to produce useful materials for city public works. In this study, an effort was endeavored to investigate the properties of water permeable bricks made of water treatment sludge and bottom ash without involving an artificial aggregate step. The water treatment plant sludge was dried and ground, and the bottom ash was subjected to magnetic separation to remove ferrous metals. Both sludge and bottom ash were ground and sieved to a size of <2mm. Different contents of water treatment sludge (70-95% by weight) were mixed with bottom ash and the blocks were molded under a pressure of 110 kg/cm2. Thereafter, the molded blocks were sintered at temperatures of 900-1200 degrees C for 60-360 min. The compressive strength, permeability and water absorption rate of the sintered brick were examined and compared to relevant standards. The amount of bottom ash added in the mixture with water treatment sludge affects both the compressive strength and the permeability of the sintered bricks. The two effects are antonymous as higher bottom ash content will develop a beehive configuration and have more voids in the brick. It is concluded that a 20% weight content of bottom ash under a sintering condition of 1150 degrees C for 360 min can generate a brick with a compressive strength of 256 kg/cm2, a water absorption ratio of 2.78% and a permeability of 0.016 cm/s.     

Destruction of PAHS from soil by using pressurized hot water extraction coupled with supercritical water oxidation

Chemical processes utilizing water both as extraction solvent and reaction medium are promising "Green Chemistry" alternatives to conventional techniques. Equipment for on-line coupled hot water extraction and supercritical water oxidation was constructed to extract polyaromatic hydrocarbons and toluene from sea sand followed by oxidation using hydrogen peroxide. The effectiveness of the technique is based on the physico-chemical properties of heated and pressurized water. Extraction efficiency increased with temperature and time; the best results were obtained at 300 degrees C with 40 min extraction time. In the oxidation stage, conversion of the PAHs increased with reaction time and oxidant concentration and the best conversion (97.0-99.9%, depending on the compound) was obtained at 425 degrees C with 43 s reaction time. Benzaldehyde and benzoic acid were the most abundant reaction intermediates in the oxidation process. In addition, phenol, p-cresol, and benzyl alcohol were found as intermediates. The intermediates originated mainly from toluene, which was present in much greater concentration than PAHs in the reaction medium.     

中水回用于火电厂循环水存在问题探讨

水资源短缺已成为制约火电厂建设与发展的瓶颈。近年来,火电厂为提高水的利用率、降低新鲜水取水量而采用了以城市污水处理厂出水（中水）为水源,经深度处理后回用于循环水的节水方法。分析了该方法的优缺点,并针对实施过程中出现的问题提出了解决方案,使中水作为水源用于火电厂循环水更加具有实用性。