氟对斑马鱼甲状腺内分泌功能的干扰效应

为探究氟对斑马鱼甲状腺内分泌功能的干扰效应,本研究以雌性斑马鱼成鱼为研究对象,分别以不同浓度氟(0、20、 40、80 mg·L~(-1))暴露45 d和90 d,对斑马鱼的生长发育指数进行测定,用组织学方法对斑马鱼甲状腺组织结构进行显微观察,用酶联免疫吸附法检测血浆中T3和T4激素水平,并用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测HPT轴上内分泌相关基因的表达.结果显示,与对照组相比,氟暴露组雌性斑马鱼的生长发育指数随着暴露浓度和时间的增加而呈下降趋势(p0.05);甲状腺组织病变程度随着氟暴露浓度的增大和时间的延长而加重;氟暴露45 d时,T3和T4水平呈升高趋势,90 d时,T4水平呈下降趋势且在80 mg·L~(-1)组下降显著(p0.05);氟暴露45 d时,40 mg·L~(-1)组除crh处,其他mRNA表达均显著下降(p0.05),80 mg·L~(-1)组除tg、nis、ttr外其他mRNA表达均显著下降(p0.05);暴露90 d时tg、dio1、dio2的mRNA表达水平在40 mg·L~(-1)和80 mg·L~(-1)组显著上升(p0.05),ugt1ab mRNA表达在80 mg·L~(-1)组显著下降(p0.05).综上,氟可通过影响雌性斑马鱼的生长发育、甲状腺组织结构、激素水平及HPT轴上内分泌相关基因的表达,从而对其甲状腺内分泌功能产生一定程度的干扰,进而影响机体的生长发育.本研究结果对水环境中氟的生态毒性效应及风险评估提供了理论资料.     

The acute lethality and endocrine effect of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD in juvenile goldfish （ Carassius auratus ） in vivo

1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD was administrated to juvenile goldfish （Carassius auratus） by peritoneal injections to explore the acute lethality and endocrine effects of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD in vivo. The value of acute median lethal dosage （LD50） of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD was determined in acute lethality tests. The endocrine effect of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, whose exposed concentrations were determined based on the LD50 （1.84 mg/kg）, was studied by measuring the plasma vitellogenin （Vtg） content in juvenile male goldfish with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays （ELISA）. Due to its significant induction of the plasma Vtg after one week＇s exposure in vivo in the 1/2 LD50 and LD30 groups, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD might be one of the important contributors to the estrogenic effect of PCDDs in the environment. The values of 1/2 LD50 and LD30 were within the range of the effective dosages of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, indicating that there was a certain relationship between the estrogenic effective dosages and the LD50.     

催化湿式共氧化降解内分泌干扰物双酚A的研究

以NaNO2为催化剂、2,4,6-三氯苯酚(TCP)为共氧化物质对内分泌干扰物双酚A(BPA)进行了催化湿式共氧化(CWCO)降解,研究发现,在NaNO2存在的条件下,TCP的加入极大地促进了BPA的降解:在170℃、0.5MPa氧气压力条件下反应6h后,催化湿式共氧化体系中COD去除率达到了71.2%,而BPA单独氧化降解时,COD去除率仅为24.7%.在此基础上考察了反应温度、氧气压力、反应时间、TCP浓度和NaNO2浓度对BPA降解效率的影响,筛选出了最优反应条件(170℃的反应温度、0.5MPa的氧气压力、6h的反应时间、0.5mmol/L BPA、0.5mmol/L TCP和0.1mmol/L NaNO2).在优化条件下,BPA和TCP去除率分别达到了100%和96.4%,同时反应后溶液的可生化性大大提高,BOD5/COD值从反应前的0.08增加到了0.95.另外,GC-MS结果表明,BPA和TCP降解的产物主要为小分子有机酸,分别是乙酸,2-甲基戊二酸,丁二酸,3-甲基己二酸,己三酸以及1-丙烯基-1,2,3-三羧酸.该共氧化技术为污染水体中BPA和TCP的同时去除提供了一种可能性.     

饮用水中微量内分泌干扰物质(DBP)的O3氧化去除研究

以邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(简称DBP)为典型内分泌干扰物质的代表物，采用静态反应方式对饮用水进行了不同反应条件下的O3氧化研究．结果表明，当O3投加量仅为0．53mg／L时，水中100μg/L DBP 40min后就能去除60％以上，较高的溶液pH、温度及离子强度使DBP去除率大大提高．     

城市污水处理厂内分泌干扰物浓度分布和去除规律

采集南方某城市3个污水处理厂进出水及各工艺单元的水样,通过固相萃取-衍生化过程对水样进行预处理,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪定量检测水样中的17α-雌二醇(17α-E2)、雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)、雌炔醇(EE2)、雌三醇(E3)、辛基酚(OP)、正壬基酚(NP)和双酚A(BPA)等8种内分泌干扰物(EDCs).连续4个季度的分析结果显示,3个污水厂进出水及各工艺单元中均有EDCs检出,EE2和BPA是含量最高的两种EDCs,出水中最高浓度分别达到498.9ng.L-1和2652.5ng.L-1,其他6种EDCs浓度均不超过100ng.L-1;生物处理工艺对EE2、E3、NP、OP和BPA有较高的去除率,平均去除率约为57%～85%,但对于E1、E2和17α-E2的去除率较低且不稳定;一级处理工艺对EDCs仅有低于18%的去除率;紫外辐照消毒工艺对EDCs的去除没有明显效果;EDCs浓度季节差异显著,由于雨水的稀释作用,旱季浓度约为雨季的2.5～7.8倍.本文对于了解我国南方地区污水处理工艺中EDCs类物质的分布和转化特点有一定的参考意义.     

Degradation of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A in drinking water by ozone oxidation

The ozone oxidation of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A in drinking water was investigated. A stainless completely mixed reactor was employed to carry out the degradation experiments by means of a batch model. With an initial concentration of 11.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of BPA (bisphenol A) could be measured up to 70%, 82%, and 90% when the dosages of ozone were 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/L, respectively. The impacts on BPA degradation under the conditions of different ozone dosages, water background values, BPA initial concentrations, and ozone adding time were analyzed. The results showed that ozone dosage plays a dominant role during the process of BPA degradation, while the impact of the contact time could be ignored. UV wavelength scanning was used to confirm that the by-products were produced, which could be absorbed at UV254. The value of UV254 was observed to have changed during the ozonation process. Based on the change of UV254, it could be concluded that BPA is not completely degraded at low ozone dosage, while shorter adding time of total ozone dosage, high ozone dosage, and improvement of dissolved ozone concentration greatly contribute to the extent of BPA degradation. The effects of applied H₂O₂ dose in ozone oxidation of BPA were also examined in this study. The O₃-H₂O₂ processes proved to have similar effects on the degradation of BPA by ozone oxidation. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(2): 294–299 [译自: 环境科学]     

松花江水中13种内分泌干扰物的初步调查

用固相萃取(SPE)/高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定了松花江水中的13种典型内分泌干扰物(EDCs).结果表明,哈尔滨段江水中雌三醇(E3)、雌二醇(E2)、雌酮(E1)、乙炔雌醇(EE2)及乙烯雌酚(DES)5种雌激素物质的浓度普遍较高.最高可达66 ng·L-1;酞酸二甲酯(DMP)、酞酸二乙酯(DEP)、酞酸二正丁酯(DnBP)及酞酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)4种酞酸酯丰度最大,其中DnBP浓度最高可达330μg·L-1;4-正壬基酚(4-n-NP),带支链的对壬基酚(NP)及4-叔-辛基酚(4-t-OP)3种烷基酚的浓度范围为25-1261 ng·L-1;双酚A(BPA)浓度变化较小,保持在20-50 ng·L-1之间.经与相关报道比较,初步认为松花江水中雌激素类物质及酞酸酯污染较为严重,应当引起有关部门的警惕.     

酵母双杂交法筛检酚类物质的内分泌干扰作用

 利用酵母双杂交系统对4种天然和合成的雌激素,4种植物性激素以及14种常用于自来水供水系统中的酚类物质进行了内分泌干扰作用的筛检测定.结果表明,这些物质的作用强度与其结构有很大的关系.14种人工合成的化学物质中,有8种显示出b-半乳糖甘酶诱导活性.从与雌激素受体结合活性值的比较结果可以推测,没有显示出b-半乳糖甘酶诱导活性的物质可能具有抗雌激素(antagonist)作用.     

有机锡通过核受体干扰内分泌的研究进展

有机锡能够作为视黄酸x受体（Retinoid X receptor,RXR）和与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（Peroxisome proliferator—activated receptor γ,PPARγ）的激动剂,对RXR激活可能和引起螺类性畸变有关。有机锡还可能通过激活RXR／PPARγ异源二聚体促进脊椎动物脂肪分化和影响脂质代谢平衡。     

二月桂酸二丁基锡对大鼠睾酮及合成关键酶的影响

用玉米油或二月桂酸二丁基锡[DBTD0.01,0.1,1mg/(kg·d)体重]对新生雄性Wistar大鼠连续5d注射染毒.至大鼠出生后第49d,检测其血清睾酮,细胞色素胆固醇侧链裂解酶(P450scc)、3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3β-HSD)和细胞色素P450 17-α脱羟基酶(Cyp17)这3种睾酮合成关键酶mRNA表达及脏器系数.结果表明,大鼠血清睾酮随DBTD剂量升高呈上升趋势,1mg/(kg·d)组与对照组比较有显著性差异;P450scc和3β-HSD mRNA相对表达无显著性变化,Cyp17在0.1mg/(kg·d)组的相对表达有显著性升高;1mg/(kg·d)组大鼠睾丸脏器系数有显著性升高,而各DBTD处理组附睾和肝脏脏器系数与对照组比较无显著性变化.     

TPU纳米纤维膜对典型内分泌干扰素的吸附去除

利用静电纺丝技术成功制备了热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)纳米纤维膜(TPU-NFM),通过扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱对TPU-NFM进行表征,并设置了动力学实验和热力学实验研究TPU-NFM对BPA、EE2的吸附性能及吸附机理,探讨了环境条件对膜吸附的影响.结果表明:静电纺丝TPU纳米纤维光滑纤细、直径均匀、有良好的网状结构...     

DEHP、DBP内分泌干扰活性的实验研究

利用MCF-7细胞增殖实验、细胞周期分析、细胞雌激素受体水平测定和断乳大鼠子宫增重实验探讨了邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)内分泌干扰活性及其可能的作用机制.结果表明,DEHP和DBP可诱导MCF-7细胞增殖、细胞内雌激素受体水平增高,对细胞周期无明显影响,DEHP不引起断乳大鼠子宫增重.推断DEHP和DBP可能并不是通过模拟雌激素而是引起体内天然激素受体水平改变等其他机制影响机体内分泌系统.     

环境内分泌干扰物筛选和测试研究中的鱼类实验动物

环境内分泌干扰物的筛选与测试方法的研究是近年来环境科学领域的热点问题．在水生态毒理学研究中，目前的研究重点之一是发展方法学，如基于鱼类实验动物的离体或活体测试方法．对内分泌干扰物鱼类筛选测试的科学基础、内分泌干扰物的生物性标志、筛选测试方法以及用于内分泌干扰物筛选测试的几种主要鱼类实验动物进行了介绍，同时提出了建立适合我国实际情况的内分泌干扰筛选测试鱼类实验动物，并提出系统的鱼类实验动物培育和筛选测试方法体系的必要性．     

Removal of a type of endocrine disruptors-di-n-butyl phthalate from water by ozonation

Ozonation of synthetic water containing a type of endocrine disruptor-di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP） was examined. Key impact factors such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, ozone dosage and initial DBP concentration were investigated. In addition, the activities of radicals on uncatalysed and catalysed ozonation were studied. The degradation intermediate products were followed and the kinetic of the ozonation were assessed as well. Results revealed that ozonation of DBP followed two mechanisms. Firstly, the reaction rate of direct ozonation was slower at lower pH, temperature, and ionic strength. Secondly, when these factors were increased for indirect radical reaction, higher percentage of DBP was removed with the increase of the initial ozone dosage and the decrease of the initial DBP concentration. In addition, tea-butanol, humic substances and Fe（Ⅱ） affected DBP ozonation through the radical pathway. It was determined that ozonation was restrained by adding tea-butanol for its radical inhibition effect. Furthermore, humic substances enhanced the reaction to some extent, but a slight negative effect would be encountered if the optimum dosage was exceeded. As a matter of fact, Mn（Ⅱ） affected the ozonation by ＂active sites＂ mechanism. In the experiment, three different kinds of intermediate products were produced during ozonation, but the amount of products for each one of them decreased as pH, temperature, ionic strength and initial ozone dosage increased. A kinetic equation of the reaction between ozone and DBP was obtained.     

Coming to grips with scientific ignorance in the governance of endocrine disrupting chemicals and nanoparticles

New technologies are characterized by various forms of incertitude that challenge both scientific expertise and regulatory action. In this paper, we argue that these incertitudes place experts in irreducible double bind situations, which may end in paralysis. Double binds emerge when primary injunctions are contradicted by secondary injunctions at a different logical level, which affects the interpretation of the primary injunction. Adequately addressing the challenges posed by new technologies requires phronesis, or pragmatic, context-dependent and action-oriented knowledge grounded in value deliberation. Using endocrine disruptors and carbon nanotubes as empirical examples, we argue that in relation to new technologies involving various kinds of incertitude, being phronimos—the person who can do phronesis—involves synthetically and simultaneously enacting parts of the three interrelated domains of knowledge, ethics and institutions, also across different logical levels. The special kind of experience-based phronesic skill that required in the regulatory appraisal of new technologies is thus fundamentally related to the human capacity of pattern recognition. Finally, we argue that being aware of and making full use of practical wisdom thus conceptualized enables a new operationalization of the precautionary principle.     

珠江口典型河段内分泌干扰物的空间分布及风险评价

选择珠江口典型河段为研究对象,调查上覆水和沉积物中5种典型内分泌干扰物(EDCs)4-辛基酚(4-t-OP)、4-壬基酚(4-NP)、双酚A(BPA)、三氯生(TCS)和三氯卡班(TCC)的空间分布特征,并利用风险商值法(RQ)对其上覆水及沉积物进行风险评价.结果表明,5种EDCs在珠江河流上覆水和沉积物样品中均有检出,水体中4-t-OP、4-NP、BPA、TCC、TCS的水体质量浓度分别为:49.19~512.82、112.66~717.31、23.54~2189.88、1.90~120.99、1.51~54.75 ng·L~(-1).沉积物中4-t-OP、4-NP、BPA、TCC、TCS的沉积物质量分数分别为:56.60~1606.56、69.52~6524.35、18.55~522.45、1.54~179.66、0.71~130.92 ng·g-1.5种EDCs在沉积物和上覆水中的空间分布基本遵循上游到下游逐渐减少的趋势.4-t-OP、4-NP、BPA、TCC和TCS的风险商(RQ)在上覆水和沉积物中的范围分别为0.03~4.20和0.026~149.28.对生态健康产生极大压力.沉积物来源、粒度分布和有机质含量均对EDCs在沉积物中的富集有影响,且主要影响因素为沉积物有机质含量.     

Roles of membrane and organic fouling layers on the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals in microfiltration

To understand the adsorption behavior of endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) is important for enhancing the treatment performance and preventing potential secondary pollution caused by EDCs desorption in a microfiltration system. The dynamic adsorption of four representative EDCs, namely estriol(E3), 17β-estradiol(E2), 17α-ethynylestradiol(EE2), and 4-nonylphenol(4-NP) in a microfiltration system was investigated using the Thomas' model.The product of the equilibrium constant and the total adsorption capacity of the membrane,Ka, for E3, E2, EE2, and 4-NP were 4.91, 9.78, 15.6, and 826, respectively, strongly correlating with the compound octanol–water partition coefficient(KOW). Adsorption appeared to be enhanced when organic fouling formed on the surface of membrane, indicating the role of an additional adsorption column for EDCs acted by a fouling layer in microfiltration. Results of a comparison between the Ka values for clean membrane and fouled membrane illustrated that the significant contribution made by fouling layers may be attributed to the foulant layer's hydrophobicity(in the case of calcium humate layer) and thickness(in the case of calcium alginate layer). This study provided a novel perspective to quantitatively analyze the dynamic adsorption behavior of trace pollutants in membrane process.