隧道火灾安全疏散模拟

隧道的消防设计应以保护人员的生命安全为首要目标。为此开发了隧道火灾时的人员疏散计算机模型Tunev,该模型能计算隧道内不同火灾场景下人员疏散所需时间;与计算危险来临时间的火灾数值模拟软件FDS相结合,经两种时间的对比,可判断人员疏散的安全性,并进行疏散过程的动态演示。该模型包含了简单的火灾时人员行为数据库和隧道防火结构参数,通过定性和定量的分析计算,能发现消防设计中的不足,为人员疏散方案提供参考依据。此外,该模型还可作为辅助的消防演习工具。阐述了模型的有关概念,并对雪峰山隧道工程实例进行了疏散模拟,最后简述了Tunev模型的验证和应用。     

隧道火灾性能化安全疏散设计方法研究

阐述了隧道防火设计的重要性,保证人员的安全疏散是隧道性能化安全设计的首要目标。确定了火灾时人员安全疏散的判定条件,分析了人员逃生时所需疏散时间的组成,通过火灾时人员所需安全疏散时间与可用安全疏散时间的比较分析,介绍了隧道火灾疏散设计的一般思路。结合某隧道的实例对这种性能化设计思路进行了说明,确定了某隧道疏散口间距和逃生滑梯通行能力的初步设计方案。     

杭州过江隧道火灾时人员安全疏散研究

以杭州过江隧道为研究对象,分析了隧道火灾时人员安全疏散准则及影响因素,介绍了隧道内人员安全疏散研究的一种思路和方法。设定包含最不利情况的火灾场景,然后对各种火灾场景下的烟气蔓延及人员疏散进行模拟,得到了各种火灾场景下隧道内的可用安全疏散时间ASET曲线和必需安全疏散时间RSET曲线;比较分析这两条曲线,得到了疏散救援通道的设置参数,给隧道消防设计提供了依据。     

建筑火灾中人员安全疏散时间的预测

作者提出了计算建筑物火灾中人员安全疏散时间的一种工程方法，该方法基于火灾探测的理论和人员疏散的最新研究成果，分别计算出火灾探测系统的响应时间和整个疏散过程所需的时间。这种方法概念清晰，能在一定程度上模拟实际火灾中的人员疏散过程，并且简单易行，可用于实际的火灾安全工程设计和火灾安全咨询     

从人员疏散的角度研究公路隧道的横通道间距

隧道的横通道作为人员疏散的安全地带,其间距的设置在人员安全疏散中是至关重要的。以雪峰山隧道为工程实例,从人员安全疏散的观点出发,阐述了一种计算横通道间距的方法,并简述了方法的应用。首先根据特长隧道火灾特点,模拟分析特长隧道四种不同火灾场景下的典型自然疏散过程,并运用火灾模拟软件FDS4.0计算四种火灾场景在不同横通道间距情况下的危险时间,然后与相应的包含人员疏散行为特征的疏散时间相比较,得出该隧道最适宜的横通道间距为270m,并分析其经济性。其方法和结论可为特长隧道消防系统的设计、紧急疏散方案和引导指挥体系的建立提供理论依据。     

公路隧道火灾时人员疏散模拟系统与应用

为了判断隧道火灾时人员疏散的安全性,以Visual Basic 6.0为操作平台,在运用火灾模拟软件FDS(FireDynamic Simulator)对隧道火灾工况动态数值模拟的基础上,结合人员行为反应规律知识库,采用适当的定性和定量分析方法,研发了公路隧道火灾人员疏散模拟系统,对隧道人员疏散进行数值模拟和安全性判断;同时,借助AUTOCAD及FLASH模拟显示疏散过程。对一实际隧道的模拟表明了该系统的正确性。     

高层建筑火灾最佳疏散路线的确定

高层建筑发生火灾后，在现场情况比较复杂的情况下，尽快地选择一条既安全、疏散时间又短的疏散路线，是室内人员快速、安全撤离火场的重要保障。在应用高层建筑火灾全风网网络模拟软件HRBFS模拟火灾时建筑物内烟流体积分数的基础上，结合当时人员的分布情况，提出了最佳疏散路线的算法。     

特长公路隧道内的横通道间距和车行间距研究

隧道火灾,尤其是长大公路、铁路隧道火灾,往往是灾难性的。因此,基于性能化防火设计原理,对雪峰山特长公路隧道的横通道间距和车行间距进行了研究。对中等规模20 MW的火灾,按照规范建议的3 m/s的风速进行通风的情况下,先用CFD软件模拟计算火灾危险时间Tfire,然后由疏散模型中的经验公式计算人员疏散时间Tevac,比较分析不同横通道间距下人员疏散的安全性;同时为了避免隧道内车辆间的引燃,利用辐射换热原理,对车辆间的火灾蔓延性进行了分析。模拟结果为:最佳横通道间距约为290 m,最小引燃间距为6 m。考虑到建设成本的问题,建议雪峰山隧道的横通道间距改为300 m;同时,考虑到后继车辆的刹车及不同的行车速度等因素,建议特长隧道内车距最好要大于110 m;     

基于GIS的火灾安全疏散模拟

为综合描述场景的关键要素,加强模拟的真实性,基于GIS技术,针对火灾场景下的人员疏散提出了模拟模型。借助GIS缓冲区分析与拓扑分析等功能,实现了初始化场景解析、实时空间分析等流程,可以对任意模拟时间步火灾、人员、建筑环境等要素的分布特征信息进行提取。为人员模型制定了基于空间信息的疏散策略,模拟人员的环境感知能力与分析判断能力。设计并实现了GIS模型至FDS模型的转换接口,维护了GIS模型与FDS模型的一致性,提高了建模效率。在模型基础上,研制了人员疏散模拟系统。应用实例说明了模型对环境各要素的描述能力及对疏散场景的模拟能力。     

高层住宅建筑火灾应急疏散模拟与策略研究

为探索高层住宅建筑火灾疏散安全性及提升其疏散效率的策略,将某一栋26层装配式住宅为研究对象,采用Revit建立其物理实体模型,结合火灾模拟软件(Pyrosim)和疏散仿真软件(Pathfinder)对高层住宅建筑火灾疏散进行数值模拟,研究不同工况下火灾烟气蔓延特性对安全疏散的影响,并探讨电梯协同楼梯疏散策略的可行性与科学性。结果表明：考虑火灾烟气蔓延影响下,晚上高层住宅内人员将在8 min完成疏散,超过了安全疏散允许时间6 min;电梯协同楼梯疏散时,电梯的最佳停靠层为23层,使用电梯人员比例最佳为80%,疏散总时间约为6 min,相较于仅使用楼梯疏散时,疏散效率提升了约15%,表明电梯协同疏散效果提升显著,可为高层住宅应急疏散提供理论参考。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。