两点激励振动试验时结构模态对控制效果的影响分析

飞机外挂等细长体试件的两点激励振动试验方法在国内外已经开始较广泛应用。因试件动力学的复杂特性经常造成两点激励振动试验控制超差甚至无法控制,因此在试验前有必要对试件开展模态等动力学特性分析。针对某模拟外挂的试验件及试验夹具开展了有限元模态分析,在两点激励试验前对试验中容易出现控制超差的危险频率点进行了预判。随后开展的两点激励振动试验结果证明了预判的正确性以及试验前开展动力学分析的必要性。     

基于模态实验的细长体两点激振试验方案的制定

目的细长体两点激振试验方案中,更好地选择激励位置、控制位置和悬挂点的位置。方法制定两点激振试验方案时需要参考试件的模态信息。结果根据试验方案的确定方法和模态试验理论,利用试件模型的模态试验结果,建立了一种试验方案制定时的激振位置、控制位置、悬挂位置计算方法,量化了试验方案的确定方法。结论通过两种试验方案控制位置、悬挂位置计算数值的对比,可以直观地对比不同试验方案的优劣,有利于两点激振试验方案的制定和选择。     

导弹飞行振动环境地面模拟试验方法

分析了导弹飞行环境的载荷特征和环境条件,指出了目前常用的试验方法在某些情况下存在的不足。简要介绍了振动-噪声复合试验方法及柔性悬挂-多点激励试验方法,并分析了其优、缺点。振动-噪声复合试验方法可更有效地模拟飞行过程中的宽频带振动环境,多点激励试验方法可对飞行过程中的面载荷进行有效模拟,采用柔性悬挂可模拟飞行过程中的自由边界。这些试验方法与传统试验方法相互补充,可更精确地模拟导弹飞行振动环境。     

全轴振动试验与传统振动试验激励特性研究

目前可靠性强化试验的振动激励一般由气锤式全轴振动台实现,传统可靠性试验的振动激励由电磁台实现.针对产品的累积损伤,建立了简化力学模型,分析了全轴台与电磁台的振动激励特性,通过在MATLAB环境下的仿真试验分析了二者差异.并在此基础上指出,如要充分发挥全轴台的强化激励特性,必须按振动理论合理设计全轴台的试验夹具和安装方式...     

某导弹振动夹具设计及测试分析

目的 设计符合某导弹振动试验要求的夹具.方法 采用SolidWorks和Workbench两种软件协同分析的方法,对振动夹具进行设计.首先使用SolidWorks建立导弹振动夹具的实体模型,之后在Workbench中采用有限元方法对夹具进行模态分析.根据模态分析结果,在对夹具进行多次的结构修改和分析计算后,得到满足设计要求的夹具.将设计合格的夹具加工制作后,在振动台进行传递特性分析,以验证设计和分析结果.结果 根据振动夹具模态振型的变化趋势,可以通过增加夹具的底板和立板的厚度来提高夹具的固有频率.通过计算,将夹具底板和立板的厚度均增加到30.0 mm时,夹具的固有频率达到了311.68 Hz.将加工好的夹具按照实际试验方式固定在振动台,并进行动态响应测试,得到夹具一阶频率为410.0 Hz.结论 设计方法达到了振动夹具的基频大于被试品3～4倍的目标,满足了导弹振动夹具的动力学特性要求.     

基于模态分析的某振动试验方法改进

目的对该试验夹具进行改进设计,使试验夹具首阶模态频率大于60 Hz。方法基于模态分析方法,分别采取改进夹具结构形式和改变夹具边界条件两种改进方式进行优化设计。结果根据模态分析结果发现,夹具结构形式改进对模态频率提高的效果不明显,改变边界条件能够显著提高夹具频率。改进后试验夹具首阶模态频率为69.5 Hz,大于试验输入载荷频率范围。结论试验夹具的固有频率应避开振动试验输入载荷频率范围,避免对试验结果造成影响。     

含复杂管路的某机构模态参数识别研究

目的获取复杂结构产品的模态参数及动态性能。方法采用基于冲击激励的试件自由模态分析试验,综合分析频响函数曲线幅值,确定局部结构模态频率点,利用半功率带宽法和专用分析软件分别计算模态阻尼比和模态振型。结果识别出影响某机构动态性能关键部件的模态参数。结论发现机构外壳模态频率远离冷却装置频率点,冷却管一阶横向模态由自身结构特性产生,二阶及纵向模态由减压阀模态引起。气体导管的动态特性主要受冷却装置模态的影响。     

涡轮叶片高温振动特性试验技术研究

目的获取涡轮叶片实际工作温度下的模态特性、探索高温模态试验技术。方法通过虚拟试验与物理试验相结合的方式进行叶片的高温振动特性试验,首先应用基于ABAQUS的有限元分析方法,进行叶片的虚拟热试验,得到叶片的温度分布后对其模态特性进行求解。搭建叶片高温振动特性试验系统,采用辐射加热的方式对叶片施加热载荷,同时采用高频电磁振动台激振叶片,利用激光测振设备来测试叶片的速度分布从而获取叶片的振动特性参数。结果最终对比两种试验结果,虚拟试验结果与物理试验存在一定的误差,但在允差范围内。结论所述的试验方法可以为叶片振动特性测试提供科学依据,并对叶片的疲劳试验研究具有良好的参考价值。     

基于振动台试验的结构模态参数辨识

根据采用振动台环境试验数据,得到了以振动台台面与被测对象之间连接点为激励点,测点为响应点的被测结构频率响应函数,从而获得了结构的模态参数。以模态试验的结果作为衡量标准,验证了利用振动试验的力控数据进行模态分析的正确性和可行性。     

典型机载设备加速振动试验应用方法研究

目的为了提高加速振动试验方法在高新军用装备中工程化应用的准确性和可操作性。方法由于在合理的加速等级下,较大的振动能量可能导致试件局部振动疲劳累积损伤机理发生改变,因此在传统加速振动试验中充分评估结构试件的频率响应特性,得出一种修正的加速振动试验方法。首先结合计算机辅助分析手段对试件进行模态分析及频率响应分析,识别试件的薄弱部位。其次利用结构动力学特性测试手段,对薄弱部位的实测动态特性进行分析,并对超出加速响应限的加速度幅值进行修正。结果以典型的机载设备结构作为研究对象,将试件薄弱部位的频率响应幅值控制在合理的放大系数范围内,保证加速破坏机理的一致性,修改后加速振动试验结果与长周期正常等级振动试验结果特征一致。结论该方法符合国军标中振动试验方法的有关规定,可在装备研制过程中对设备结构部件的加速振动试验加以工程化应用。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.