中国两岸三地入境旅游发展的比较研究

通过对中国大陆、香港和台湾三地入境旅游发展的历史、旅游资源的特色、入境旅游发展的政策环境及2001—2008年三地入境旅游发展的业绩指标和客源市场的对比分析可知:香港、台湾是中国大陆入境旅游的重要客源市场,两地游客总数占大陆入境旅游总数的63.4%;香港回归后,大陆放宽居民赴港旅游的政策使大陆游客迅速占据香港入境客源市场的半壁江山;而随着两岸政治关系的缓和,大陆将成为台湾入境旅游的重要客源市场。三地的旅游合作和共赢的途径是:将三地作为整体推广针对远程外国入境游客的"一程多站"旅游模式,使每个进入其中一地的游客都成为其他两地的中转客源,从而使各方受益。由于其地缘邻近、文化同源、旅游资源的互补性强,两岸三地必将相互成为主要的客源市场。     

云南省主要群体入境旅游市场特征分析

以2004年暑期对云南省入境旅游市场调查数据为基础,运用数理统计方法对云南5大主要群体入境旅游市场进行了系统对比分析,发现云南省5大群体入境游客女性多于男性,观光度假动机游客占80%以上,旅游信息多来自旅游指南、Internet和亲友介绍,具有大学文化程度的中青年职业技术人员所占市场份额最大,以亲友结伴或独身旅游为常见,同时5大群体之间也存在较大差异.     

晋陕两省入境旅游客源市场结构对比分析——基于SSM方法

基于SSM方法,选取2005—2010年入境旅游相关数据,对晋陕两省入境旅游客源市场发展态势和结构状况进行对比分析。结果表明,两省入境旅游总体发展速度都高于全国平均水平,且市场结构具有向集中化与多元化并存发展的相似性;两者相比,陕西省入境游客增长总量大于山西省,客源市场结构也更为合理,而山西省入境旅游客源市场相对增长率要大于陕西省,更具市场发展潜力。在此基础上,有针对性地提出进一步拓展晋陕两省入境旅游客源市场的相关建议。     

近14年中国入境旅游市场的自然性增长分析CSSCI

基于入境旅游市场的属性结构视角,提出入境旅游自然性、竞争性和混合性市场及这三种增长的概念。根据2001—2015年我国入境外国旅游者总人次与目的结构数据,采用增量占比法对2002—2015年我国入境旅游市场自然性增长的历时性与结构演变进行分析,最终得出近14年我国入境旅游市场的增长主要得益于自然性增长,增量占比年均为50.33%,大国优势是促成这一增长特征的主要原因,且未来很长时间内这一格局不会发生明显改变。从目的结构来看,自然性增长主要源自其他、会议/商务、服务员工旅游群体的增长;从目的与空间交叉分析来看,自然性增长多来自亚洲主要客源国但国别间呈现出明显差异,我国得天独厚的地缘优势和"主、客"双边关系差异是导致这一特征的主要原因。     

近14年中国入境旅游市场的自然性增长分析

基于入境旅游市场的属性结构视角,提出入境旅游自然性、竞争性和混合性市场及这三种增长的概念。根据2001—2015年我国入境外国旅游者总人次与目的结构数据,采用增量占比法对2002—2015年我国入境旅游市场自然性增长的历时性与结构演变进行分析,最终得出近14年我国入境旅游市场的增长主要得益于自然性增长,增量占比年均为50.33%,大国优势是促成这一增长特征的主要原因,且未来很长时间内这一格局不会发生明显改变。从目的结构来看,自然性增长主要源自其他、会议/商务、服务员工旅游群体的增长;从目的与空间交叉分析来看,自然性增长多来自亚洲主要客源国但国别间呈现出明显差异,我国得天独厚的地缘优势和"主、客"双边关系差异是导致这一特征的主要原因。     

我国入境旅游内生增长要素的探索性研究

面对全球经济危机、激烈的市场竞争和不确定性重大事件等影响,我国入境旅游市场如何实现内生性增长,是新的发展阶段需要不断思考的问题。通过对旅游供给方和需求方的编码分析,探究影响入境游客来华和我国入境旅游内生性增长因素。研究发现,签证因素、退税因素和产品价格等7个主范畴对入境旅游内生性增长存在显著影响。将旅游需求方的推—拉理论与有利于旅游供给方制定有效营销策略和管理政策的内生增长理论进行对接与融合,为我国入境旅游内生性增长提供一个整合分析的框架与思路,对政府制定有效管理政策和入境旅游企业优化营销策略具有现实意义。     

旅游公共服务游客认知评价的实证研究——以西安市入境旅游为例CSSCI

以旅游公共服务游客认知评价为研究对象,选取热点入境旅游城市西安市为实证案例,以SPSS21.0对调研数据进行探索性因子分析,提取入境游客旅游公共服务认知评价的四大主成分,提出研究假说并构建假设模型;应用AMOS21.0进行模型修正和拟合度检验;通过极大似然估计法进行路径计算,得出旅游公共服务游客认知评价结构模型分析结果并进行解读。研究发现,"交通、信息、安全和通讯"对入境游客旅游公共服务认知评价影响显著;"信息—安全—通讯—交通"对旅游公共服务评价影响程度呈逐次递减规律;入境游客对景区内旅游公共服务认知评价好于城市整体。研究结果可为完善西安市旅游公共服务,促进其入境旅游发展提供借鉴。     

京、沪、穗口岸入境外国旅游市场特征对比研究

我国入境旅游市场长期呈现港澳台市场占80％以上,外国市场不足20％的“二八”结构,因此拓展入境旅游外国市场是我国旅游业发展的重要任务。北京、上海、广州三大口岸是我国入境旅游发展的“桥头堡”,也是其他省市入境旅游发展的“二手客源地”,在我国人境旅游业中占据着十分重要的地位。采用问卷调查法,以从京、沪、穗口岸入境的外国游客作为调查对象,对三大口岸间的外国市场进行对比分析,并将其作为整体与全国入境外国市场进行对比研究,以期为拓展全国和其他省市的入境旅游外国市场规模提供理论指导。结论为：①从三大口岸入境的外国市场具有各自的特征,但在年龄结构、职业结构和学历结构上具有一致性。②从不同口岸入境的外国市场具有不同的空间分布范围和扩散能力。③从三大口岸入境的外国市场特征对全国入境外国市场特征具有控制作用。     

旅游公共服务游客认知评价的实证研究——以西安市入境旅游为例

以旅游公共服务游客认知评价为研究对象,选取热点入境旅游城市西安市为实证案例,以SPSS21.0对调研数据进行探索性因子分析,提取入境游客旅游公共服务认知评价的四大主成分,提出研究假说并构建假设模型;应用AMOS21.0进行模型修正和拟合度检验;通过极大似然估计法进行路径计算,得出旅游公共服务游客认知评价结构模型分析结果并进行解读。研究发现,"交通、信息、安全和通讯"对入境游客旅游公共服务认知评价影响显著;"信息—安全—通讯—交通"对旅游公共服务评价影响程度呈逐次递减规律;入境游客对景区内旅游公共服务认知评价好于城市整体。研究结果可为完善西安市旅游公共服务,促进其入境旅游发展提供借鉴。     

沿海地区入境旅游消费时空特征、趋势及发展对策

基于2000—2011年沿海11省市入境旅游的相关指标数据,从时空差异视角揭示沿海地区入境游客消费水平、消费层次及其演变特征,采用灰色GM(1,1)模型,对沿海地区入境旅游发展态势进行预测分析。结果表明,我国沿海地区入境旅游消费水平不高,非基本资料所占总消费资料比重和入境旅游消费结构高级化指数低。为推动沿海地区入境旅游稳定、持续与快速发展,提出了相应的对策建议。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题,生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑,本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法,并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.