室内重塑污染土样制备方法的研究

污染土体的工程特性已成为环境岩土工程领域的研究热点之一,如何制备重塑污染土样是决定实验结果是否能够真实反映污染土体实际情况的关键。介绍了3种重塑污染土样的室内实验方法,包括人工拌和-击实法、击实-浸泡法和固结-渗透淋滤法,并以Cu Cl2溶液为污染溶质进行实验,分析比较3种制样方法的优缺点及适用范围。人工拌和-击实法制备污染土样的速度最快,适用范围最广;击实-浸泡法适用于模拟污染液浓度已知的情况;固结-渗透淋滤法制备的污染土样最均匀,土样结构差异性较小,适用于研究污染土体的渗透问题以及涉及不同围压作用的情况。     

基于电阻率的硫酸污染水泥土检测方法的探讨

电阻率法作为一种简单有效的测试方法,已在岩土工程检测中得到了一定程度的应用.通过室内试验模拟了水泥土试块受不同浓度硫酸溶液污染的反应,采用电阻率法研究了孔隙水电阻率、水泥土电阻率、结构因子与溶液浓度和龄期之间的关系.结果表明,孔隙水和水泥土电阻率随溶液浓度增大而减小、随龄期的增大而增大,结构因子随着溶液浓度和龄期的增加而增加,它们之间具有较高的相关性.这充分说明,电阻率法可应用于硫酸污染水泥土的检测和评价.     

软土地基上生活垃圾卫生填埋场的岩土工程问题与对策

生活垃圾卫生填埋场是处理固体废弃物的有效方法之一.尽管国内外学者对与垃圾填埋场相关的许多问题已经做了大量的研究工作,但是对软土地基上填埋场可能引起的一些岩土工程问题研究不多.针对软土地基上的填埋场,分析了填埋场在建设与运营过程将会遇到的若干岩土工程问题.针对填埋场的沉降、稳定性等问题,提出了将垃圾荷载看作变量对地基沉降进行计算和设计.考虑垃圾体的稳定性,分析由于地基破坏而引起的整体稳定性问题和变形引起的衬里系统的内部稳定性问题,研究地基处理的可行性和适应性,并加强填埋过程中的岩土工程监测工作.     

Cr、Ni、Cu和Cd在珠三角某区域工业污染场地包气带和潜水层中的迁移规律

为了探索污染场地"土壤-潜水含水层岩土-潜水"系统中同种重金属在3种环境介质中的定量关系和迁移规律,在珠三角某区域46个可能受Cr、Ni、Cu和Cd污染场地建设了61眼地下水监测井,同址采集61组表层(0~20 cm)土壤、潜水层岩土和潜水样品,并从3个污染场地采集了直径19 cm,高分别为103、81和79 cm的3个原状土柱,用于土柱淋溶实验,研究了土柱中Cr、Ni、Cu和Cd在垂直剖面上的形态分布特征和淋溶特征。结果表明:潜水中Cr、Ni、Cu和Cd含量与表层土壤和潜水层岩土中弱酸提取态含量间存在定量关系,最佳拟合函数均为三次函数,特别是Cr、Cu的函数有很好的相关性(决定系数R2均大于0.97)。每20 cm一层分析原状土柱中Cr、Ni、Cu和Cd的全量和形态分布,同种重金属在3个原状土柱表层土壤中全量和弱酸提取态含量占整个土柱比例均最高,均超过50%,土柱中Cr、Ni、Cu和Cd的全量和弱酸提取态含量随着土柱深度增加都明显减少。土柱淋溶实验结果表明,淋出液中Cr、Ni、Cu和Cd含量与表层弱酸提取态含量显著相关,黏粒含量高和阳离子交换量大的土壤对Cu的淋溶有抑制作用。建议在重金属污染场地调查和修复时,充分考虑弱酸提取态在"土壤-潜水含水层岩土-潜水"系统中的"桥梁"作用。     

水蕹菜对苏州重污染水体净化功能的研究

采用浮床无土栽培技术，在苏州重污染河道上种植水蕹菜以控制重污染水体水质。不仅进行了静态试验，而且在重污染河道苗家河上作了示范应用，效果显著。静态试验结果表明，在气温35℃、水温30℃以上的条件下，水蕹菜对苏州重污染水体中的CODMn、TN、NH4^＋-N、TP等的去除率分别为37．0％、92.9％、93．9％、94．3％；苗家河示范工程水域中水质有明最改善，透明度达90～130cm。由此证明水蕹菜是对苏州熏污染河道净化处理的优良生物材料之一。     

化工厂环境风险评价方法探讨

对某化工厂事故隐患进行了周密调查及工程分析，筛选出主要风险因子并进行风险预测，运用概率统计法对不同生产方案，不同污染源强及不同环境功能区的污染风险进行了综合评价研究。     

建筑小区雨水径流的土壤渗透净化

讨论了建筑小区雨水径流的污染性、土壤渗透对小区径流的净化作用及土壤的渗透能力，提出了建筑小区雨水径流土壤渗透的工程实施方案。     

基于过硫酸盐的多环芳烃污染场地原位修复技术研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)作为土壤和地下水中常见的有机污染物，严重威胁了人类健康。近年来，基于过硫酸盐(PS)的原位修复技术由于高效快速且成本适中被广泛用于PAHs污染场地修复。介绍了PS的活化方式及机理，分析了4种PS原位注入技术的优缺点及应用条件，综述了土壤环境对PS氧化技术应用的影响，总结了PS在PAHs污染场地修复的实际工程应用，以及基于PS的联合修复技术的发展现状，并对PS氧化技术在实际场地修复的应用和发展进行了展望，以期为PAHs污染场地原位修复提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

畜禽规模养殖污染治理项目管理机制研究——以上海市为例

对上海市二十余年畜禽养殖污染治理实践经验和启示进行回顾与评价,探讨了当前畜禽规模养殖污染治理项目的管理需求,并结合上海市"十二五"期间畜禽规模养殖污染现状特征及减排形势,研究了适于畜禽规模养殖污染治理的项目管理机制,包括项目实施管理和工程建成运行监管,为工程推进实施和长效稳定运行提供技术保障,确保其长期发挥生态环境效益。     

运用截获带曲线设计地下水污染截流抽水井

运用截获带曲线理论对安阳市造纸厂地下水污染净化抽水井的合理数量、恰当布置及适宜抽水量等进行了计算，论证了利用已有深井进行抽水净化的可能性，工程实施后取得了良好的效果。     

Options for cleanup and disposal of pesticide wastes generated on a small‐scale

Abstract

Many processes have been investigated to dispose of obsolete pesticide stocks and clean up wastewater and contaminated soil. The processes vary in their stages of development and commercial utility. With the exception of incineration, no single process may be amenable to all pesticide waste. Thus, any chosen process must consider first the chemical constituents needing remediation, their concentration, and desired or regulated cleanup objectives. Incineration seems too impractical and expensive to clean up routinely generated wastewater and contaminated soil, but it may currently be the only practical option for obsolete stocks . Practical remediation processes for wastewater and contaminated soil produced by small waste generators are discussed. Cleanup should be viewed as an integration of physical, chemical, and biological technologies.     

原位热处理技术修复重质非水相液体污染场地研究进展

重质非水相液体(DNAPLs)是土壤及地下水中广泛存在的有机污染物,原位热处理技术是目前修复受DNAPLs污染土壤及地下水的最具潜力的技术之一。综述了国内外常用原位热处理技术的基本原理及其影响因素,介绍了相关现场应用实例,并展望了该技术未来的应用前景和发展趋势,以期为中国污染土壤及地下水的原位修复提供有益借鉴。     

Heavy metal immobilization in soil near abandoned mines using eggshell waste and rapeseed residue

Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils has received great concern due to potential risk to human health. Cadmium and Pb are largely released from abandoned or closed mines in Korea, resulting in soil contamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of eggshell waste in combination with the conventional nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium fertilizer (also known as NPK fertilizer) or the rapeseed residue on immobilization of Cd and Pb in the rice paddy soil. Cadmium and Pb extractabilities were tested using two methods of (1) the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) and (2) the 0.1 M HCl extraction. With 5 % eggshell addition, the values of soil pH were increased from 6.33 and 6.51 to 8.15 and 8.04 in combination with NPK fertilizer and rapeseed residue, respectively, compared to no eggshell addition. The increase in soil pH may contribute to heavy metal immobilization by altering heavy metals into more stable in soils. Concentrations of TCLP-extracted Cd and Pb were reduced by up to 67.9 and 93.2 % by addition of 5 % eggshell compared to control. For 0.1 M HCl extraction method, the concentration of 0.1 M HCl-Cd in soils treated with NPK fertilizer and rapeseed residue was significantly reduced by up to 34.01 and 46.1 %, respectively, with 5 % eggshell addition compared to control. A decrease in acid phosphatase activity and an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity at high soil pH were also observed. Combined application of eggshell waste and rapeseed residue can be cost-effective and beneficial way to remediate the soil contaminated with heavy metals.     

The influences of fly ash on stabilization for Cd in contaminated soils

Soil contaminated with potentially toxic metals (PTMs) has being a global environmental issue, which needs to be addressed on the priority basis. Fly ash (FA) is a kind of low-cost alkaline materials, which has been widely used in remediation of soil contaminated by PTMs, while the effects of FA on the stability for PTMs in contaminated farmland soil are still not clearly evaluated. In this study, cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil samples, collected from Shaanxi (SX), Hubei (HB), and Zhejiang (ZJ) province of China, were amended with FA addition (0, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% dose), and 1-year changes of Cd availability in soil samples were focused on. In addition, biological assessment method through pot culture was carried out to evaluate the reuse potential of Cd contaminated soils amended by FA. The result indicated that FA had a notable impact on decreasing the Cd mobility of SX soil (sand type), with 18.2~52.1% reduction in the DTPA extractable solution, followed by HB soil with 5.9~16.7% reduction, but no obvious effect of FA on ZJ soil (clay type) was observed. Furthermore, the results of pot experiment revealed that FA application could increase the biomass of Chinese cabbage. However, the DTPA extractable Cd in soils after planation and the Cd accumulation of plant increased. The results revealed that FA was not a promising soil stabilizer to immobilize HMs in Cd contaminated soil, and careful consideration should be given to Cd contaminated soils with FA restoration especially in their using for farmland productive due to the remaining risk of Cd bioavailability. These results also contributed to provide references for similar soil pollution remediation.

     

典型危险废物的工程力学特性

掌握填埋废物的工程力学特性是确保危险废物填埋堆体稳定性的重要前提条件,因此,针对6种典型危险废物的工程力学特性开展了调查研究.研究结果表明,污泥类危险废物的含水率和有机质含量远高于非污泥类危险废物,而前者的比重则显著低于后者.污泥类危险废物的渗透系数相对较小,比污染土壤和飞灰炉渣混合物的渗透系数小1个数量级,比滤池填料的渗透系数小2个数量级.不同危险废物的无侧限抗压强度排序为:飞灰炉渣混合物(314.3 kPa)和滤池填料(278.9 kPa)＞污染土壤(124.9 kPa)＞杭州氧气厂污泥(68.6 kPa)、锌铬污泥(71.4 kPa)、油泥(58.4 kPa).不同危险废物的粘聚力排序为:飞灰炉渣混合物(40.8 kPa)、滤池填料(31.1 kPa)＞污染土壤(20.9 kPa)＞杭州氧气厂污泥(1.94kPa)、锌铬污泥(3.10 kPa)、油泥(1.81 kPa).此外,不同危险废物的内摩擦角差异相对较小,其变化范围在18.8°～35.0°之间.综合分析可知,飞灰炉渣混合物和滤池填料的工程力学特性较好,而污泥类危险废物的工程力学特性则较差.     

Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants

Soil contamination with heavy metals and organic pollutants has increasingly become a serious global environmental issue in recent years. Considerable efforts have been made to remediate contaminated soils. Biochar has a large surface area, and high capacity to adsorb heavy metals and organic pollutants. Biochar can potentially be used to reduce the bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals and organic pollutants in soils through adsorption and other physicochemical reactions. Biochar is typically an alkaline material which can increase soil pH and contribute to stabilization of heavy metals. Application of biochar for remediation of contaminated soils may provide a new solution to the soil pollution problem. This paper provides an overview on the impact of biochar on the environmental fate and mobility of heavy metals and organic pollutants in contaminated soils and its implication for remediation of contaminated soils. Further research directions are identified to ensure a safe and sustainable use of biochar as a soil amendment for remediation of contaminated soils.     

EPA SITE demonstration of the BioTrol soil washing process.

A pilot-scale soil washing process, patented by BioTrol, Inc., was demonstrated on soil contaminated by wood treating waste, primarily pentachlorophenol (PCP) and creosote-derived polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Although soil washing was the main object of this demonstration, the treatment train that was evaluated included two other BioTrol technologies for treatment of waste streams from the soil washer. The three technologies were: The BioTrol Soil Washer (BSW)--a volume reduction process, which uses water to separate contaminated soil fractions from the bulk of the soil. The BioTrol Aqueous Treatment System (BATS)--a biological water treatment process. The Slurry Bioreactor (SBR)--a BioTrol biological slurry treatment process conducted in an EIMCO BIOLIFT reactor. The sandy soil at the site, consisting of less than 10 percent of fines, was well suited for treatment by soil washing. The soil washer was evaluated in two tests on soil samples containing 130 ppm and 680 ppm of PCP, respectively. The BSW successfully separated the feed soil (dry weight basis) into 83 percent of washed soil, 10 percent of woody residues, and 7 percent of fines. The washed soil retained about 10 percent of the feed soil contamination while 90 percent of the feed soil contamination was contained within the woody residues, fines, and process water. The soil washer achieved up to 89 percent removal of PCP and 88 percent of total PAHs, based on the difference between their levels in the as-is (wet) feed soil and the washed soil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Characteristics of soil after pollution with waste waters from olive oil extraction plants

Higher levels of soil salinity due to potassium and sodium replacement of soil cations were detected in an alkaline soil after pollution with waste waters from olive oil extraction plants. The pH was practically unchanged and soil C/N ratio was increased. A reversible decrease in the count of sporulated bacteria was noted.     

Release of trace metals, sulfate and complexed cyanide from soils contaminated with gas-purifier wastes: a microcosm study

Deposited gas-purifier wastes are commonly contaminated with trace metals, sulfate and cyanide (CN) compounds. We investigated their release from three soils contaminated with gas-purifier wastes into solution in microcosm experiments under varying redox conditions (E(H) 170-620 mV). The soils differed in pH (2.2; 4.9; 7.4) and featured low amounts of trace metals, but large amounts of total S and total CN. The pH governed trace metal release in the case of the acidic soil and CN release in the case of the slightly alkaline soil. The redox potential controlled trace metal and CN release in the case of the moderately acidic soil. Sources of dissolved SO(4)(2-) were dissolution of gypsum, desorption from Fe oxides and probably oxidation of elemental S. The geochemical behaviors of trace metals (soluble under acidic and reducing conditions) and CN (soluble under alkaline and oxidizing conditions) were diametrically opposed.