三种反硝化滤池深度脱氮中试

以污水厂实际二级出水为处理目标,通过中试试验研究了陶粒滤料反硝化生物滤池、固定床反硝化砂滤池和连续过滤连续反冲砂滤池的特性。以甲醇作为外加碳源,3种滤池均可实现出水平均总氮小于5 mg/L。不足量投加外碳源会出现出水亚硝态氮的积累。当进水TN为15 mg/L左右时,为达到出水TN小于5 mg/L,生物滤池、固定床砂滤池和连续过滤砂滤池建议滤速分别为不大于8,5.2,6.2 m/h;滤池反硝化碳源投加比例分别为4.28,3.0,3.2 g甲醇/gTN;对应的反硝化容积负荷平均值分别为1.1,0.8,1.2 kg/(m3·d)。进水组分分析发现,有机氮不是出水总氮小于5 mg/L的限制因素。     

一体化多级生物膜反应器处理高氮小城镇污水脱氮试验研究

采用新型一体化多级生物膜反应器处理高氮小城镇污水,在反应器中实现了高效的同步硝化反硝化脱氮,同时采用多点进水方式解决了脱氮低碳源问题.试验结果表明,在温度20℃,有机负荷(COD)为0.85 kg·m-3·d-1、氮负荷为0.27 kg·m-3·d-1、HRT为9h、分点进水条件下,可使进水COD为320 mg.L-1,TN为97 mg.L-1,NH;.N为84mg·L-1左右的高氮城镇污水,出水COD、TN、NH4 -N分别为16 mg·L-1、19.1mg·L-1、6.86 mg·L-1,达到国家一级排放B标准.     

SBBR同步硝化反硝化处理生活污水的影响因素

序批式生物膜反应器SBBR采用塑料鲍尔环填料,在有氧情况下用于处理实际生活污水.该反应器能很好地创造缺氧微环境,载体生物膜具有吸附储碳能力,出现了良好的同步硝化和反硝化现象.反应器中溶解氧浓度在较大的范围内(0.8～4.0 mg·L-1)能有效地实现同步硝化和反硝化.当溶解氧浓度大于4.0 mg·L-1后,TN容积去除率大幅下降,出水TN大幅上升.增加载体生物膜厚度有利于同步硝化和反硝化.进水浓度基本不影响脱氮的效率,但出水TN随进水浓度增加而升高,建议原水浓度高时可增加后续脱氮处理或减少进水量来满足出水要求.优化运行方法和参数后,SBBR连续运行的TN去除率可稳定在74%～82%.     

生物可降解聚合物在微污染水体中固相反硝化脱氮效果研究

为解决微污染水体因低碳氮比而导致脱氮效率差的问题,本文选择聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)、聚ε-己内酯(PCL)和聚乳酸(PLA)3种生物可降解聚合物,对比其作为填充床反应器的膜载体与反硝化固相碳源的反硝化效果。结果表明:在进水TN质量浓度维持在1 4.31~1 9.21 mg/L,HRT为1.0 h时,PBS填充床的TN平均去除率为94.95%,优于PC L.的84.46%,PLA未能维持良好去除率;PBS与PCL.填充床的平均反硝化速率(以NO_3-N计)分别为1 2.1 4、1 0.11 mg/(L·h),二者出水溶解性有机碳(DOC)先上升后降低至1.3 mg/L,表明二者可被微生物降解,是良好的反硝化固相碳源;PBS与PCL.填充床出水NO_2-N浓度0.1 0 mg/L,NH_3-N浓度0.45 mg/L,出水效果良好,不会造成二次污染;3种固体碳源反应前后质量下降不明显,表明其化学结构未发生显著变化;电子扫描显微镜(SEM)扫描显示PBS和PCL反应表面空隙率较高,反应后被腐蚀痕迹明显,表明二者适合作为生物膜载体供微生物附着生长,PLA表面变化不明显。     

腐朽木为填料的反硝化滤池特性研究

针对城市污水处理厂二级出水低碳氮比的水质特点,该文通过腐朽木的释碳静态实验和反硝化滤池动态实验,研究了腐朽木的碳源释放规律,对腐朽木释碳组份进行了GC/MS分析,同时以人工模拟配制低碳氮比废水作为反硝化滤池实验的进水,从TN、NO_3~--N的去除效果和COD、NO_2~--N、NH_3-N的变化规律,分析和研究腐朽木作为填料在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下反硝化滤池的脱氮性能和运行效果。结果表明,腐朽木可有效地释放碳源物质,腐朽木释碳组份主要为(Z)-9-Octadecenamide,其分子式为C18H35NO;反硝化滤池在初始阶段HRT为12 h时,脱氮效果最佳,TN、NO3--N去除率最高分别可达到94.41%、97.13%,此时腐朽木作为外加缓释碳源填料显著提高了滤池脱氮效果。     

薯渣缓释碳源强化反硝化滤池生物脱氮效果

为解决城市污水深度处理碳源不足导致脱氮效果不佳的问题,该文制备了具有缓慢释碳功能的薯渣固体缓释碳源SCPR。释碳试验与强化反硝化生物滤池(DNBF)脱氮试验表明,SCPR最大有机物释放量为129.87 mg/(L·g),碳源释放过程满足二级动力学,在水力负荷为0.1 m³/(m²·h)、SCPR与陶粒配比为1∶6、进水NO₃^--N平均浓度为50.09 mg/L时,DNBF中NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N与TN去除率分别为75.53%、86.21%与74.98%,出水 COD平均浓度为 25.24 mg/L,SCPR作用下DNBF反硝化反应级数介于零级与一级之间。SCPR具有良好的释碳与强化DNBF脱氮效果的能力,可作为污水深度脱氮处理的碳源。     

生物膜脱氮滤池的微生物群落结构特性

为探究生物膜脱氮滤池脱氮效能差异的微生物因素,设置组1(包括接种污泥、稳定期滤料、反冲洗后滤料微生物变化)和组2(包括反冲洗前滤料、反冲洗后不同时间段滤料微生物变化)两组实验,通过高通量测序,研究不同阶段微生物群落结构、丰度和多样性的分布情况.结果表明:接种污泥与滤料表面微生物群落结构和多样性在门水平下差异不大,但在属水平下差异显著,而相对丰度在两种分类水平下始终差异显著.反冲洗后0～4 h滤料表面微生物的OTU数目、Shannon指数、Chao1指数变化,在滤池30 cm处先升后降,而在60 cm处曲折上升,也即二者的微生物丰度和多样性变化趋势.反冲洗前后Proteobacteria始终占主导地位,相对丰度为79%～90%,Proteobacteria中Betaproteobacteria占主导优势,反冲洗后Betaproteobacteria数量相对减少,后逐渐恢复.总反硝化优势菌属相对丰度在反冲洗1 h后30 cm处由78%左右下降到70%左右,60 cm处由68%左右下降到64%左右,此时出水总氮达到最高值7.7 mg·L~(-1),之后总反硝化优势菌属及出水TN浓度逐渐恢复至正常水平,这种消长变化表明滤池脱氮效果与总反硝化优势菌属相对丰度密切相关,滤池运行状态的改变使得反硝化优势菌属的群落结构差异显著.     

高氮渗滤液短程深度脱氮及反硝化动力学

采用单级UASB-SBR生化系统处理实际高氮晚期渗滤液,重点研究了系统的有机物和氮去除特性,同时考察了SBR短程生物脱氮系统内微生物的反硝化动力学特性.试验结果表明,该生化系统能够高效、深度去除渗滤液内高浓度有机物和氮.UASB反应器的平均COD负荷为6.5 kg/(m3.d),去除速率为5.3 kg/(m3.d).在进水COD平均为6 537 mg.L-1,NH+4-N为2 021mg.L-1的条件下,出水分别为354 mg.L-1和2.8 mg.L-1以下,去除率分别为94.6%和99.8%,尤其是该系统获得了99.2%的TN去除率,出水TN20 mg.L-1,实现了深度脱氮的目的.SBR反应器实现并维持了稳定的短程硝化,通过90%以上的亚硝化率实现高效的氨氮去除,同时SBR系统内微生物的反硝化特性符合Monod动力学方程.     

基于SBR-ABR实现PN-SAD耦合工艺的运行与优化调控

采用序批式活性污泥反应器-厌氧折流板反应器(SBR-ABR)组合工艺,构建"部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反硝化"(PNSAD)反应链实现深度脱氮除碳.设定3种不同的运行工况,工况Ⅰ将SBR出水(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1～1.32)直接接入单隔室ABR厌氧氨氧化系统,发现虽然实现了厌氧氨氧化反应的稳定运行,但联合工艺总氮(TN)去除率低于80%,出水TN约20mg·L~(-1).为在ABR内增加反硝化功能,向ABR反应器第三隔室添加反硝化污泥,于工况Ⅱ将SBR出水接入,发现耦合反应对TN去除率仍偏低若实现深度脱氮需在厌氧氨氧化后段补充碳源.故在工况Ⅲ调控SBR出水(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N=5)与部分原水混合(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N=1.4;C/N=2.5),接入单隔室ABR厌氧氨氧化反硝化系统不仅实现了厌氧氨氧化段基质的良好配比,也为反硝化提供了良好的有机碳源,整个工艺出水COD为50左右,TN在6以下,TN去除率达到95%.在SBR-ABR反应器内构建PN-SAD联合反应为废水深度脱氮除碳提供了理论基础.     

基于短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化的低碳源城市污水深度脱氮特性

短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化是一种新型生物脱氮技术,应用于城市污水深度脱氮有望大幅降低外碳源投加量.本研究接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,考察了短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化的深度脱氮性能与污泥特性.结果表明,接种厌氧氨氧化污泥可迅速启动短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化系统,在进水COD/TN为2.19±0.08时,出水TN浓度为(4.82±1.84)mg·L~(-1),实现了低碳源污水深度脱氮.系统粒径大于0.20 mm的污泥占86.16%,污泥实现了颗粒化,有助于厌氧氨氧化菌在系统内的有效持留.将短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化深度脱氮应用于城市污水处理厂二沉池出水深度脱氮,可降低外碳源投加量,同时可降低污水处理厂硝化池耗氧量.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.