三种植物对UV-B辐射和臭氧污染的电生理响应

研究了仙人掌、芦荟和假明镜对紫外线UV-B辐射和臭氧胁迫的电生理响应。不同植物在不同胁迫下电生理响应不同,反映了植物对UV-B辐射和臭氧胁迫的敏感程度和耐受性存在差异。对UV-B辐射胁迫的耐受性从弱到强依次为假明镜、芦荟和仙人掌。对臭氧胁迫的耐受性从弱到强依次为仙人掌、假明镜和芦荟。植物电生理的测量能在一定程度上反映植物对胁迫的敏感性和耐受性。我们的研究结果表明,可望通过研究植物的电信号响应来筛选监测环境变化的指示生物,还有望用来预测全球污染日益严重的形势下植物群落结构的演替趋势。     

作物对增强UV-B辐射的响应及调控对策

就增强UV-B辐射对作物生长、生物量、产量、品质等方面的影响,对作物响应的种内、种间差异及相应的调控措施进行了论述。     

UV-B辐射增强和蒽对3种赤潮微藻生长的相互作用

通过实验生态学的方法,研究了赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的生长对UV-B辐射增强和蒽处理的响应.结果表明:低剂量的UV-B辐射和低浓度的蒽处理对3种赤潮微藻的生长有刺激作用,而高剂量的UV-B辐射处理和高浓度的蒽处理对3种赤潮微藻的生长均显示出抑制作用.UV-B辐射对赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的96 h半抑制剂量分别为1.63、2.34和2.58 J/m2,蒽处理对赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的96 h半抑制剂量分别为0.078、0.119和0.112 mg/L.在刺激浓度的蒽处理的同时,添加刺激剂量的UV-B辐射条件下,3种赤潮微藻的生长同样表现出了抑制作用.     

UV-B辐射增强对芦苇生长及生理特性的影响

在UV-B辐射增强条件下,以芦苇为材料,研究了不同辐射梯度对芦苇生长及生理特性的影响.结果表明:与自然光照相比,UV-B辐射增强可显著降低芦苇植株高度、比叶面积、生物量,且高强度辐射处理的影响大于低强度辐射,随辐射时间延长,生物量分配有向地下部分转移的趋势;与自然光照相比,UV-B辐射增强可显著增加芦苇叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性(SOD、CAT、GR、APX)、抗氧化物质含量(GSH、As A),且随辐射强度增大,MDA含量、酶活性、抗氧化物质含量增强程度加剧,但随辐射时间延长,高辐射处理下,GR酶活显著低于对照,GSH也表现出相应的趋势;UV-B辐射增强条件下,类胡萝卜素含量显著降低,而类黄酮含量较对照组却显著升高,且高强度辐射处理对芦苇叶片紫外吸收物质的影响大于低强度辐射.     

UV-B辐射增强对大豆叶绿素荧光特性的影响

利用脉冲振幅调制叶绿素荧光仪测定大豆不同生育期叶片的荧光参数和快速光曲线,以研究UV-B辐射增强对大豆叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明, UV-B辐射增强20%条件下,大豆幼苗期、分枝-开花期和结荚期的叶绿素含量分别降低了5.03%、 7.70%和10.38%;分枝-开花期,F_v/F_m值降低了6.13%;幼苗期和分枝-开花期,有效量子产量(Y)在PAR>366 μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)时显著降低,最大潜在相对电子传递速率(P_m)分别降低了28.92%和15.49%;但对三叶期和结荚期的Y和P_m无显著影响.UV-B辐射增强使三叶期和幼苗期半饱和光强(l_k)分别降低了21.18%和23.17%;使分枝-开花期的初始斜率(α)降低了21.05%;并显著降低了幼苗期PAR>366 μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)的非光化学淬灭(NPQ)和分枝-开花期PAR>366 μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)的光化淬灭(qP).本研究意味着UV-B辐射增强抑制了PSⅡ的电子传递活性,损伤了捕光系统和耗散保护机制,破坏了大豆光合系统,使其光合效率下降.     

2种潮间带大型海藻种间竞争作用对UV-B辐射增强的响应

选择2种代表性的潮间带大型海藻孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)和蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia filicina),采用单独培养和共同培养的方法,以生物量为主要测定指标,研究了二者种间竞争关系及这种关系在UV-B辐射增强时的响应趋势.结果表明,孔石莼和蜈蚣藻二者的种间竞争同时包含营养竞争和相生相克2种机制,试验中营养充足及营养限制的共养处理下孔石莼特定生长率是蜈蚣藻相应值的2.54和2.47倍,蜈蚣藻在竞争关系中处于劣势;UV-B辐射对单独培养的孔石莼和蜈蚣藻的生长均有抑制作用,且随着UV-B胁迫时间延长及辐射剂量的增加,抑制作用愈加显著;共同培养条件下,低剂量[1.6kJ·(m2·d)-1]、中剂量[4.8kJ·(m2·d)-1]的UV-B辐射时孔石莼虽占据竞争优势,但其种群竞争能力有弱化趋势,孔石莼和蜈蚣藻的生物量比共养对照分别下降6.81%、3.88%和10.47%、6.98%,二者的种间竞争趋向均衡;12d时高剂量[9.6 kJ·(m2·d)-1]UV-B辐射使孔石莼的生物量下降13.09%,而蜈蚣藻生物量降低更多达14.72%,从而导致孔石莼在高剂量辐射处理中的优势地位更趋于明显,因此UV.B辐射增强可改变共培养体系中孔石莼和蜈蚣藻种间竞争的关系,且对应于不同uV-B辐射剂量其表现不同;长期UV-B辐射可能会影响孔石莼和蜈蚣藻产生克生物质的代谢过程.     

UV-B辐射增强与秸秆施用对大豆田土壤呼吸的影响

利用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统测定土壤呼吸,研究了UV-B辐射增强和秸秆施用对大豆田土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,UV-B辐射增强20%使土壤呼吸速率降低了30.31%,秸秆施用使土壤呼吸速率提高了14.51%,UV-B辐射增强+秸秆施用复合处理对土壤呼吸速率没有显著影响.UV-B增强提高了施用秸秆的碳转化率.对照、UV-B增强、秸秆施用和UV-B增强+秸秆施用4种处理的土壤呼吸与土壤温度都存在极其显著的指数关系(p0.01),拟合方程的决定系数R2分别为0.434、0.563、0.451和0.513.土壤呼吸温度敏感系数Q10值分别为1.55、1.91、1.80和1.71.可见,UV-B辐射增强、秸秆施用和UV-B辐射增强+秸秆施用提高了大豆田土壤呼吸的Q10.     

田间增强UV-B辐射对麦田生态系统Fe营养和累积的影响

研究大田栽培和自然光条件下,模拟ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射（ＵＶ－Ｂ,２８０ｎｍ ～３１５ｎｍ ）增强对麦田生态系统Ｆｅ营养和累积的影响．在４ 个生育期中,ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射显著增加叶和穗Ｆｅ含量,显著降低根Ｆｅ 含量,并改变茎Ｆｅ 含量．叶Ｆｅ累积对ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射的响应有明显的生育期之间的差异． 分蘖期无显著变化,拔节期和扬花期显著增加,而成熟期显著降低．在各生育期,ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射显著降低叶、根和穗Ｆｅ累积．ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射显著降低春小麦不同生育期Ｆｅ总累积,在５．３１ｋＪ·ｍ^-2 ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射下,降低最显著．ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射还降低春小麦群体Ｆｅ输出．麦田土壤速效Ｆｅ含量增加是春小麦群体Ｆｅ输出降低的结果,可能导致土壤库中Ｆｅ 储量的增加．     

UV-B辐射增强与1,2,4-三氯苯污染复合胁迫对青菜生长的影响

采用盆栽实验,分析了单一UV-B辐射增强或1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)污染土壤与两种胁迫复合作用对青菜生长发育、气孔阻力及叶片结构的影响.结果表明,单一1,2,4-TCB污染对青菜生长发育的抑制作用大于两种胁迫复合作用.UV-B辐射增强和1,2,4-TCB污染均显著增加青菜叶片正面和反面气孔阻力.UV-B辐射增强使青菜叶片产生白化现象.1,2,4-TCB污染使叶片颜色变淡,并使青菜叶片表面出现黑斑症状,且UV-B辐射增强使黑斑症状加剧.总之,单一增强UV-B辐射或1,2,4-TCB污染及其复合作用对青菜各生长发育指标的影响结果不同.     

UV-B辐射增强对亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻种群竞争的影响

通过共培养的方法,研究了亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻种群竞争关系对UV-B辐射增强的响应变化．结果表明,不同的接种密度对亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻种群竞争有明显的影响．当亚历山大藻(A)和赤潮异弯藻(H)的接种比例为A：H=1：4时,赤潮异弯藻在与亚历山大藻的竞争中占优势;当接种比例为A：H=1：1和A：H=4：1时,亚历山大藻在竞争中占优势．UV—B辐射增强可改变亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻种群竞争的关系,使赤潮异弯藻的种群竞争能力降低,使亚历山大藻的种群竞争能力大大提高,从而导致亚历山大藻在处理Ⅱ(A：H=1：1)和处理Ⅲ(A：H=4：1)中的优势地位更加明显．     

Effects of cerium on growth and physiological mechanism in plants under enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation

Effect of cerium （Ce^3＋） on the growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme system in rape seedlings （Brassica juncea L.） exposed to two levels of UV-B radiation （T1： 0.15 W/m^2 and T2：0.35 W/m^2） was studied by hydroponics under laboratory conditions. After 5 d of UV-B treatment, the aboveground growth indices were obviously decreased by 13.2%-44. 1%（T1） and 21.4%-49.3% （T2）, compared to CK, and except active absorption area of roots, the belowground indices by 14.1%-35.6%（T1） and 20.3%-42.6% （T2）. For Ce＋UV-B treatments, the aboveground and belowground growth indices were decreased respectively by 4.1%-23.6%, 5.2% -23.3%（Ce＋T1） and 10.8%-28.4%, 7.0%-27.8%（Ce＋T2）, lower than those of UV-B treatments. The decrease of growth indices appeared to be the result of changes of physiological processes. Two levels of UV-B radiation induced the decrease in chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency by 11.2%-25.9%（T1） and 20.9%- 56.9%（T2）, whereas increase in membrane permeability and activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase （CAT） and peroxidase （POD） by 6.9%, 22.8%, 21.5%, 9.5%（T1） and 36.6%, 122.3%, 103.5%, 208.9%（T2）, respectively. The reduction of the photosynthetic parameters in Ce＋UV-B treatments was lessened to 3.2%-13.8%（Ce＋T1） and 4.9%-27.6%（Ce＋T2）, and the increase of membrane permeability and activities of antioxidant enzymes except POD in the same treatments were lessened to 2.4%, 8.4%, 6.6%（Ce＋T1） and 30.1%, 116.7%, 75.4%（Ce＋T2）. These results indicate that the regulative effect of Ce on photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymatic function is the ecophysiological basis of alleviating the suppression of UV-B radiation on growth of seedlings. Furthermore, the protective effect of Ce on seedlings exposed to TI level of UV-B radiation is superior to T2 level.     

UV-B辐射对青冈凋落叶化学组成和分解的影响

采用模拟UV-B辐射增强方法研究了UV-B辐射对我国亚热带常绿阔叶林顶极种青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)叶片化学组成及其凋落后分解和养分释放的影响.结果显示,增强的UV-B辐射使青冈凋落叶中的N、K和P含量分别显著增加了154.9%、29.8%和9.7%(P<0.05),使凋落叶中的C∶N、木质素∶N和C∶P比分别显著降低了60.5%、61.7%和8.5%(P<0.05),对C和木质素含量的影响不显著.在随后1 a的分解过程中,生长期间接受增强UV-B辐射的凋落叶分解得更快,但与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05).生长期间接受增强的UV-B辐射促进了P元素的释放,减缓了N元素的富集,对K元素释放无影响.本研究结果有助于全面认识UV-B辐射增强背景下我国亚热带森林生态系统的生物地球化学循环特征.     

Responses of antioxidant enzyme and photosynthesis in rape seedling to the combined stresses from simulated acid rain and elevated ultraviolet-B radiation

Effects of the simulated acid rain（AR） and ultraviolet-B（UV-B, 280-320 nm） radiation with a single or two ways simultaneously （AR ＋ UV-B） on the antioxidant enzyme and photosynthesis of the rape seedlings were investigated by the hydroponic culture. The results of static experiment indicated that the tolerance of rape seedling to single stress（AR or UV-B） is stronger than that to dual stresses（AR ＋ UV-B）. Furthermore, the dual stresses had additive effect on catalase activity, and a synergistic effect on MDA content, net photosynthesis rate, water use efficiency as well as intercellular CO2 concentration. Meanwhile, it has an independent effect on chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate as well as membrane permeability. During 64 h restoration course, the dynamic change in the curves of physiological and biochemical indices were not identical, and none of them show a simple linear variation. According to the static and dynamic experiments, it was found that a responsive sequence of catalase activity, membrane permeability, MDA content and photosynthetic characteristics to the above-mentioned stresses was as follows： AR ＋ UV-B 〉 UV-B 〉 AR.     

Effects of insoluble Zn, Cd, and EDTA on the growth, activities of antioxidant enzymes and uptake of Zn and Cd in Vetiveria zizanioides

A root-bag experiment was conducted to study the effects of insoluble Zn, Cd and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the plant growth, activities of antioxidant enzymes, proline, glutathione (GSH), water-soluble proteins and malondialdehyde (MDA) of Vetiveria zizanioides, and its uptake capacity of Zn and Cd.The results showed that plant growth of V.zizanioides was inhibited by Zn and Cd.The shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) decrease by 0.3%, 8.0%, 9.4% and 10.4%, 15.1%, 24.2% compared to the control without EDTA addition, respectively.After adding EDTA, shoot and root dry weight decreased over 10% and 15% compared to results in the absence of EDTA, respectively.The toxicity from insoluble Zn and Cd in soil on SDW and RDW of V.zizanioides was in order: Zn+Cd > Cd > Zn.The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and contents of MDA and proline significantly increased, while the contents of GSH and water-soluble proteins markedly decreased with increasing Zn and Cd toxicity.With EDTA, shoot and root Zn concentrations increased in the Zn treatment by 7.3% and 37.4% compared to the plants grown in absence of EDTA.Shoot and root Cd concentrations in the combined Zn and Cd treatment with EDTA increased by 18.6% and 391.9% compared to the treatment without EDTA.However, Zn and Cd concentrations in shoot and roots decreased in the Cd treatment compared to the plants grown in absence of EDTA, with exception of root Cd concentration in the presence of EDTA).     

闽江口鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地沉积物甲烷产生与氧化潜力对外源物质输入的响应

研究河口湿地沉积物甲烷(CH4)产生和氧化对外源物质输入的响应,对环境保护及温室气体减排具有重要意义.本研究基于室内培养-气相色谱法,探讨了闽江河口半咸水芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽湿地沉积物CH4产生与氧化对不同外源物质(底物、电子受体和营养物质)输入的响应.结果表明:CH3OH(500 mg·kg-1)、C3H9N(500 mg·kg-1)和Fe2+(0~500 mg·kg-1)对CH4产生潜力起促进作用(p0.05);NO-3(0~500 mg·kg-1)、NO-2(0~500 mg·kg-1)、Fe3+(50 mg·kg-1)和NH+4(50~500 mg·kg-1)表现为抑制CH4产生潜力(p0.05);而0~50 mg·kg-1的CH3OH和C3H9N、0~500 mg·kg-1的CH3COOH、SO2-4、Mn4+、PO3-4和低剂量的NH+4(0~5 mg·kg-1)对CH4产生的影响不显著(p0.05).实验剂量内(0~500 mg·kg-1),Fe3+和Mn4+的添加可促进CH4氧化(p0.05);CH3COOH、CH3OH、C3H9N、NO-3、NO-2、SO2-4、NH+4和低剂量的PO3-4(0~50 mg·kg-1)对沉积物CH4氧化潜力均有显著的抑制作用(p0.05);而Fe2+对CH4氧化没有显著影响(p0.05).综合分析表明,CH3COOH、CH3OH、C3H9N、NO-3、NO-2、SO2-4、PO3-4、NH+4和Fe2+的输入对沉积物CH4产生和氧化的综合作用为增加CH4排放通量,而Fe3+和Mn4+输入的综合作用则与之相反.     

Interactive response of photosynthetic characteristics in Haloxylon ammodendron and Hedysarum scoparium exposed to soil water and air vapor pressure deficits

C₄ plants possess better drought tolerance than C₃ plants. However, Hedysarum scoparium, a C₃ species, is dominant and widely distributed in the desert areas of northwestern China due to its strong drought tolerance. This study compared it with Haloxylon ammodendron, a C₄ species, regarding the interactive effects of drought stress and different leaf–air vapor pressure deficits. Variables of interest included gas exchange, the activity levels of key C₄ photosynthetic enzymes, and cellular anatomy. In both species, gas exchange parameters were more sensitive to high vapor pressure deficit than to strong water stress, and the net CO₂ assimilation rate (A_n) was enhanced as vapor pressure deficits increased. A close relationship between A_n and stomatal conductance (g_s) suggested that the species shared a similar response mechanism. In H. ammodendron, the activity levels of key C₄ enzymes were higher, including those of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malate enzyme (NADP-ME), whereas in H. scoparium, the activity level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-malate enzyme (NAD-ME) was higher. Meanwhile, H. scoparium utilized adaptive structural features, including a larger relative vessel area and a shorter distance from vein to stomata, which facilitated the movement of water. These findings implied that some C₄ biochemical pathways were present in H. scoparium to respond to environmental challenges.