环丙沙星高、低积累菜心(Brassica campestris L.)抗氧化性能的差异

以环丙沙星抗生素(Ciprofloxacin,CIP)高、低积累菜心(油青四九菜心、油绿粗苔菜心)为研究对象,通过水培实验,研究了CIP胁迫下(0~5.0 mg·L~(-1)),二者抗氧化性能(蛋白质含量、超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量)的差异.结果表明,不同浓度CIP条件下,高积累菜心根部CIP富集系数(14.6~24.0)大于低积累菜心(11.3~13.5),但二者转运系数相当(0.006~0.014).同时,高积累菜心根部及地上部的可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD酶活性以及POD酶活性总体大于低积累菜心,而其膜脂过氧化损伤(MDA含量0.29~3.61nmol·mg~(-1))低于后者(MDA含量0.87~6.23 nmol·mg~(-1)),因此其对CIP耐受能力较强,利于吸收积累CIP.     

不同Zn水平下辣椒体内Cd的积累、化学形态及生理特性

采用盆栽试验研究了重金属Cd(20mg·kg-1)污染下,叶面喷施不同浓度Zn(0、100、200、400、600μmol·L-1)对辣椒生长、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性以及辣椒体内Cd形态和积累量的影响.结果表明,在Zn≤400μmol·L-1范围内,辣椒叶、茎、根、果实干重及叶片叶绿素a、b含量随Zn浓度不断增加而增加;高量Zn(600μmol·L-1)抑制了辣椒的生长、降低了叶片叶绿素含量.在Zn≤400μmol·L-1范围内,辣椒叶SOD和CAT活性随Zn浓度增加而降低,辣椒叶的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在400μmol·L-1Zn时达到最低,当Zn400μmol·L-1时,SOD和CAT活性呈上升趋势.叶面喷施Zn使辣椒茎、根及果实中Cd含量分别降低了2.7%～5.4%、7.5%～28.1%和7.6%～21.8%.与对照相比较,叶面喷施Zn的辣椒果实Cd总提取量、氯化钠提取态Cd、去离子水提取态Cd以及乙醇提取态Cd含量分别降低了7.7%～21.8%、4.11%～23.6%、54.5%～66.8%和4.8%～86.7%,但醋酸提取态和残渣态增加了28.0%～68.0%和12.6%～25.0%.     

抗生素环丙沙星(CIP)在两种红树林湿地中的残留及迁移特征

沿海地区水产养殖废水直排导致滨海红树林内抗生素富集.本研究在广东省湛江市高桥红树林自然保护区展开,采用高效液相色谱法对两种优势红树植物群落—红海榄(Rhizophorastylosa)、白骨壤(Avicennia marina)根际沉积物及植物根、枝、叶中环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin,CIP)的残留进行定量分析,同时分析红树植物根系含脂率(Lipid ratio,LR)与根系中CIP累积的相关性.结果表明,红海榄、白骨壤根际沉积物中CIP残留无显著差异(p0.05),含量分别为(69.0±5.9)、(63.0±6.2)μg·kg~(-1),高于国内外其它湿地沉积物中CIP残留水平;植物体内CIP累积表现为白骨壤((1306.3±234.8)μg·kg~(-1))红海榄((366.6±52.0)μg·kg~(-1))(p0.05),且均呈现地上部(枝、叶)根部的特征,转移因子(Transfer Factors,TF)分别为3.5±1.7、1.4±0.5.两种红树植物对环境中CIP均具有净化潜力,其中,以白骨壤净化能力更强.研究同时发现,含脂率不是影响根系吸收累积CIP的关键因子.本研究对抗生素在红树林湿地内的迁移和吸附特征研究具有借鉴意义.     

珠海近岸海域叶绿素a时空分布特征及其环境调控因素浅析

基于2017年11月(秋季)和2018年3月(春季)两个航次在珠海近岸海域开展的水环境调查,分析了水质理化参数、叶绿素a的浓度以及叶绿素a的空间分布及其环境调控因素.结果 显示:①春季海水中叶绿素a含量高于秋季,其中秋季表层海水中叶绿素a的浓度为0.47～20.64μg·L-1,平均值为3.23 μg· L-1;底层浓...     

Cd对小白菜生长及氮素代谢的影响研究

采用水培的方法,研究了不同Cd2 水平(0、1、2.5、5、10 mg·L-1)对小白菜叶片中铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸、叶绿素、部分营养元素含量以及蛋白水解酶、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺转化酶与合成酶活性的影响.结果表明,低浓度的Cd处理(1 mg·L-1)刺激了小白菜的生长,提高了小白菜的生物量、叶绿素含量以及硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶与转化酶活性.Cd处理降低了小白菜对Cu、Ca、Fe、Mg的吸收,但促进了P的吸收.10 mg·L-1的Cd处理显著降低了可溶性蛋白质含量、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和转化酶活性(p＜0.05),提高了蛋白水解酶活性,不利于叶片中铵态氮与硝态氮的同化,造成叶片中铵态氮和硝态氮的累积.小白菜叶片中游离脯氨酸含量与铵态氮含量成极显著正相关(p＜0.01),说明小白菜叶片中游离脯氨酸的累积在一定程度上缓解了铵的毒害.     

香根草对镉毒害的生理耐性和积累特性

研究了不同Cd水平(0、1、7.5、15、30mg·L-1)对香根草生理生化指标的影响.实验结果表明,香根草对Cd的积累能力与处理浓度密切相关,体内积累的Cd含量随着Cd处理浓度的增加逐渐增加.当Cd处理浓度为30mg·L-1时,根系积累的Cd含量最高达到2232mg·kg-1(以干重计).低浓度Cd(1mg·L-1和7.5mg·L-1)可促进叶绿素含量和根系活力,但随着Cd处理浓度的增加,叶绿素含量和根系活力逐渐下降.不同浓度的Cd胁迫增加了植物体内丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性.可溶性蛋白质含量随着Cd处理浓度的增加逐渐下降.香根草对Cd的积累能力很高且主要分布在根部,但将Cd运输到地上部的能力较差.香根草虽不是Cd超积累植物,但具有比较强的稳定化能力,在污染土壤的修复方面有一定应用潜力.     

微囊藻毒素对水稻幼苗生长与叶绿素荧光的影响

为明确被微囊藻毒素(MCs)污染的灌溉水对农业生产的潜在危害,采用水培法研究了不同浓度(1、100、1000、3000μg·L-1)MCs处理对胁迫期和恢复期内水稻叶片MCs积累量、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明,胁迫处理7 d后,MCs在叶片中的积累量随MCs处理浓度的增大而升高.与CK相比,1μg·L-1MCs处理组水稻叶片的各生长指标和叶绿素含量上升,F0下降,Fv/Fm、ETR、q P和q N均未发生显著变化;高浓度(≥100μg·L-1)处理下,水稻叶片的生长受抑制,叶绿素含量下降,F0上升,Fv/Fm、ETR、q P和q N显著下降.恢复7 d后各处理组水稻叶片MCs的积累量均低于胁迫期,100μg·L-1MCs处理组的F0、q N均接近CK,Fv/Fm、ETR和q P虽低于CK却高于胁迫期,表明MCs对光合系统的伤害有一定程度的恢复.1000和3000μg·L-1MCs处理组的F0依然高于CK,且Fv/Fm、ETR、q P和q N不仅低于CK也低于胁迫期,表明高浓度MCs(≥1000μg·L-1)降低了水稻叶片PSⅡ原初光能转换效率和PSⅡ潜在活性,对叶片光合功能造成不可逆的伤害.     

微囊藻毒素对水稻根系生长和抗氧化系统的影响

以水稻幼苗为材料,研究了不同质量浓度(1、100、1 000、3 000μg·L-1)微囊藻毒素(MCs)在胁迫期和恢复期对水稻幼苗根系生长、吸收活力、抗氧化系统的影响以及MCs在水稻根部的积累.结果表明,胁迫处理7 d,MCs在水稻根部的积累量与MCs质量浓度呈正相关.1μg·L-1MCs处理促进了根系生长,根系活力上升,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升有效维持H2O2于正常水平;100μg·L-1MCs处理下,根系生长受抑,根系活力下降,CAT无显著变化;在高质量浓度(1 000μg·L-1、3 000μg·L-1)MCs处理下,不仅根系生长受抑、根系活力下降,且CAT活性受抑,H2O2大量积累,膜质过氧化加剧.相比胁迫期,恢复7 d后各处理组水稻根系MCs的积累量均低于胁迫期.100μg·L-1MCs处理组根系各生长指标、根系活力、丙二醛(MDA)、H2O2和CAT的变幅减小,优于胁迫期,显示出一定程度的恢复,而1 000μg·L-1和3 000μg·L-1MCs处理组,根系生长与根系活力均低于胁迫期,氧化胁迫进一步加剧,表明高质量浓度(1 000μg·L-1和3 000μg·L-1)MCs对水稻根系造成的伤害不可逆.     

细胞分裂素类物质对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性及脯氨酸含量的影响

采用水培试验,研究了镉胁迫下喷施细胞分裂素类物质6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)和激动素(KT)对玉米幼苗生长、叶片叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、植株镉含量和活性氧清除酶活性的影响.结果表明,与单纯镉胁迫相比,喷施6-BA和KT提高了玉米幼苗的生物量、根和地上部镉含量、叶绿素和脯氨酸含量,降低了叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量,促进了叶片过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的升高,但对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响不明显.说明细胞分裂素类物质6-BA和KT可缓解镉胁迫对玉米幼苗的伤害,其机制可能与细胞分裂素物质能维持叶绿素稳定、刺激细胞内H2O2清除酶类活性及促进脯氨酸积累有关.当6-BA浓度在0～20mg·L-1之间时,其对玉米幼苗镉胁迫的缓解效应随喷施浓度的提高而增强,而KT的最适喷施浓度为70mg·L-1.     

高浓度氨氮胁迫对纤细裸藻的毒性效应

采用室内培养方法,通过检测纤细裸藻生长、光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性及DNA损伤(彗星实验)研究了高浓度氨氮胁迫对纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)的毒性效应,以期为氨氮的水生态风险评价以及藻类污水净化提供科学依据.结果表明,氨氮在所设定的浓度范围内抑制藻类的生长,浓度越高,抑制越明显,2 000 mg·L-1时相比对照抑制率达55.7%;叶绿素含量随氨氮浓度增加先升高后下降,蛋白质含量与叶绿素变化趋势基本吻合;抗氧化酶系统中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性随氨氮浓度增加而上升,2 000 mg·L-1时比对照分别增加了30.7%和49.4%,提示氨氮胁迫可诱导抗氧化酶活性增加;彗星实验中,纤细裸藻细胞DNA损伤程度随氨氮浓度增加而加重,表明高浓度氨氮具有潜在的致突变性.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.