稻草生物炭对土壤中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性

为了探究稻草生物炭对土壤中重金属Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附机制,采用水稻秸秆在500℃下热解制备稻草生物炭,设置不同吸附时间、Na+和Ca2+离子强度、pH等影响因素,拟合稻草生物炭对重金属的吸附动力学、吸附等温线;在此基础上,采用黄沙模拟土柱试验得出稻草生物炭固定Cd2+和Pb2+的穿透曲线,着重分析比较pH和Na+离子强度对稻草生物炭吸附固定重金属的影响.结果表明:在高pH、低离子强度下,稻草生物炭对重金属的吸附效果较好;当pH为6时,稻草生物炭对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附效率分别为92.58%、63.36%;当离子强度为10 mmol/L时,稻草生物炭对Pb2+、Cd2+的最高吸附效率分别为97.58%、68.35%;准二级动力学模型能很好地拟合稻草生物炭对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附规律,拟合系数（R2）均大于0.995 8,表明稻草生物炭吸附速率主要由化学吸附机制决定;此外,稻草生物炭对Pb2+的吸附规律适合采用Langmuir等温吸附模型进行描述,而对Cd2+的吸附规律采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型均能进行很好的模拟,表明稻草生物炭对Pb2+的吸附是近似单分子层吸附,而对Cd2+的吸附存在多分子层吸附.由黄沙土柱模拟试验结果得出,稻草生物炭对Pb2+和Cd2+的滞留率随着pH的升高和离子强度的降低而增强.在Pb2+和Cd2+同时存在条件下,当pH为6、离子强度为1 mmol/L、稻草生物炭按黄沙质量的0.5%投加时,稻草生物炭对土柱中Pb2+、Cd2+的滞留效果最好.研究显示,高pH对稻草生物炭吸附固定重金属起到促进作用,而高离子强度对稻草生物炭吸附固定重金属起到抑制作用.      

磁性竹基炭对Pb2+、Cd2+与Cu2+的吸附机理研究

采用微波辐照技术,以枯竹子为碳源制备了磁性竹基炭(BBMC),并将其用于对重金属离子Pb2+、Cd2+与Cu2+的吸附去除.同时,分析了吸附时间、pH值、离子强度及初始金属离子浓度等条件对吸附的影响,讨论了BBMC对3种金属离子的吸附特性与吸附机理.结果表明,金属离子在BBMC上的吸附符合Langmuir等温模式和准二级动力学吸附方程;吸附的机理可归结为金属阳离子与BBMC上的H+之间的离子交换作用,且吸附能力可能与金属离子半径有关,呈现出Pb2+Cd2+Cu2+的趋势,重金属离子Pb2+、Cd2+与Cu2+的最大平衡吸附量分别为16.2、14.0和9.5 mg·g-1.     

毛木耳对Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)生物吸附的动力学和吸附平衡研究

以毛木耳(Auriculariapol ytricha)子实体为生物吸附材料,研究起始pH值、反应时间、重金属浓度这3个因素对毛木耳子实体吸附Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的影响及其吸附特性.结果表明,pH是影响毛木耳子实体吸附重金属离子的主要因素,最适起始pH值为5;在10mg·L-1重金属浓度下,毛木耳子实体对Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的最大吸附率分别为94.12%、96.22%、99.94%、99.19%;准二阶动力学模型比准一阶动力学模型能更好地描述毛木耳子实体对4种重金属的吸附过程;Langmuir等温模型能较好地拟合毛木耳子实体对4种重金属的等温吸附过程;毛木耳子实体对Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的最大吸附量分别为10.09、8.36、23.57和3.64mg.g-1;毛木耳子实体吸附Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+的化学反应机理可能为离子交换反应.     

静电纺壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇纳米纤维膜对Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)及Cd~(2+)的吸附特性

采用SEM、FTIR、XRD、BET等技术对静电纺丝制得的吸附材料壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇(CS/PVA)纳米纤维膜进行表征,并通过对模拟重金属离子废水的吸附实验,系统考察了溶液pH、重金属离子(Cu2+、Ni2+及Cd2+)初始浓度和反应温度对吸附的影响.结果表明,在外加电压25kV、接触距离15.0 cm、纺丝速度0.15 m L·h-1的条件下,可制得CS/PVA质量比为20/80的连续无缺陷的平均直径76.31 nm、比表面积219.4m2·g-1的纤维膜.CS/PVA纳米纤维膜对重金属离子的吸附在2 h内达到平衡,其吸附容量随着温度的升高而升高,随着初始浓度的增大而增大,随着pH值的升高而提高,在pH=5.5时达到最大.在25℃和pH=5.5的条件下,用CS/PVA纳米纤维膜吸附浓度100 mg·L-1的Cu2+、Ni2+和Cd2+溶液,吸附容量分别为98.65、116.89和124.23 mg·g-1,且对重金属吸附无选择性.吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型,吸附动力学同时匹配准一级动力学模型和准二级动力学模型.热力学参数(ΔG、ΔH和ΔS)计算结果表明,CS/PVA纳米纤维膜对重金属离子的吸附是自发的吸热反应.     

胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附特征

采用批平衡试验法,研究了胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的等温吸附特征及pH值、离子强度、温度及共存Cd2+对复合胶体吸附Pb2+的影响.结果表明:在相同离子强度和温度条件下,pH值升高,最大吸附量(Smax)和吸附平衡常数(k)均增大,有利于吸附反应的进行.等温吸附方程以Langmuir方程拟合效果最好.当Pb2+平衡浓度为124.7mg/L时,吸附量增幅最大,达35mg/g.复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附动力学方程以Elovich方程拟合效果最好.pH值增大,平衡吸附速率提高.在相同pH值和离子强度条件下,温度升高,最大吸附量、吸附平衡常数、自由能变△G°的绝对值均增加,表明升高温度有利于吸附反应的进行.在相同温度和pH值条件下,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量随着离子强度的增加而增加.当存在Cd2+时,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量有所降低,但Cd2+对Pb2+竞争吸附影响不大.     

钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对水中Cd~(2+)的吸附去除

研究了钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对废水中Cd2+的吸附性能,并探讨了影响吸附的因素和吸附机理.结果表明,钢渣蒙脱石质量比为1∶1的复合吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附效果优于钢渣及蒙脱石对Cd2+的单一吸附.当温度为25℃,废水pH=6~7时,1.2 g钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对100 mL Cd2+溶液(100 mg·L-1)吸附60 min后,Cd2+的去除率可达到96.99%.钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对镉离子的吸附反应符合二级动力学方程,可决系数为0.9991;符合Langmuir方程,可决系数为0.9725.对Cd2+的理论饱和吸附量为12.45 mg·g-1.溶液中Pb2+、Cu2+的存在会降低复合吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附量,且Cd2+受Cu2+的影响较大.吸附饱和的钢渣-蒙脱石颗粒材料用1 mol·L-1的氯化钠溶液再生效果好.     

二胺基改性有序多孔SBA-15对溶液中Cd2+离子的吸附研究

具有高度有序孔道结构的SBA-15是一种广受关注的新型吸附材料,为增加其对溶液重金属离子的吸附性能,选用水热-后期接枝的合成方法,制备出二胺基改性多孔二氧化硅2N-SBA-15,并用透射电镜、X射线衍射、氮气吸附-解吸和红外光谱等手段对其结构进行了表征.并以其为吸附剂,通过批实验的方法讨论了吸附时间、体系初始pH值、吸附剂用量和温度等因素对水溶液中Cd2+吸附的影响,同时结合Zeta电势和XPS分析对其吸附机制进行了探讨.结果表明,合成的SBA-15具有规则多孔特征,SBA-15对Cd2+的吸附受体系pH控制;未改性的SBA-15对Cd2+的吸附量较小,胺基改性可以显著增强SBA-15对Cd2+的吸附能力.在100 mL 25 mg.L-1的Cd2+溶液中,2N-SBA-15的用量在7.5～20 mg之间均能对Cd2+的吸附能力约达95%左右.2N-SBA-15对溶液中Cd2+的吸附很迅速,并在30 min内达到吸附平衡;随着体系温度从25℃增加到35℃,2N-SBA-15对溶液中Cd2+的吸附率从94.73%增加到98.22%.吸附等温线可用Langmuir模型描述,在298 K时Cd2+的最大吸附量为0.9 mmol.g-1,0.1 mol.L-1HCl溶液对Cd2+的洗脱率接近93%.结合pH、温度、Zeta电势和XPS分析结果,可以推测出2N-SBA-15对Cd2+的吸附机制是包含物理吸附、离子交换和络合反应等的复杂吸附过程.2N-SBA-15是一种对水体Cd2+具有较好吸附能力的吸附材料.     

市政污泥生物碳对重金属的吸附特性

采用市政污泥在300℃缺氧条件下制得污泥生物碳,研究了污泥生物碳添加量、溶液pH及吸附反应时间对溶液中Pb2+、Cu2+、Zn2+吸附效果的影响,并分析了各因素影响机制及污泥生物碳对重金属的吸附机理. 结果表明,污泥生物碳对溶液中重金属的去除率与重金属水合离子半径呈负相关,随着污泥生物碳添加量的增加,溶液中重金属的去除率不断增加,但单位吸附量总体上呈下降趋势. 重金属吸附量随溶液pH的增加而增大,当溶液初始pH为6.00时,污泥生物碳对溶液中Pb2+、Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附量最大,分别达42.941、25.769和12.484mg/g. 伪二级动力学方程可有效描述溶液中重金属离子在生物碳上的吸附过程,重金属在污泥生物碳表面的吸附主要受化学反应控制,Pb2+、Cu2+和Zn2+的平衡吸附量分别为39.747、6.849和10.004mg/g,达到吸附平衡的时间为Pb2+＞Zn2+＞Cu2+.      

层状金属硫属化物对水中锌的离子交换性能研究

通过水热反应制备的层状金属硫属化物K1.9Mn0.95Sn2.02S6(KMS),对水中Zn2+具有良好的吸附性能.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等手段表征了KMS吸附前后的结构、化学组成和微观形貌.Zn2+与K+发生离子交换后,会与硫产生共价键作用而被吸附,材料的层间距由0.851 nm变为1.123 nm.化学吸附导致吸附后的KMS表面会变得粗糙.考察了p H、反应时间、初始浓度、反应温度和共存离子等因素对KMS吸附Zn2+的影响.在p H=3~6之间,溶液的p H对吸附量没有明显影响.在不同温度下,动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型,而且速率控制步骤主要由液膜扩散控制.吸附过程的活化能为40.24 k J·mol-1.在10℃、25℃和40℃下,KMS对Zn2+的最大吸附量分别是:111.67 mg·g-1、142.91 mg·g-1和161.02 mg·g-1.Langmuir等温吸附模型可以用来描述吸附平衡过程.碱金属和碱土金属离子对Zn2+去除率的影响较小,影响顺序是Ca2+Mg2+Na+,而重金属离子对Zn2+的去除影响较大,影响顺序是Cd2+Pb2+Cu2+Ni2+.离子交换后的KMS不会再释放出Zn2+,可以作为一种永久储存重金属的废弃物.     

核桃青皮生物炭对重金属铅、铜的吸附特性研究

采用500℃限氧裂解法将农林废弃物核桃青皮制成核桃青皮生物炭,进行了核桃青皮生物炭对铅、铜的批量吸附实验.同时,利用扫描电镜、FTIR红外等方法探讨了核桃青皮炭吸附Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)的特性,探究了吸附时间、溶液初始浓度、吸附温度、吸附剂投加量、溶液初始pH等因素对核桃青皮生物炭吸附Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)作用的影响,讨论了吸附动力学特性及吸附等温特性.结果表明:温度298.15 K、pH为3~6条件下,核桃青皮生物炭吸附Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)在20 min内即可达到吸附平衡,核桃青皮炭最佳投加量分别为0.8、1.5 g·L~(-1),最大吸附量分别为476.190、153.846 mg·g~(-1);吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir方程,说明其吸附过程主要是近似单分子层的化学吸附.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.