三种土壤消解方法的对比研究

利用标准样品,对比研究了3种不同消解方法测定土壤中重金属元素的差异。将（1）电热板消解（2）密封容器消解和（3）微波消解三种土壤消解预处理方法进行分析比较,分析多种消解方法的优点和缺点,推荐实用、准确、高效、方便快捷的消解预处理方法。并对多种消解样品分别测定铜、锌、铅、镉、铬、镍重金属元素含量,验证推荐消解方法的预处理效率。结果发现（1）电热板消解法和（2）密闭容器消解法的测得值与标准值偏离较大,而（3）微波消解法的测得值最为接近标准值。     

总氮总磷测定前同时预处理的可行性研究

总氮、总磷前期的消解过程非常类似,而实验室通常采用不同的方法分别进行消解处理,在进行大批量样品测定时,消解过程既繁琐又耗时。本文使用相对精密的仪器,把消解温度严格控制在120℃,用3种不同的消解方法对批量样品同时进行消解,并对测定结果的可靠性进行对比研究,结论表明采用过硫酸钾-高温高压消解或过硫酸钾-石墨消解仪消解方法同时对样品进行消解处理,既能满足总氮、总磷测定的实验要求,又能提高实验室的测定效率。     

微波消解—火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的钴、钼

土壤样品的传统消解方法是用电热板硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸体系,消解时间长,试剂用量大,对操作人员身体危害大,并且测定结果也不准确。本文阐述了微波消解——原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的钴、钼。通过硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解体系,选择出微波消解的最佳消解条件,通过对微波消解体系和传统消解体系进行对比试验,微波消解体系具有赶酸时间短,准确度高,对人体危害小,是一种值得推广的土壤消解方法。     

原子吸收法测定土壤中铜和锌的不同消解方法比较

用原子吸收法测定土壤中铜和锌,通过对3种消解方法进行消解对比试验,发现硝酸—氢氟酸—高氯酸体系电热板消解能将土壤消解完全,且准确度和精密度较高,硝酸—氢氟酸—过氧化氢体系电热板消解不能将土壤样品完全消解,准确度较低,而硝酸—氢氟酸—过氧化氢体系微波消解的精密度较低。     

浅谈土壤湿法消解测试重金属含量

土壤的成分以及结构比较复杂,测试土壤中的重金属含量必须对土壤进行消解,常规的消解方法有湿法消解、高压消解、微波消解、干灰化法等。这些方法各有优缺点,国家标准(GB/T17138¹7141-1997)使用的是湿法消解对样品进行前处理,原子吸收分光光度法测试消解液中的金属元素。本文就湿法消解以及测试仪器提出个人看法。     

消解方法对土壤中砷含量测定的影响研究

土壤中总砷的检测方法主要采用原子荧光法测定。样品的消解通常是用微波消解法、水浴消解法和电热板消解法,在这些消解方法中,可以采用不同酸进行消解。所以样品消解过程的不同对土壤中总砷含量的检测结果有至关重要的影响。主要从消解液的种类和加热方式两方面进行研究。结果表明,在准确度方面,加热方式对砷的测定值影响不大,而消解液的选取对结果的影响较大。当消解液是HNO3+HF+HCLO4时,由于样品能完全消解进入溶液中,因此砷的含量测定值较高。     

微波消解——原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的铜锌镍铬锰铅镉

本文阐述了用微波消解——原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的铜锌镍铬锰铅镉。通过硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸体系消解液对土壤样品进行消解,选择出微波消解的最佳消解条件。通过对微波消解体系和传统电热板硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解体系进行对比实验,前者不仅操作简便快捷赶酸时间短,而且准确度高、精密度好,提高了工作效率,是一种值得推广的土壤消解方法。     

土壤中重金属测定前处理方法的对比研究

对土壤样品的前处理分别采用全自动样品消解仪及微波消解仪进行消解.按照国标法测定土壤样品中的铅、镉、铜、锌、镍、锰.根据消解情况及测定土壤中重金属含量对消解方法进行对比分析.结果显示采用全自动样品消解仪消解土壤样品,操作简单、方便,最大程度保障了实验人员的安全,并且消解效果良好,避免了土壤样品赶酸过程导致蒸干,重金属含量测定结果准确可信.微波消解法消耗的试剂量较少,样品受污染的风险小,引入的试剂误差小.     

对比不同消解方法测定土壤中重金属

分别用微波消解,密封容器消解和电热板消解3种方法预处理待测土壤,然后以原子吸收分光光度法测定其中铜、锌、铅、镉、镍、铬。结果表明:微波消解能将土壤样品完全消解,且简单快捷,优于其他两种方法。同时通过实验,进一步选择微波消解的最佳条件。     

快速密闭消解法测定水质中的总磷

建立了快速密闭消解法测定水样中总磷含量方法。本方法采用快速密闭消解仪消解水样,消解温度165℃,消解时间15min,方法的线性相关系数r在0.999以上,加标回收率在96~109%,相对标准偏差≤2%。本方法大大地缩短了样品的消解时间,减少了各种试剂的用量。     

Framing the private land conservation conversation: Strategic framing of the benefits of conservation participation could increase landholder engagement

How conservation messages are framed will impact the success of our efforts to engage people in conservation action. This is highly relevant in the private land conservation (PLC) sector given the low participation rates of landholders. Using a case study of PLC schemes targeted at Australian landholders, we present the first systematic analysis of communication strategies used by organisations and government departments delivering those schemes to engage the public. We develop a novel approach for analysing the framing of conservation messages that codes the stated benefits of schemes according to value orientation. We categorised the benefits as flowing to either the landholder, to society, or to the environment, corresponding to the egoistic, altruistic and biospheric value orientations that have been shown to influence human behaviour. We find that messages are biased towards environmental benefits. Surprisingly, this is the case even for market-based schemes that have the explicit objective of appealing to production-focussed landholders and those who are not already involved in conservation. The risk is that PLC schemes framed in this way will fail to engage more egoistically oriented landholders and are only likely to appeal to those likely to already be conservation-minded. By understanding the frame in which PLC benefits are communicated, we can begin to understand the types of people who may be engaged by these messages, and who may not be. Results suggest that the framing of the communications for many schemes could be broadened to appeal to a more diverse group (and thus ultimately to a larger group) of landholders.     

Mini-review on river eutrophication and bottom improvement techniques,with special emphasis on the Nakdong River

Water quality in rivers is vital to humans and to maintenance of biotic and ecological integrity. During the Four Major Rivers restoration of South Korea, remarkable attempts have been made to decrease external nutrient loads and moveable weirs were designed to discharge silt that may deposit in pools. However, recently eutrophication of the Nakdong River, which was limited to the lower reaches, is seen to be spreading upstream. The reduction of external nutrient loads to rivers is a long-term goal that is unlikely to lead to reductions in algal blooms for many years because of the time required to implement effective land management strategies. It would therefore be desirable to implement complementary strategies. Regulating the amount of water released is effective at preventing algae blooms in weir pools; so, the relationship between discharge, stratification and bloom formation should be understood in this regard. However, pollutants are likely to accumulate in the riverbed upstream from release points. Thus, to control phosphorus levels, total phosphorus density should be lowered by applying in-river techniques as well. As many ecosystem properties are controlled by multiple processes, simultaneous river bottom improvement techniques, such as combined dissolved oxygen supply and nutrient inactivation, are likely to be effective. The purpose of this review is to present a series of technological approaches that can be used to improve the river bottom area and hence sediment nutrient release, and to illustrate the application of these techniques to the Nakdong River.     

国外分区环境管理实践及其对我国的启示

将环境管理融入空间规划,通过科学引导形成规范的空间开发秩序,是从决策源头防止出现重大资源环境问题的根本。国外的一般做法是将环境保护要求作为编制空间规划的重要依据,对环境问题突出的区域进行专门整治,设立专门的保护区域,以及在环境标准中体现区域差异。借鉴国外经验,我国应考虑编制综合性国土规划,制定一揽子区域政策来系统解决区域环境问题,增强环境政策的区域差异性,以及实施环境优先战略。     

环境噪声达标区建设中应注意的几个问题

结合鞍山市在创建国家环保模范城市工作过程中建设环境噪声达标区的工作实际,针对鞍山市区(建成区)的噪声达标区的划分、监测布点、监测方法和验收等创建过程中遇到的具体问题进行了分析,提出了相应的解决方法,并就创建过程中的不成功经验进行了总结.鞍山市的噪声达标区建设基本上符合国家和省关于环境噪声达标区的技术要求,虽然达标区的划分、现状调查、各种噪声数据监测和分析、噪声污染源的治理以及达标区的验收和噪声源的抽测等工作较为复杂,但仍可以为其他城市噪声达标区的创建提供借鉴.     

试谈突发环境污染事件的舆论引导

突发环境污染事件的舆论引导,是政府特别是环保部门应对突发环境污染事件,降低其对环境造成严重污染和破坏,减少对人身和财产造成重大损失的重要举措。本文全面分析了突发环境污染事件舆论引导工作的现实意义、基本要求,并提出建立突发环境污染事件的舆论引导机制。     

生态农业示范县的规划与建设

只有抓好规划这个基础,制定强有力的建设措施,才能够建设好生态农业示范县,实现在富民的过程中改善环境质量,维护生态平衡,资源得到永续利用,使县域走向可持续发展的道路.     

论我国用汞总量的削减

分析比较了我国的用汞数量、世界汞的产量及用量的统计数据,从汞本身的污染危害性,我国用汞和污染现状及发展趋势,以及应对全球限汞、禁汞趋势等方面论述了我国用汞总量亟待削减和削减的可行性。并以体温计行业为例,提出了我国削减用汞总量的具体建议:控制生产规模,慎批新建涉汞加工利用的生产项目,并逐渐淘汰生产规模过小的企业;充分运用法律和行政管理手段,逐渐提升对涉汞企业的要求,将最低环保门槛与择优审批相结合;严格限制某些含汞产品的销售和使用;大力推广替代产品和技术;组织对废弃产品中的汞进行集中回收和处置;修订和制订相关涉汞标准;制订我国涉汞行业的用汞削减规划和相应的产业调整计划,逐步限汞,最终禁汞。      

Analysis of the hydrocyclone stock cleaning process for wasted fibre in a paper mill

The main objective of this project was to evaluate the possibility of reducing the quantity of fibre wasted at one of many hydrocyclone (centrifugal) cleaning processes in a paper mill. It was found that the application of elutriation water to both the tertiary and quaternary cleaners was essential to minimise the fibre discharged to the sewer, and the pressure of this elutriation water had a dramatic effect of reducing the fibre wastage. Accordingly, it has been shown that 150–160 kPa as the optimum pressure range to apply elutriation water to minimise the product grade fibre wasted whilst sending undesired shive fibre to the sewer. Also, monitoring of the press uhle box wastewater revealed that the paper mill has the potential to make substantial cost savings by reducing the waste stream. Further investigation is necessary to determine the types of fibre that are being wasted, and the viability of a screen to recycle the wasted fibre to the process. However, these fibres may be unsuitable to reuse in the process and alternative uses must be found.     

珠江口水域细菌抗药性的研究

为了解珠江口水域细菌耐药性分布情况,将海水中细菌分离鉴定并进行细菌药敏实验.结果检出细菌22种120株,检测得120株细菌的抗生素谱,具有较高细菌耐药性的抗生素为:青霉素G耐药菌株的百分比为43.30%、氨苄青霉素AM的为 51.70%、头孢唑啉CI的为44.20%、卡那霉素K的为 46.70%、阿米卡星AN 的为50.80%、新生霉素NOV的为 60.00%、四环素TE 的为60.80%、复方新诺明SX的为 43.30%.细菌对链霉素S、诺氟沙星NOR、氯霉素C、环丙沙星CIP的耐药性比较低,分别为16.70%、16.70%、14.20%、13.30%.本实验对海洋微生物的研究、抗生素的安全使用以及环境保护均具有一定的指导意义.     

加强食品安全建设的战略思考

食品安全是关系国计民生的大事.该文分析了我国食品安全问题产生的原因,提出了推进食品安全建设的思路:加强环境整治;加强从业人员的社会责任和职业道德建设;加强市场的准入管制;加强检验检测体系建设;加强法制建设;加强宣传教育;加强监管体系建设.