The Potential of Soil Carbon Sequestration Through Improved Management Practices in Norway

The study was conducted to assess the potential of Norwegian agricultural ecosystems to sequester carbon (C) based on the data from some long-term agronomic and land use experiments. The total emission of CO₂ in Norway in 1998 was 41.4 million metric ton (MMT), of which agriculture contributed only 0.157 MMT, or <0.4% of the total emissions. With regards to methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) gases, however, agricultural activities contributed 32.5% and 51.3% of their respective emissions in Norway. The soil organic carbon (SOC) losses associated with accelerated soil erosion in Norway are estimated at 0.475 MMTC yr^–1. Land use changes and soil/crop management practices with potential for SOC sequestration include conservation tillage methods, judicious use of fertilizers and manures, use of crop residues, diverse crop rotations, and erosion control measures. The potential for SOC sequestration is 0.146 MMTC yr^–1 for adopting conservation tillage, 0.011–0.035 MMTC yr^–1 for crop residue management, 0.026 MMTC yr^–1 for judicious use of mineral fertilizer, 0.016–0.135 MMTC yr^–1 for manure application, and 0.036 MMTC yr^–1 for adopting crop rotations. The overall potential of these practices for SOC sequestration ranges from 0.591 to 1.022 MMTC yr^–1 with an average value of 0.806 MMTC yr^–1. Of the total potential, 59% is due to adoption of erosion control measures, 5.8% to restoration of peat lands, 21% to conversion to conservation tillage and residue management, and 14% to adoption of improved cropping systems. Enhancing SOC sequestration and improving soil quality, through adoption of judicious land use and improved system of soil and crop management, are prudent strategies for sustainable management of soil, water and environment resources.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: bhaskarn ath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

红壤丘陵区土壤有机碳储量模拟

土壤的有机碳蓄积量及其动态变化,不仅是维持农业生产可持续发展的重要因素,而且在全球变化碳循环研究中具有重要地位.本文基于GIS技术和DNDC模型,以江西省余江县为例,模拟研究了典型红壤丘陵区不同土地利用方式下的土壤有机碳储量及其变化.结果表明:余江县表层土壤有机碳储量为3.52×109 kg,平均土壤有机碳密度为4.24 kg m-2.不同利用方式中,灌溉水田的土壤有机碳密度最高,其次是望天田、园地、林地和菜地,旱地的较低,草地的最低.该县土壤有机碳库的年度变化量为8.63×107 kg, 变化率为+2.45%.土壤有机碳密度下降的地区多位于农田区内,特别是旱地,部分灌溉水田的碳密度略有增加,林地、园地、草地的土壤有机碳密度是增加的,其中园地的增幅最大.在不考虑土壤流失的情况下,自然植被覆盖下的土壤碳截留能力强于农业植被下的土壤,但是灌溉、施肥、种植绿肥等保护性农业措施可以减少土壤碳的损失,甚至增加有机碳的储量.     

Aggregated Estimation of Basic Parameters of Biological Production and Carbon Budget of Russian Terrestrial Ecosystems: 3. Biogeochemical Carbon Fluxes

The biogeochemical cycle of organic carbon in Russian terrestrial ecosystems in 1990 is considered. Its components have been estimated as follows: net primary production, 4354 million metric tons of carbon (Mt C); annual amount of plant detritus, 3223 Mt C; heterotrophic soil respiration, 3214 Mt C; biomass utilization, 680 Mt C; damage to vegetation caused by fire and pests, 140 Mt C; and removal by surface and ground waters, 79 Mt C. Anthropogenically regulated fluxes of organic carbon (820 Mt C) are comparable to its amount involved in the natural cycle.     

Soil microorganisms determine the sorption of radionuclides within organic soil systems

The potential of soil microorganisms to enhance the retention of (137)Cs and (85)Sr in organic systems was assessed in a series of experiments. A biologically active, 'mineral-free', organic material, produced under laboratory conditions from leaves, was used as the uptake matrix in all experiments to minimise potential interference from competing clay minerals. Biological uptake and release were differentiated from abiotic processes by comparing the sorption of radionuclides in sterilised organic material with sterile material inoculated with soil extracts or single fungal strains. Our results show conclusively that living components of soil systems are of primary importance in the uptake of radionuclides in organic material. The presence of soil microorganisms significantly enhanced the retention of Cs in organic systems and approximately 70% of the Cs spike was strongly (irreversibly) bound (remained non-extractable) in the presence of microorganisms compared to only approximately 10% in abiotic systems. Sorption of (85)Sr was not significantly influenced by the presence of soil microorganisms. A non-linear temperature response was observed for the retention in biotic systems with increased uptake at between 10 and 30 degrees C and lower retention at temperatures above or below the optimum range. The optimum temperatures for biological uptake were between 15 and 20 degrees C for Cs, and 25 and 30 degrees C for Sr. Our results indicate that single strains of soil and saprotrophic fungi make an important contribution to the sorption of Cs and Sr in organic systems, but can only account for part of the strong, irreversible binding observed in biotic systems. Single strains of soil fungi increased the amount of non-extractable (137)Cs (by approximately 30%) and (85)Sr (by approximately 20%) in the organic systems as compared to abiotic systems, but the major fraction of (137)Cs and (85)Sr sorbed in systems inoculated with saprotrophic fungi remained extractable.     

丹江口库区化肥施用控制与农田生态补偿标准

为保护丹江口水库水质,减少氮、磷流入水体,可考虑以生态补偿方式鼓励农民将部分土地休耕或退耕。利用样本调查的农户微观数据,估计了丹江口库区主要农作物小麦、玉米、水稻产量与化肥施用量的经验函数,计算了库区农田平均生态补偿标准。结果是:基于2008年的生产条件、技术水平和市场价格,种植小麦须补偿259.69元/亩,玉米须补偿331.64元/亩,水稻须补偿567.31元/亩。为减少补偿过程中的政府强制行为和信息租金,可考虑将农户土地按历年产量进行评估后分成多个等级,每一等级支付该等级土地最高净收益。本文将每亩作物净收益即每亩劳动收入和地租作为农田生态补偿标准,这一计算标准是基于农民遭受的损失,属于保留效用,是农民谈判的起点。如果南水北调中线工程是有利可图的,可进一步将工程的部分净收益分配给维护生态系统、保护水质的库区农民,具体分配的份额则取决于当地农民的谈判力。     

宝天曼自然保护区土壤有机碳异质性及其影响因素

自然界中,土壤碳库对于维持生态系统碳平衡起决定性作用,而土壤有机碳又是碳库中不可或缺的一员,研究土壤有机碳对于全球生态系统碳平衡具有十分重大的意义。因此,基于宝天曼土壤有机碳实测数据并运用半方差函数、克里格插值分析山地土壤有机碳垂直性特征及空间分异程度,利用地理探测器对影响土壤有机碳分布的环境因子进行相关分析,结果表明:(1)宝天曼土壤有机碳介于0.31～7.7 g/kg,属于较低水平,最高值(7.70 g/kg)出现在北坡987 m处;(2)不同土层深度的半方差函数模型不同,0～20和40～60 cm对高斯模型拟合效果更明显、20～40 cm对球状模型拟合效果较好,而线性模型对于60～80和80～100 cm土层深度拟合效果较佳,克里格插值表明0～20和20～40 cm空间分异特征相似,呈西南向东北增加的趋势,而40～60 cm土壤有机碳空间分异呈现东北高、西南低;(3)宝天曼不同土层深度受单个环境因子影响程度不同,解释力介于0.127～0.407,其中NDVI对0～20 cm土壤有机碳解释力最显著(0.407)、高程对40～60 cm土壤有机碳解释力最高(0.373),交互探测结果表明NDVI与坡度解释力最高、高程与其他因子交互探测后解释力显著增大,表明宝天曼土壤有机碳受多种环境因子共同影响,而非单一因素起决定性作用。     

基于碳稳定同位素的滨岸草地生态系统土壤有机碳贡献研究

通过测定4种长三角地区常见的滨岸草本植物（百慕大、白花三叶草、高羊茅与白茅）所在样地中不同形态的土壤碳库含量及土壤有机碳稳定同位素丰度来探索该区域土壤碳库及碳稳定同位素分布特征,并利用稳定同位素混合模型,研究滨岸草地生态系统对土壤碳库的贡献。结果表明：（1）土壤中总碳、有机碳、溶解性有机碳含量随着深度的增加而逐渐降低。总碳、有机碳、溶解性有机碳在4种植物样带的表层土壤中,平均含量分别为2211、1144、5395 mg·kg-1;而深层土壤中则仅为1557、707、1947 mg·kg-1,远低于表层土壤中的含量。且土壤总碳、有机碳及溶解性有机碳两两之间存在极显著的正线性相关;（2）土壤有机碳稳定同位素在垂直方向上表现出C3植物δ13C值随深度增大而增大、C4植物δ13C值随深度增大而减小两种特征。两类植物的平均土壤有机稳定碳同位素δ13C值分别由表层土壤中的-2524‰、-2233‰变化为深层土壤中的-2435‰、-2327‰;（3）借助稳定同位素混合模型计算后发现：不同植物对土壤有机碳的贡献率及有机碳累积速率完全不同。其中百慕大贡献率为1219%、累积速率为6279 g·m-2·a-1;白花三叶草贡献率1434%、累积速率为7534 g·m-2·a-1;高羊茅贡献率为3595%、累积速率为18184 g·m-2·a-1;白茅贡献率为1851%、累积速率为9770 g·m-2·a-1。     

Technologies,challenges and perspectives of biogas production within an agricultural context. The case of China and Africa

Environment, Development and Sustainability - The use of fossil fuels in modern economies has been a success because of the low cost of fossil resources. However, the depletion of fossil reserves,...     

鄱阳湖湿地土壤有机碳空间分布及其影响因素

湿地土壤有机碳是联系湿地系统内外部物质循环的重要纽带,在湿地生态系统和全球碳循环中起着重要作用。鄱阳湖作为长江中下游大型通江湖泊,其湿地系统内部的土壤有机碳的循环和转换,对于区域甚至全球的碳格局和碳平衡都具有重要意义。通过系统调查与样品采集分析,探讨了鄱阳湖土壤有机碳的空间分布格局及其与土壤性状、植被以及高程等要素的关系。结果表明：(1)鄱阳湖湿地土壤有机碳平均含量为4.38%。在主湖区中部偏北以及南部湖湾区含量较高,在北部入江通道含量最低;河口冲积洲滩和碟形湖的有机碳含量明显高于河道;(2)基于地理加权回归(GWR)模型,总氮、总磷、含水率、高程和植被归一化指数(NDVI)整体上解释了鄱阳湖湿地土壤有机碳35.28%的变化(整体R²=0.35)。局部R²值东南高,西北低,并且碟形湖和洲滩的局部R²值明显高于河道(p<0.01);(3)不同因子对于有机碳的影响的强弱程度在不同区域呈现出不同特征。总氮和有机碳之间的联系在西部湖区较强,在河道以及洲滩上较强;总磷在湖区东南部和西北部均较强,在洲滩和碟形湖中影响力较强;含...     

碳排放权交易风险管理的识别、评估与应对

发展绿色经济、降低碳排放是国际社会和企业为应对全球气候变化、保护环境而推行的重要战略。低碳技术和低碳产业也已成为国际科技经济竞争的新领域,各国都在加大对相关产业、技术发展的投入和政策支持力度,积极探索符合本国国情的绿色低碳发展。碳排放权交易将是市场化控制碳减排必不可少的手段。目前,国内已成立多个碳排放权交易所,虽然企业间的碳排放权交易开展得风风火火,但总体上看,企业间的碳排放权交易还处于初期阶段。如何识别、评估与应对碳排放权交易相关风险是企业管理层和会计师在内部控制、风险管理和审计工作中需要解决的问题。本文在目前已有的审计准则基础上,对这一问题进行深入研究,提出碳排放权交易的风险评估程序,并从总体应对措施到具体审计程序和整体方案设计等方面提出风险管理的对策。基于此对未来碳排放权交易风险评估的发展趋势进行预测,提出相关环境准则的立体化发展,制订主体的多元化发展,以及准则内容的国际化的三化发展趋势。     

坡度和坡位对植烟坡地紫色土有机碳氮变化的影响

为研究坡度、坡位等地形因素对土壤碳氮变化的影响,以川西南植烟紫色土为对象,探究了坡度、坡位及其交互作用下不同层次(0～20、20～ 40 cm)土壤有机碳、全氮含量及碳氮比的变化特征.结果 表明:(1)土壤有机碳、全氮含量总体偏低,变异系数均为0～20 cm＞20～40 cm,而碳氮比的变异系数则表现为20～40 cm＞0～20 cm;(2)随坡度增加,土壤有机碳、全氮含量及碳氮比逐渐降低,其中有机碳和全氮在0°～5°与5°～20°间差异显著;相比于0°～5°,其他坡度土壤有机碳降幅为10.07％～ 28.69％,全氮降幅为3.72％～23.74％;(3)随坡位下降,土壤有机碳和全氮含量增加,以全氮增幅较大,相对于上坡位,中、下坡位土壤有机碳增幅为6.48％～15.98％,全氮增幅为13.43％～ 30.34％.碳氮比随坡位下降而降低,但差异不显著;(4)坡度主要影响有机碳含量变化,坡位则对全氮及碳氮比变化影响明显,坡度坡位交互效应尤其显著.总体来看,随坡度增大,土壤有机碳显著下降,坡位越高,土壤全氮下降越显著,土壤碳氮比上升越显著,尤以20～ 40 cm土层中上、中坡位碳氮变化协调性差,碳氮比随坡位增高显著上升.     

中国碳交易管理体制的总体框架设计

环境资源的外部性特征决定了政府干预的必要性,当前我国推进碳交易试点、规范碳交易秩序等均需要完善的碳交易管理体制支撑。结合欧盟、澳大利亚、美国等国家建立碳交易管理体制的经验和启示,立足我国碳交易管理体制的现状和面临的主要问题,本文提出构建国务院、国家部委、地方政府、交易所、中介机构、专家组织组成的六位一体的协调分工管理体制。由国务院应对气候变化领导小组统一指导,国家发展改革委负责碳排放权管理,环保部承担注册、登记、核查、监测等职能,其他相关部委积极配合并提供相关支持。在地方层面设立对应的碳排放权交易管理机构,积极推进碳交易试点,进行区域性碳交易市场的探索和实践。中介机构的培育包括四类:独立的第三方认证机构、金融机构、信息服务机构和行业协会。专家组织层面则依托国家气候变化专家委员会等开展各种课题研究为政府决策者提供前瞻性、战略性、预警性的政策建议。考虑到碳交易管理体制的建立是一项长期的系统工程,本文提出了三阶段的推进措施。     

环鄱阳湖区农田土壤有机碳影响因素空间分布格局分析及制图研究

利用地理加权回归(Geographically Weighted Regression,GWR)模型,对环鄱阳湖区农田土壤有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon, SOC)影响因子的空间分布格局进行系统分析,结合克里格插值方法进行土壤有机碳制图研究,同时综合比较了地理加权回归方法(GWRK)与回归克里格(Return Kriging,RK)方法在预测土壤有机碳储量结果之间存在的差异。结果表明:(1)根据Pearson相关性分析结果,所选取的各环境影响因素均与土壤有机碳具有相关性(P0.01)。(2)通过GWR模型对各影响因素空间分布格局的分析,发现SOC与坡向、年均温度和年均降水呈正相关,与坡度、植被覆盖度呈负相关。(3)GWRK法得到的土壤有机碳含量变化范围为6.35～31.93g·kg~(-1),接近采样点的实测值;RK方法得到的土壤有机碳含量变化范围在7.41～25.76 g·kg~(-1),总体空间分布特征与GWRK的结果相似,但RK方法预测的结果较为平滑,与SOC储量实际状况还存在一定差异。(4)GWR的拟合优度R~2(0.50)明显高于RK中的R~2(0.20); GWRK方法的均方根误差(RMSE)为4.58,小于RK方法的均方根误差5.35,且通过GWRK方法得出的预测结果在制图上结合采样点位置信息,使成图效果更加精细。     

石漠化区生态治理措施对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳的影响

探究石漠化环境不同生态恢复措施下土壤团聚体粒径组成、稳定性水平及有机碳变化特征,为石漠化生态治理模式优化配置提供理论依据.以农耕地为对照,选择石漠化治理中具有代表性的人工核桃林、黑麦草地、刺梨地和天然恢复的灌草地为研究对象,分析不同恢复环境中0～20 cm土层土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳储量变化.结果 表明:相比农耕地,核桃、黑麦草和天然灌草样地内水稳定性大团聚体含量增加,微团聚体含量减少,灌草地和核桃林地团聚体MWD、GMD分别显著高于农耕地,表明利用方式转变为灌草地和核桃林后团聚体稳定性提高,土壤结构得到改善.农耕地利用方式转变后,人工核桃林、黑麦草地和天然灌草地各级团聚体有机碳含量及储量增加,其中以灌草地尤为明显,同时核桃林、黑麦草地和天然灌草地三者有机碳储量增量主要源于＞5和2～5 mm两个粒级团聚体贡献.总体而言,相比人工林草治理措施,天然灌草地在增强土壤团聚结构稳定性和促进有机碳积累方面更优.     

Soil Respiration and Carbon Storage of an Acrisol Under Forest and different Cultivations in rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Soil respiration rates of a clay-loam textured Acrisol under different uses (Atlantic forest, manioc, horticulture and pasture) from Rio de Janeiro State were measured. The relationship between carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and soil physico-chemical properties were investigated. Rates of CO₂ emission of two sites (Atlantic forest and horticulture) were also evaluated in different seasons in 1997 and 1998. In the forest site, monthly means of measured respiration rates showed good correlation with soil temperature in the range 19.6–24.1°C (r² = 0.89). In the horticulture site, no change was observed with soil moisture alone, in the range 3.0–13.2 wt%. In the horticulture soil, even when the surface soil was very dry, respiration rates increased in the hot, wetter summer but remained higher than the mean flux from forest soil. The CO₂ emission flux of the Acrisol under different use showed good correlation with soil temperature (r² = 0.72) and moisture (r² = 0.61).     

保护性耕作下蚕豆生育期土壤有机碳、氮含量变化与分布特征

为研究西南紫色土丘陵区坡耕地长期保护性耕作下旱作蚕豆不同生育时期农田土壤有机碳、氮相关组分分布特征,进而优化保护性耕作措施、改善土壤肥力。试验采用传统耕作、垄作、传统耕作+秸秆半量覆盖、垄作+秸秆半量覆盖、传统耕作+秸秆全量覆盖、垄作+秸秆全量覆盖6个处理。结果表明:在不同处理下,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、活性有机碳(AOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、水溶性氮(DN)的含量分布均表现出0～1010～20 cm土层,且随时间变化整体波动均不大。蚕豆生育期内,无秸秆覆盖条件下,垄作较平作提高了土壤总有机碳、土壤全氮、活性有机碳和颗粒有机碳的含量,但在秸秆覆盖条件下,垄作却降低了土壤总有机碳和颗粒有机碳的含量,且随着秸秆覆盖量的增加土壤颗粒有机碳和活性有机碳含量下降。同时,无论平作或垄作,秸秆覆盖较无秸秆覆盖均有利于土壤总有机碳、土壤全氮、活性有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量的提升。相关性分析表明,TOC与TN、DN、AOC之间呈显著正相关,TN与POC、DN、AOC之间呈显著正相关,POC仅表现出与DOC显著正相关,DOC与DN呈极显著正相关,DN则与AOC为极显著正相关关系。总之,单一垄作措施或秸秆覆盖能更有利于改善土壤碳、氮状况,且土壤有机碳、氮不同组分之间存在一定的耦合关系。     

邹城东滩矿区复垦土壤微生物量碳与#br# 基础呼吸的特征

探究复垦土壤微生物量碳与基础呼吸的特征及其演变归因,有助于监测复垦土壤质量演变,并为提高复垦土壤质量提供科学依据。利用“空间代替时间”的方法研究了邹城东滩矿区复垦土壤微生物量碳（MBC）与基础呼吸（SBR）随复垦年垦的变化及其与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明：复垦土壤MBC和微生物熵（qSMBC）随复垦年限呈增加趋势;复垦土壤SBR均显著高于对照,土壤代谢熵（qCO2）随复垦年限趋于降低,复垦后土壤微生物量逐渐恢复,同时土壤微生物对碳源利用效率逐渐提高,说明土壤环境逐渐有利于土壤微生物的生长。土壤MBC与碱解氮、总氮和有机碳呈极显著正相关（p＜0.01）,反映土壤养分缺乏是复垦后土壤微生物生长的主要限制因素。土壤代谢熵（qCO2）与土壤碱解氮、速效磷和MBC均呈极显著负相关（p＜0.01）与pH呈显著正相关（p＜0.05）,说明氮磷等元素的缺乏以及较高的土壤pH环境是限制微生物生长的重要因素。这些对全面监测复垦后土壤质量的演变,并指导今后的复垦工作具有重要理论与实践意义。 关键词： 采煤塌陷区;土壤微生物量碳;土壤微生物熵;基础呼吸     

Aggregated Estimation of Basic Parameters of Biological Production and the Carbon Budget of Russian Terrestrial Ecosystems: 2. Net Primary Production

The estimated net primary production (NPP) of Russian terrestrial ecosystems (annual average over the period from 1988 to 1992) is 9544 Tg of dry matter, or 4353 Tg of carbon. Of the total amount, forests account for approximately 39.2% (here and below, comparisons are made with respect to carbon content); natural grasslands and brushwoods, for 27.6%; farmlands (arable land and cultivated pastures), for 22.0%; and wetlands, for 11.2%. The average NPP density on lands covered with vegetation (1629.8 million hectares in Russia) is 267 g C/m²per year. The highest value (498 g C/m²per year) is characteristic of arable lands. Other land-use/land-cover (LULC) classes have the following NPP densities (in areas covered with vegetation): grasslands and brushwoods, 278 g C/m²; forests, 224 g C/m²; and wetlands, 219 g C/m²per year. In general, Russian terrestrial ecosystems accumulate 59.7% of the total NPP in the aboveground phytomass (47.8% in green parts and 11.9% in wood) and 40.3% in the underground phytomass. The latter parameter differs significantly in different LULC classes and bioclimatic zones. According to calculations, the uncertainty in estimating the total NPP is 11% (a priori confidential probability 0.9).     

The Economic Consequences of Alien Plant Invasions: Examples of Impacts and Approaches to Sustainable Management in South Africa

The invasion of natural ecosystems by alien plants is a serious environmental problem that threatens the sustainable use of benefits derived from such ecosytems. Most past studies in this field have focussed on the history, ecology and management of invasive alien species, and little work has been done on the economic aspects and consequences of invasions. This paper reviews what is known of the economic consequences of alien plant invasions in South Africa. These economic arguments have been used to successfully launch the largest environmental management programme in Africa.Ten million hectares of South Africa has been invaded by 180 alien species, but their impacts are not fully understood, although they are undoubtedly significant. The indications are that the total costs of these impacts are substantial. Selected studies show that invasions have reduced the value of fynbos ecosystems by over US$ 11.75 billion; that the total cost of invasion would be about US$ 3.2 billion on the Agulhas Plain alone; that the net present cost of invasion by black wattles amounts to US$ 1.4 billion; that invasions by red water fern have cost US$ 58 million; and that the cost to clear the alien plant invasions in South Africa is around US$ 1.2 billion. These few examples indicate that the economic consequences of invasions are huge.One of the unique aspects of invasive plant control programmes in South Africa has been the ability to leverage further benefits (mainly through employment) for the expensive control programmes from the government's poverty relief budget. This has made it possible to allocate substantial funding to a programme that would otherwise have struggled to obtain significant support. Biological control of invasive species also offers considerable benefits, but is often the subject of debate. We believe that, at least in the case of many invasive alien plant species in South Africa, biological control offers one of the best, and most cost-effective, interventions for addressing the problem.