中国燃煤电厂汞的物质流向与汞排放研究

为研究中国燃煤电厂中汞的去向,基于2010年中国各省份燃煤中的汞含量、燃煤消耗量、燃煤电厂大气污染控制设备的安装比例以及粉煤灰、脱硫石膏的二次利用方式,计算了我国燃煤电厂2010年向大气、水体、土壤中排放汞的量.2010年我国电厂燃煤共输入汞271.7t (147.1~403.6t).煤炭在电厂燃烧一次排放到大气中的汞为101.3t (44.0~167.1t),进入燃煤副产物、水体的汞分别为167.4t (84.3~266.3t),3.0t (1.2~5.0t).燃煤副产物二次利用过程向大气排放的汞为32.7t (12.5~56.1t),进入土壤中的汞为58.6t (33.6~103.9t),还有76.1t (30.3~108.6t)汞留在了产品中.结果表明,粉煤灰用于水泥生产和粉煤灰制砖是副产物向大气中二次排放的重要源,分别占总二次排放量的81.7%和15.3%.     

中国燃煤汞排放量估算

研究了中国煤炭的汞含量及主要用煤行业燃煤汞排放因子．结合有关统计资料计算了我国各行业和各地区燃煤汞的排放量．全国煤炭的平均汞含量为0.22mg/kg ,主要燃煤行业中大气汞排放因子为64.0 ％ ～78.2 ％ ．1995年全国燃煤共排放汞302.9t,其中向大气中排汞量为213.8t,排入灰渣及产品中的汞为89.07t.1978（1995 年全国燃煤大气汞排放量的年平均增长速度为4.8 ％ ,累积排汞量为2493.8t ;北京、上海、天津等超大城市排汞强度较高;燃煤汞排放是中国面临的重要环境问题．     

我国石油天然气行业大气汞排放预测及减排

基于2015年我国不同地区原油及天然气产量和区域分布的统计数据,利用联合国环境署确定的汞输入因子和输出因子,估算了我国石油开采、炼制环节以及天然气开采、燃烧环节中大气汞的排放量.同时,依据国家发改委发布的石油天然气发展"十三五"规划中制定的预测性指标,以2015年为基准年,针对2020~2030年期间的石油天然气生产加工行业大气汞排放量设定了3个阶段的减排目标,在此基础上计算了不同阶段内两大行业大气汞的减排量和排放量,为国家实现履行《水俣公约》提供基础数据支撑和参考.     

An evaluation of mercury emissions from the chlor-alkali industry in China

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重庆铁山坪马尾松林土壤汞排放特征的现场测试

为了研究大气汞浓度较高地区的森林土壤的汞排放特征,选取重庆铁山坪马尾松林为研究对象,应用动态通量箱与汞分析仪联用的方法,于2012年9月~2013年7月间对土壤-大气汞交换通量进行了4个季度的现场观测,并考察了辐射强度、空气温度、空气湿度、土壤温度和土壤湿度等环境因子与大气汞浓度对汞交换通量的影响.结果表明,土壤-大气汞交换通量存在明显的季节差异,夏季汞排放量为35.3 ng·(m2·d)-1,而其他季节很小,甚至在冬春两季土壤转为大气的汞汇.汞交换通量除了受辐射强度和大气/土壤温度的影响较大之外,还与大气汞浓度呈线性负相关,白天的平衡点为5.61 ng·m-3.重庆铁山坪马尾松林土壤的汞排放量为2.65μg·(m2·a)-1,较高的大气汞浓度是该值远低于较清洁地区同类森林的重要原因.     

Influence of physiological and environmental factors on the diurnal variation in emissions of biogenic volatile compounds from Pinus tabuliformis

Biological volatile organic compounds(BVOCs) have a large influence on atmospheric environmental quality, climate change and the carbon cycle. This study assesses the composition and diurnal variation in emission rates of BVOCs from Pinus tabuliformis, using an enclosure technique. Environmental parameters(temperature and light intensity) and physiological parameters(net photosynthetic rate, P_n; stomatal conductance, g_s; intercellular CO_2 concentration, C_i; and transpiration rate, T_r) that may affect emission behavior were continuously monitored. The 10 most abundant compound groups emitted by P. tabuliformis were classified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The dominant monoterpenoid compounds emitted were α-pinene, β-myrcene, α-farnesene and limonene. The diurnal emission rate of BVOCs changed with temperature and light intensity, with dynamic analysis of BVOCs emissions revealing that their emission rates were more affected by temperature than light. The variation in monoterpene emission rates was consistent with estimates of P_n, g_s and T_r. Basal emission rates(at 30 °C,) of the main BVOCs ranged from 0.006 to 0.273 μg~(-1)/(hr g),while the basal ER standardization coefficients ranged from 0.049 to 0.144 °C~(-1). Overall, these results provide a detailed reference for the effective selection and configuration of tree species to effectively prevent and control atmospheric pollution.     

Environmental analysis of mercury in China

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基于实测的船舶辅机大气污染物排放量估算

于2017年3月—2018年5月在广州市南沙港区选取不同吨位的5艘船舶进行登船实测,建立了基于燃油消耗的排放因子.结果表明,船舶辅机CO₂排放因子为(3085±439)~(3195±121) g·kg^-1,CO排放因子为(5.50±1.33)~(26.10±8.90) g·kg^-1,TVOC排放因子为(0.29±0.02)~(1.68±0.06) g·kg^-1,PM_2.5排放因子为(0.56±0.09)~(12.50±3.11) g·kg^-1,NO_x排放因子为(19.20±4.12)~(83.30±11.80) g·kg^-1,基于燃油消耗量,估算2017年广州港船舶停泊工况辅助发动机SO₂、CO、TVOC、PM_2.5和NO_x排放总量分别为736、(794±209)、(46.40±2.39)、(223.0±49.4)和(3237±698) t.船舶引擎功率对排放CO、TVOC和PM_2.5影响显著,引擎功率较低的船舶以上3种大气污染物排放因子更高.从吨位而言,≥10000总吨的船舶对SO₂、CO、TVOC和NO_x 4种大气污染物的排放分担率均超过50%,≤2999总吨的船舶则对PM_2.5的排放分担率最高.从船舶类型而言,分担率最高的是集装箱船,分别占SO₂、CO、TVOC、PM_2.5和NO_x排放总量的43.8%、30.8%、41.4%、16.3%和40.9%,此外,散货船、其他货船、顶推拖船和油船对排放量的分担率也较高,以上5种船舶占到了各类大气污染物排放总量的90%.     

Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions in China and the abatement measures

The major emission sources of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and CFCs in China have been identified, and the emission trends has been estimated. Besides fossil fuel combustion, human respiration and biomass burning are important sources. Some feasible abatement measures on energy conservation, afforestation and biomass recycling have been discussed.     

660 MW超低排放燃煤电站汞分布特征研究

对某660 MW超低排放燃煤电站进行汞形态和浓度监测,实验结果表明:在SCR前烟气中,汞主要以单质游离态存在,SCR催化剂对Hg~0氧化率约为20.22%.烟冷器内Hg~0向Hg_p和Hg~(2+)转化,Hg_p浓度增加72.18%,Hg~(2+)浓度增加55.40%.低温电除尘不仅可以脱除Hg_p,对Hg~0和Hg~(2+)也具有协同脱除作用,Hg~0浓度下降47.14%,Hg~(2+)浓度下降68.70%.经过湿法脱硫后Hg~0浓度由0.37μg·m~(-3)升高到0.86μg·m~(-3),Hg~(2+)在湿法脱硫装置内被还原为Hg~0.大气汞排放浓度在0.82～0.95μg·m~(-3)之间,远低于标准要求.超低排放电站产生的汞大部分进入粉煤灰(68.35%),大气排放的汞为21.20%,进入石膏中的汞为4.87%,进入脱硫废水处理站固废5.53%.超低排放环保设备总的协同脱汞效率为78.77%,大气汞排放因子(EF_煤、EF_电)分别为6.07μg·kg~(-1)和1.70μg·kW~(-1)·h~(-1).     

Gaseous emissions from compressed natural gas buses in urban road and highway tests in China

The natural gas vehicle market is rapidly developing throughout the world, and the majority of such vehicles operate on compressed natural gas(CNG). However, most studies on the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles rely on laboratory chassis dynamometer measurements, which do not accurately represent actual road driving conditions. To further investigate the emission characteristics of CNG vehicles, two CNG city buses and two CNG coaches were tested on public urban roads and highway sections. Our results show that when speeds of 0–10 km/hr were increased to 10–20 km/hr, the CO_2, CO, nitrogen oxide(NO_x), and total hydrocarbon(THC) emission factors decreased by(71.6 ± 4.3)%,(65.6 ± 9.5)%,(64.9 ± 9.2)% and(67.8 ± 0.3)%, respectively. In this study, The Beijing city buses with stricter emission standards(Euro Ⅳ) did not have lower emission factors than the Chongqing coaches with Euro Ⅱ emission standards. Both the higher emission factors at 0–10 km/hr speeds and the higher percentage of driving in the low-speed regime during the entire road cycle may have contributed to the higher CO_2 and CO emission factors of these city buses. Additionally, compared with the emission factors produced in the urban road tests, the CO emission factors of the CNG buses in highway tests decreased the most(by 83.2%), followed by the THC emission factors, which decreased by 67.1%.     

中国植被VOC排放清单的建立

应用《1:1000000 中国植被图集》数据,按照 Guenther 等提出的最新算法,结合土地使用情况,对中国植被 VOC 的排放情况进行了比较全面和系统的研究.结果表明,全国植被 VOC 的年总排放量约为 17.1TgC,其中异戊二烯为 4.85TgC,单萜烯为 3.29TgC,其它 VOC(OVOC)为8.94TgC.植被 VOC 的排放量分布情况与中国植被的分布情况有一定的相关性,并且 VOC 的排放情况具有明显的季节依赖性.     

我国14种典型土壤脲酶、脱氢酶活性对汞胁迫的响应

Hg作为环境的主要污染重金属之一,其对土壤酶的影响是表征其环境效应的重要方面,结果可为土壤环境监测等提供生物学依据.因此,本文通过室内模拟试验,较系统地分析了全国14种主要类型18个土样的脲酶和脱氢酶活性在Hg胁迫下的响应.结果表明,Hg会抑制土壤酶活性,其降幅随土壤类型的不同有明显差异;随着Hg含量的升高,土壤脲酶和脱氢酶活性均显著降低;模型U=A/(1+B×C)可较好地拟合酶活性(U)与汞含量(C)之间的关系,揭示出土壤脲酶和脱氢酶在一定程度上可监测土壤Hg污染的程度,且机理为完全抑制(包括竞争性抑制和非竞争性抑制)作用.同时,实验获得的供试土样脲酶的生态剂量(ED10)范围为0.08~0.77 mg·kg-1,脱氢酶ED10范围为0.11~2.58mg·kg-1,从土壤酶角度获得的土壤汞轻度污染临界值为0.08 mg·kg-1,此值要小于国家土壤质量标准中的二级标准.有机质、pH、CEC和粘粒显著影响了汞与土壤脱氢酶的关系,上述4个土壤性状参数值越高,汞对土壤酶的毒害作用就越弱;酸性土壤中汞的毒害作用强于碱性土壤.表明在我国主要土壤类型上,土壤脲酶、脱氢酶对Hg毒性均较为敏感,可在更广范围内作为Hg污染程度的监测指标之一.     

重庆铁山坪森林土壤汞释放通量的影响因子研究

对位于重庆铁山坪的马尾松林下的山地黄壤进行表层土壤(0~5 cm)的原状采集,并在实验室中进行控制实验,利用通量箱法测量原状土块表面的汞释放通量,以研究环境因子对土壤汞释放量的影响.结果表明,土壤汞释放量与辐射强度呈显著的正相关,在相同的空气温度和土壤含水量等条件下,土壤汞释放量在光下是遮阳条件下的3~9倍.不过,由于林下土壤常处于背阴状态,可能遮阳条件更能代表白天林下土壤汞的排放情况.土壤汞释放量存在明显的季节变化,夏季>春秋季>冬季,空气温度与土壤汞释放呈正相关.在低温下土壤汞释放量很低,土壤含水量影响较弱,而在高温时土壤含水量增加能明显促进土壤汞释放.枯落物的移除会显著降低土壤汞释放通量,主要原因可能是枯落物的汞含量较高并易于还原.土壤汞释放量在一天内也存在明显的衰减趋势,表明土壤表层的汞含量可能是森林土壤汞释放的重要限制因素.本研究测得森林土壤汞释放通量(白天)为:夏季(14.3±19.6)ng·(m2·h)-1、春秋季(3.50±5.36)ng·(m2·h)-1、冬季(1.48±3.27)ng·(m2·h)-1,以上稳态测试结果可能高估了实际的汞排放量.     

2015年中国地区大气甲烷排放估计及空间分布

CH₄是仅次于CO₂的重要温室气体,也是重要的化学活性气体.定量估算我国甲烷的排放量及分析其空间分布特征,对于控制温室气体排放,减缓温室效应具有重要意义.本文以2015年中国官方统计年鉴资料为基础,利用IPCC排放清单指南、国内外排放因子研究结果及动力学模型方法,从能源活动（煤炭开采和油气系统）、农业活动（反刍动物、稻田排放和秸秆露天燃烧）、自然源排放（自然湿地和植被排放）、废弃物处理（固体废弃物、工业污水和生活污水）和人工湿地等几个主要方面,对中国地区的CH₄排放进行定量估计.结果表明：中国地区2015年CH₄排放总量为61.59 Tg,其中以农业活动和能源活动为主要排放源,排放量分别达到20.42 Tg和20.39 Tg,占总排放量比例分别约为33.2%和33.1%.CH₄自然源考虑了植被和自然湿地排放,排放量为11.77 Tg,占比为19.1%;废弃物处理产生的CH₄排放量为8.64 Tg,占比为14.0%;人工湿地排放量为0.37 Tg,占比为0.6%.从空间分布来看,CH₄排放具有较明显的不均匀性,大值区主要集中在华北、西南及东南地区,而西北地区的排放量则相对较低,主要与各地的资源环境、人口密度和经济情况密切相关.     

Reviews of emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in Asia

Biogenic volatile organic compounds(BVOCs) in the atmosphere play important roles in the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosol(SOA) in global scale and also in regional scale under some condition due to their large amount and relatively higher reactivity.In places with high plant cover in the tropics and in China where air pollution is serious,the effect of BVOCs on ozone and secondary organic aerosols is strong.The present research aims to provide a comprehensive review ...     

Biogenic volatile organic compound emission patterns and secondary pollutant formation potentials of dominant greening trees in Chengdu, southwest China

Integral to the urban ecosystem, greening trees provide many ecological benefits, but the active biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) they release contribute to the production of ozone and secondary organic aerosols, which harm ambient air quality. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the BVOC emission characteristics of dominant greening tree species and their relative contribution to secondary pollutants in various urban contexts. Consequently, this study utilized a dynamic enclosure system to collect BVOC samples of seven dominant greening tree species in urban Chengdu, Southwest China. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze the BVOC components and standardized BVOC emission rates of each tree species were then calculated to assess their relative potential to form secondary pollutants. We found obvious differences in the composition of BVOCs emitted by each species. Ficus virens displayed a high isoprene emission rate at 31.472 μgC/(gdw (g dry weight)•hr), while Cinnamomum camphora emitted high volumes of D-Limonene at 93.574 μgC/(gdw•hr). In terms of the BVOC emission rates by leaf area, C. camphora had the highest emission rate of total BVOCs at 13,782.59 μgC/(m²•hr), followed by Cedrus deodara with 5466.86 μgC/(m²•hr). Ginkgo biloba and Osmanthus fragrans mainly emitted oxygenated VOCs with lower overall emission rates. The high BVOC emitters like F. virens, C. camphora, and Magnolia grandiflora have high potential for significantly contributing to environmental secondary pollutants, so should be cautiously considered for future planting. This study provides important implications for improving urban greening efforts for subtropical Chinese urban contexts, like Chengdu.     

中国水路运输业能源消耗与废气排放测算

采用基于运输周转量的自下而上方法建立了中国水路运输业能源消耗和废气排放测算模型.根据GDP增长预测得到未来一段时间内中国内河、沿海和远洋货运周转量,结合IMO(International Maritime Organization)温室气体研究采用的废气排放因子,测算得到2001~2030年中国水路运输业的能源消耗和废气排放.研究结果表明:2001年,中国水路运输业燃油消耗量及NO_x、CO、NMVOC(非甲烷挥发性有机物)、CO₂、SO₂和PM排放量分别为790.9,63.6,5.9,1.9,2483.2,37.2,4.6万t,到2030年,将分别为5951.8,405.1,16.5,18.3,18743.2,15.5,6.1万t;2001~2030年,中国水路运输业燃油消耗及CO₂和NO_x排放呈逐年增长趋势,年均增长率分别为7.2%、7.2%和6.6%;受国际公约的限制,与硫含量密切相关的SO₂和PM排放量自2020年之后显著下降;2001年,中国水路运输业CO₂排放量占世界航运排放量的比重在3.2%左右,此后呈逐渐上升趋势,到2020和2030年,将分别增长至11.5%和15.3%.     

中国涂料应用过程挥发性有机物的排放计算及未来发展趋势预测

基于各行业的涂料当前消费量和未来消费预测,以及各行业使用涂料的挥发性有机物(VOC)含量,建立了分省、分行业、分化学组分的排放清单模型,获得2005~2020年中国涂料应用过程的VOC排放清单.结果表明,2005年,我国涂料应用共排放VOC约1 883 kt,以苯系物、醇、酯、醚、酮5类化合物为主,平均增量反应活性指标(以O3/VOC计)约为3.6 g/kg,其中31%的VOC为有毒物质.如不加强控制,到2020年该部门VOC排放量将激增至5 673 kt;因此,国家应及时开展其排放控制行动.排放控制情景分析表明,通过提高涂料产品品质达到发达国家上世纪末水平,且要求新建规模企业安装有机废气末端处理设施,2020年该部门VOC排放量可控制在3 519 kt;通过进一步将建筑涂料和木器涂料改进到当前欧美发达国家先进水平,且规模企业均安装有机废气末端处理设施,2020年该部门VOC排放量有可能控制在2 243 kt.2种控制情景下所排放VOC的化学毒性和大气氧化活性均得到了有效改善.     

基于遥感资料的中国东部地区植被VOCs排放强度研究

本研究充分基于遥感资料获取中国东部地区叶面积指数和叶生物量的最新信息,并广泛调研了植被VOCs排放因子的最新研究进展,以2008—2010年的植被和气象的平均状态为背景,基于MEGAN排放模型,研究了中国东部地区植被VOCs(BVOCs)排放的时空分布特征.结果表明,我国东部地区BVOCs年排放总量为11.3×106t(以C计,下同),其中异戊二烯(ISOP)、单萜烯(MON)和其它VOC(OVOC)质量分数(下同),分别为44.9%、31.5%、23.6%.BVOCs排放呈现明显的季节变化特征,春、夏、秋、冬4个季节分别占全年的11.2%、71.8%、14.1%和3.0%.空间分布上,排放高值区主要分布于大小兴安岭、长白山脉、秦岭大巴山脉、东南丘陵、海南等植被茂密的区域,年均排放强度一般在1500～6000kg·km-·2a-1之间,福建、广东、江西、浙江、湖南、湖北等省份BVOCs的排放总量与平均排放强度均较高.本研究所得到的高时空分辨率的BVOCs排放清单,可以为区域环境与气候的数值模拟研究提供基础.