Morphophysiological responses of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea obovata Ledeb. to industrial pollution under conditions of Northwestern Russia

Morphophysiological parameters of needles have been studied in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) trees of different life states growing under conditions of industrial air pollution with sulfur and heavy metals. Three functional clusters (tentatively named the initial, transitional, and disastrous clusters), each characterized by a certain metabolic status, have been revealed, and their quantitative and qualitative structure has been evaluated. The morphophysiological responses of pine and spruce are shown to be qualitatively different, depending on differentiation of trees with respect to vitality under conditions of industrial pollution. Probable factors accounting for these differences are discussed.     

Long-term dynamics of heavy metal concentrations in the food and liver of bank voles (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Myodes glareolus</Emphasis>) in the period of reduction of emissions from a copper smelter

Long-term changes in the contents of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Рb) in the food and liver of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) inhabiting areas exposed to pollution from the Middle Ural Copper Smelter (MUCS) in the period of reduction of its emissions (1990–2015). The results show that 50-fold reduction of emissions has not resulted in an equivalent decrease in the dietary and body concentrations of metals: in the impact zone (1–2 km from the MUCS), Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations remain unchanged, while Cd concentrations have increased twofold by the end of the observation period; in the background zone (20 km), Cu, Zn, and Cd concentrations remain unchanged, while Pb concentrations have decreased by a factor of 1.7–2.5; and no directed changes have been revealed in moderately polluted plots (4–6 km). The accumulation of heavy metals in the animal body depends primarily on the contents of these elements in food and on the system of elementspecific homeostatic barriers providing effective protection from the toxic effect of heavy metals.     

三峡库区生活垃圾的重金属污染程度评价

长期以来,我国的城市生活垃圾处理与处置主要以填埋为主,且大部分为简易填埋或堆放,形成众多的垃圾堆放场。它们不仅影响周围的生态环境,而且威胁到居民的身体健康,特别是不少堆存的生活垃圾受到重金属元素不同程度的污染,任意放置可能会产生严重的后果,所以评价生活垃圾的重金属元素污染程度有助于垃圾堆放场的环境影响评价以及污染防治措施的提出。以三峡库区为例,通过测定三峡库区各个区县主要垃圾堆放场堆存生活垃圾的重金属元素含量, 包括砷、铅、铬、镉和汞,采用单因子评价和综合评价法确定三峡库区堆存生活垃圾的重金属污染程度,为库区的环境保护提供决策支持。     

Microscale Spatial Variation in Forest Litter Phytotoxicity

The spatial variation (within a 100 × 100 m plot) in the pollution of forest litter with heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn), its acidity, and phytotoxicity (measured by the results of the root test using seedlings from a genetically homogeneous sample of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale s.l.) have been estimated. Forest litter has been sampled in three zones differing in the toxic impact of long-term polymetal pollution by emissions from a copper-smelting plant emissions in the Middle Urals. The phytotoxicity variation is maximum in a moderately polluted plot, where both very high and very low pollution levels were observed, which determines a substantially nonlinear dose–effect relationship. The litter phytotoxicity is mainly accounted for by exchangeable forms of metals. Biological testing of samples from the most polluted plot has demonstrated marked antagonism between heavy metals and acidity.     

Density of Scots pine undergrowth after ground fires in a zone of industrial air pollution

The effects of two exogenous factors, ground fires and industrial air pollution, on natural regeneration of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) cenopopulations have been studied in the Transural region. It has been found that an increased level of air pollution leads to a decrease in the abundance and occurrence frequency of pine undergrowth; as the intensity of ground fire increases, these parameters of the postfire generation of undergrowth increase as well, especially in background areas. As shown by two-way ANOVA, either of these factors and their interaction have a significant effect on the density of pine undergrowth, with this effect being stronger in the case of ground fires.     

近岸海域沉积物重金属生态风险评价模型对比研究

重金属污染被认为是2l世纪影响人类生存与健康的重要环境问题,该类物质极易在近岸海域沉积环境富集,因此海洋沉积物重金属污染已成为人们关注的全球性的环境问题之一,而重金属生态风险评价则成为污染生态学研究的前沿。综述了重金属的形态及生物有效性、重金属污染程度评价方法、重金属生态效应评价法等3种典型生态风险评价方法,结合国内外研究现状对不同的生态风险评价的方法和技术手段进行对比研究,并讨论了相关模型的适用范围及局限性。主要结论如下：金属的赋存形态是基于操作定义的,采用不同的提取方法及提取过程中使用的不同试剂都会对分析结果产生影响;重金属污染程度评价方法难以反映沉积物中重金属的化学活性和生物可利用性;生态效应评价方法从重金属的生物毒性角度出发,反映了多种污染物的综合影响,但该评价方法没有考虑环境条件对元素地球化学分布的影响。因此,在进行近岸海域沉积环境重金属生态风险评价时,采用多种方法相结合的综合评价是解决实际问题的有效途径。     

Metal-contaminated soil remediation by using sludges of the marble industry: toxicological evaluation

The major risks due to metal pollution of sediments consist of leaching to groundwater and potential toxicity to animals and/or plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate by means of an ecotoxicological approach the effects of the addition of cutting marble sludges on the mobile metal fraction of sediments polluted with heavy metals. The study was carried out on two sediments derived from mining activities in Portman Bay (SE, Spain) polluted by heavy metals. These sediments were mixed with sludges left after the cutting of marble. The results obtained by leaching experiments showed that the addition of marble cutting sludge, consisting mainly of carbonates, to a heavy-metal polluted sediment produces a decrease of available metal forms. The carbonate content seems to play a role in chemical stabilisation of metals and in a decrease of toxicity of sediments. The leached solutions have a non-toxic effect. The mild remediation by addition of sludge has moreover effects to long term.     

太湖五里湖底泥污染特性研究

五里湖是太湖污染最严重的水域。为对其治理提供依据,在该湖区设置了4个采样点,对底泥的表层样、柱状样、间隙水样和上覆水体作了重金属和营养盐分布测试,并作了数据统计分析。结果表明：以地积累指数评价,五里湖底泥的重金属污染程度为轻度,总体可达到《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618-1995）三级标准,根据超出背景值的倍数分析,五里湖重金属含量顺序为Cu>Cd>Pb>Hg>As>Cr。重金属含量表层（0～5 cm）相对较低,第二层（5～10 cm）和第三层（10～20 cm）是主要的污染沉积层,这与底泥沉积特征是相对应的。表层底泥总氮、总磷和有机质含量较高并具有明显的相关性,相关系数介于0.757 6～0.862 2之间,显示了污染物质的同源性。表层底泥和间隙水中营养盐含量明显高于湖水,相对于湖水呈可释放状态,是湖体内源污染之一。     

Reproductive Parameters of Adult Birds and Morphophysiological Characteristics of Chicks in the Pied Flycatcher (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ficedula hypoleuca</Emphasis> Pall.) in Technogenically Polluted Habitats

Effects of toxic emissions (heavy metals and sulfur dioxide) on reproductive parameters of adult pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca Pall.) and morphophysiological characteristics of their progeny have been studied in the vicinity of the Middle Ural Copper-Smelting Plant. In polluted areas, the fecundity of adult birds is lower, mortality among the progeny is higher, and changes in the physiological parameters of birds are observed. The effects of toxic load are better manifested in nestlings than in adult birds. They include an increase in the liver index, the reduction of hemoglobin concentration, and an increase in the proportion of immature erythrocytes in the peripheral blood. The proportion of anemic birds also increases. The weakening of nestlings facilitates their infestation by the larvae of parasitic flies. Changes in the differential blood count of nestlings reflect the combined impact of toxic pollutants and parasites.     

江阴市典型河流沉积物重金属污染和风险评价

在摸清河流表层沉积物重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As)含量的基础上,利用综合污染指数和地累积指数评价其污染状况,计算潜在生态风险和人体健康风险。结果表明,江阴市河流沉积物已经受到重金属污染企业和城市径流双重影响,Cu、Zn、Pb峰值在汛期,As、Cr峰值在非汛期;污染负荷指数和地累积指数评价结果显示非汛期污染略轻,地累积指数法引入背景波动参数而使其评价结果较乐观。重金属潜在生态风险都为轻微风险级别;致癌风险处于10~(-3)数量级,非致癌风险数量级为10~(-7),致癌风险为人体健康风险主要承担者。潜在生态风险汛期高,人体健康风险非汛期高,这可能是重金属元素对致癌风险以及生态风险的贡献不同所致。     

天沙河沉积物中重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

采集天沙河表层沉积物,检测其中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb 6种重金属的含量,分别采用内梅罗指数法(NI)、地累积指数法、Hakanson生态风险指数法和淡水生态系统沉积物基准法(SQGs)对沉积物中重金属污染的特征和生态风险进行评价,并对几种评价方法进行比较。结果表明：鉴于各采样点重金属的污染特征,采用内梅罗指数法和Hakanson生态风险指数法所得结果一致,杜阮河段、白沙河段及天沙河上游污染较严重,天沙河中下游污染程度相对较低;就各重金属的污染特征而言,采用地累积指数法和Hakanson生态风险指数法所得结果基本一致,Cd和Cu污染较严重,其次是Zn、Ni、Pb、Cr;而采用SQGs法的风险评价与其它方法所得结果存在一定差异,其主要原因是SQGs法基于污染物的生物毒性效应,而其他方法多反映单一重金属污染效应或多种重金属综合污染效应     

鄱阳湖主要入湖口重金属的分布及潜在风险评价

于2011年5月在鄱阳湖的主要入湖口采集了水样和表层沉积物,测定并分析了其中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 4种重金属元素的含量和分布。同时采用地积累指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和生态毒性效应等评价方法对沉积物中重金属的污染状况进行了分析评价。结果显示：鄱阳湖主要入湖口水体重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均符合国家渔业水质标准要求,除修河的Pb和信江、饶河入湖口的Cd含量属于国家地表水Ⅱ类水质外,其它所有样地的4种重金属含量均低于国家地表水I类标准限值。沉积物中4种重金属含量均超过鄱阳湖相应背景值且呈积累富集的趋势,其中信江入湖口、饶河入湖口以及三江口已受到重金属的严重污染,潜在生态危害均为中等,而污染最轻的区域为南主湖区。揭示重金属污染程度顺序为Cu＞Zn＞Pb＞Cd;单个重金属潜在生态风险顺序为Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn。进一步的生态毒性效应评价结果表明,虽然鄱阳湖主要入湖口沉积物已经受到重金属污染,但对多数底栖生物未产生明显毒害     

黄浦江表层沉积物中重金属污染的潜在生态风险评价

采用潜在生态风险指数法对黄浦江表层沉积物中重金属污染的潜在生态风险进行了评价。评价结果表明,黄浦江表层沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险水平较低,其中杨浦大桥和南市水厂断面达到中等生态风险,其它断面均为轻微生态风险;重金属的潜在生态风险依次为Cd>Hg>Cu>As>Pb>Cr>Zn,除Cd达到中等生态风险外,其余元素均为轻微生态风险。沉积物中重金属的污染水平从上游到下游呈上升趋势,工业排放是水环境中重金属的主要来源,苏州河对黄浦江下游重金属存在一定的输入贡献。相关性分析表明,黄浦江表层沉积物中大多数重金属元素呈现相近的来源特征,有机质是影响沉积物中重金属分布的重要因素。     

太湖流域湖荡湿地沉积物砷汞的空间分布及污染评价

以太湖流域湖荡湿地表层沉积物作为研究对象,用双道氢化物原子荧光光谱法分析了太湖流域湖荡湿地沉积物中重金属砷（As）和汞（Hg）的空间分布特征,用地累积指数法（Geoaccumulation Index,Igeo）对太湖流域湖荡湿地As和Hg的污染状况进行了分析和评价。结果表明：湖州和无锡地区湖荡湿地沉积物As的含量相对较高,且高于太湖流域As的环境背景值,各研究区域湖荡湿地沉积物均未受到As的污染;常州地区湖荡湿地沉积物中Hg的含量相对较低,0＜Igeo＜1,湿地沉积物受到了重金属Hg轻度污染;其它4个区域Hg含量均较高,且高于太湖流域Hg环境背景值,1＜Igeo＜2,均达到偏中度污染水平。由此可见,5个研究区域湖荡沉积物均受到不同程度的重金属Hg的污染,而湖荡沉积物中As的含量仅在局部区域（如无锡,湖州）有增加的趋势,表明人类活动的干扰可能是太湖流域湖荡沉积物中Hg和As含量增加的主要因素     

Dynamic trends of heavy metal contents in plants and soil under different industrial air pollution regimes

Based on 30-year monitoring of Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺ concentrations in the organic horizon of Albic Rustic Podzols and the foliage of six plant species, a dynamic trend in the level of heavy metal accumulation in the components of forest ecosystems of the Kola Peninsula has been revealed against the background of five- to eightfold reduction of pollutant emissions. The direction of the trend has been found to differ: the size of polluted area and pollution level increase with time, while the concentrations of heavy metals in plants decrease due to reduction in their input from the polluted air.     

Mortality and recruitment of mountain birch (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Betula pubescens</Emphasis> ssp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">czerepanovii</Emphasis>) in the impact zone of a copper-nickel smelter in the period of significant reduction of emissions: The results of 15-year monitoring

Long-term monitoring of mountain birch populations (1992–2006) was performed in 14 test plots located at distances of 1 to 63 km from the copper-nickel smelter in Monchegorsk (Murmansk oblast) and differing in the degree of disturbance. In the period from 1999 to 2006, atmospheric emissions of sulfur dioxide and heavy metals amounted to only one-third of those between 1992 and 1998, but birch mortality in heavily polluted areas (with nickel concentrations in leaves exceeding 160 mg/kg) remained at the same level, being absent (as previously) in less polluted areas. Throughout the observation period, birch recruitment was observed only in areas where nickel concentrations in the leaves were below 160 mg/kg; i.e., this concentration proved to be the threshold with respect to both mortality and recruitment of mountain birch. The course of demographic processes in its populations has remained unchanged after the reduction of emissions, confirming the hypothesis of the “inertial“ effect of industrial emissions on ecosystems. In some areas of industrial barrens, mountain birch may perish completely within the next decade.     

Dynamics of heavy metal accumulation in thalli of the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes

A sequential extraction procedure was used to study localization of heavy metals in thalli of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. growing under conditions of chronic aerotechnogenic pollution in the Middle Urals. Trends in the seasonal dynamics of metal contents in the thalli were revealed. The dynamics of metal accumulation was also studied in the thalli brought to the polluted zone from the background environment. After one year, the extra-and intercellular contents of most metals in these transplants approached those in the aboriginal thalli and in some cases (intracellular content of cadmium) exceeded them.     

滴水湖沉积物中重金属污染特征与评价

分析滴水湖及其周边沉积物中Hg、As、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cr等7种重金属含量特征,并用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和主成分分析法对沉积物中的重金属污染状况进行了评价和分析。结果表明,滴水湖沉积物中As和Pb低于上海市潮滩背景值,Hg、Cd、Zn和Cr均高于潮滩背景值,50%样点的Cu高于潮滩背景值;地累积指数法评价结果表明滴水湖沉积物中Cr的平均污染水平为偏中污染,Hg、Cd和Zn为轻度污染,As、Cu和Pb为清洁水平;潜在生态风险指数法评价结果表明滴水湖沉积物重金属为中等生态风险,Hg和Cd是潜在生态风险的主要贡献元素;主成分分析结果表明,滴水湖沉积物中Hg、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cr主要来自于人为源,As主要来自底质滩涂     

有色冶金区土壤-蔬菜系统重金属污染特征及健康风险分析

采用对应采样方法研究大冶有色冶炼厂周围地区土壤、蔬菜中Cd、Cu、Pb和As的含量,并对蔬菜重金属污染状况、富集能力及健康风险进行了分析。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属污染严重,Cd、Cu、Pb和As平均含量分别达5.28、193.37、93.83和36.56 mg/kg,分别为湖北省对应元素土壤背景值的31.06、6.30、3.51和2.97倍,表现为以Cd为主的多种重金属共同污染。与《食品中污染物限量》(GB2762-2012)标准比较,蔬菜中Cd和Cu含量的样本超标率分别为68%和6%,而As、Pb的含量均不超标。蔬菜中重金属富集能力的排序为:CdCuAsPb,叶菜类蔬菜对Cd、Cu、Pb和As的富集系数均高于非叶菜类蔬菜。土壤和蔬菜重金属综合质量指数达10.07,为重度污染。研究区人群通过蔬菜摄入As、Cd的目标危险系数均大于1,存在As、Cd暴露的健康风险;成人和儿童食用蔬菜而摄入重金属的TTHQ分别为2.11~5.06和2.78~6.64,儿童比成人遭受的健康风险更大,并且距离冶炼厂越近,所遭受的健康风险越大。蔬菜中重金属的复合污染已使大冶有色冶炼厂周围居民面临潜在的健康风险。     

Strategies of adaptation to heavy metal pollution in Deschampsia caespitosa and Lychnis flos-cuculi: Analysis based on dose-response relationship

The response to copper pollution was studied in the vegetative progeny of tufted hair grass (Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.) and ragged robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi L.) plants growing together in chronically polluted areas around the Middle Ural Copper Smelter or in background areas. The root elongation test was used, with copper sulfate (0.006–0.51 mg Cu/L) being added directly to the nutrient medium. Using multimodel inference, dose-response curves were plotted for each of 85 maternal plants, and their parameters (effective Cu concentrations and curve slope in the linear segment) were evaluated. The pattern of transformation in dose dependence of root increment upon transition from background to impact populations proved to be basically different in the two species. The curves for L. flos-cuculi showed a parallel shift, with their shape remaining generally unchanged. In D. caespitosa, this transition was accompanied by a decrease in sensitivity to Cu, but tolerance to this metal was found to increase only at the highest concentration range. These results provide evidence for different strategies of adaptation to heavy metal pollution, which are discussed by comparing the physiological and ecological properties of the two species.