工业废渣和膨润土协同固化污泥的性能与微观特征

为探究工业废渣和膨润土协同处置市政污泥的应用效果,利用工业废渣(高炉矿渣和脱硫石膏)等量取代部分水泥,设计制备了低水泥掺量的工业废渣基复合固化剂(简称复合固化剂),开展了复合固化剂和膨润土协同固化污泥的无侧限抗压强度、浸出液重金属浓度及COD测试,评价了复合固化剂和膨润土对固化污泥力学特性和环境安全性能的影响。通过XRD、TG/DTG、BET、SEM等微观测试手段,明确了复合固化剂协同膨润土固化稳定污泥的微观结构特征。结果表明：采用高炉矿渣和脱硫石膏等量取代部分水泥可大幅度提升固化污泥的强度,复合固化剂的最优质量配合比为高炉矿渣∶脱硫石膏∶水泥=6∶1∶3;在复合固化剂固化污泥基础上,掺加膨润土可明显提升固化污泥的强度以及环境安全性,膨润土的最优掺量为10%;采用10%膨润土等量取代部分复合固化剂,固化污泥强度可提升17%～23%,浸出液中重金属离子浓度和COD值可降低40%～60%;相比水泥固化污泥体系,复合固化剂和膨润土协同固化污泥可生成更多的C-S-H凝胶、钙矾石晶体等水化产物,且膨润土具有较好的细化孔隙效应,二者协同作用共同提升了固化污泥的密实度和强度,而胶凝物质的物理包裹以及...     

疏浚底泥固化改性与资源化利用技术

通过疏浚底泥固化改性使其作为路基回填土得以安全处置与资源化利用。复配CaO、Al_2O_3、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、CaSO_4制备CAS型和MCAS型固化剂,当聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、MCAS3/1/4(CaO、PAC、CaSO_4复配摩尔比3∶1∶4)投加量分别占含水率90%底泥湿重的0.2%、1%时,室温养护7d后,固化底泥无侧限抗压强度达209.56kPa,液限小于50%,塑性指数为15.67,HJ/T299标准方法测定重金属浸出浓度低于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅱ类水体相关限值,符合路基回填用土性能要求。X射线衍射分析结果表明,MCAS固化剂固化底泥中有单硫型/多硫型铝酸三钙晶体3CaO·Al_2O_3·xCaSO_4·xH_2O生成,这种非水溶性晶体是促进固化底泥体系力学强度形成的关键影响因素。     

β-半水磷石膏低温制备及固化铅污染土壤性能研究

惰性材料、化学物质和工业废渣掺入磷石膏,低温制备改性β-半水磷石膏(MHG),并对其煅烧温度、抗压强度、凝结时间及固化铅污染土壤的效果进行研究。结果表明,磷石膏、矿渣、粉煤灰和生石灰按91∶4∶3∶2(质量比)制备的MHG性能最好,抗压强度达到6.47MPa,相对于β-半水磷石膏抗压强度提高了24.18%,凝结时间延长7～23min。MHG固化铅污染土壤,养护3d的铅浸出质量浓度为0.015～0.028mg/L,相对于水泥铅浸出质量浓度降低了43.90%～57.14%。     

干湿循环对Pb污染土固化体力学和浸出特性的影响

为研究干湿循环作用对Pb污染土固化体力学和浸出特性的影响规律,采用普通硅酸盐水泥(OPC)和磷酸镁水泥(MPC)2种固化剂对Pb污染土进行固化/稳定化处理。基于无侧限抗压强度实验、渗透实验和浸出实验,探讨干湿循环作用对Pb污染土固化体力学和浸出特性的影响规律,并结合压汞实验分析干湿循环作用对Pb污染土固化体力学和浸出特性影响的微观机制。结果表明:干湿循环作用均会降低OPC和MPC固化体的力学特性,MPC固化体耐久性要优于OPC固化体;通过浸出实验发现,OPC和MPC固化体浸出浓度均随干湿循环次数的增加而增加,当干湿循环次数大于5次时,OPC固化体浸出浓度高于浸出安全标准,而MPC固化体的浸出浓度均低于浸出安全标准;通过压汞实验发现,干湿循环作用破坏了固化土的结构完整性,增大了固化体中大孔隙(孔径1μm)体积。这是导致Pb污染土力学特性降低的根本原因,而固稳机制的不同是干湿循环作用下OPC和MPC固化体浸出浓度差异的本质原因。     

环氧树脂粘结剂的研究

根据中空纤维超滤膜组件封端的需要,本文研究了不同种类环氧树脂,不同种类固化剂以不同比例混合时的热固化过程,比较了它们最高放热温度、使用期、收缩率、固化后树脂耐温性及对某些金属和塑料的粘结强度。结果表明,采用合适的环氧树脂,固化剂及适宜比例组成,可以得到适于浇铸的使用期在1小时以上,最高放热度<80℃,收缩串小于2％,对有机玻璃和ABS粘结强度>30kg/cm~2的粘结配方。     

改性污泥替代垃圾填埋场覆土的研究

以市政污泥为研究对象,采用固化剂对污泥进行改性,通过分析不同固化剂添加比例下固化产物的抗压强度和渗透系数,比较不同养护时间下污泥固化产物浸出液的COD、氨氮和重金属性质,探讨市政污泥固化产物作为垃圾填埋场覆土可行性。实验结果表明：固化剂添加比例为30％的固化产物抗压强度高于50kPa,其渗透系数达到10^-7cm／s数量级,基本满足覆土材料的标准要求。污泥固化产物重金属的最大浸出量远远低于《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-88）中一级排放标准。随养护时间延长,固化产物浸出液COD和氨氮浸出浓度亦呈下降趋势,重金属Pb、Cd浸出量明显减少,浸出比例小于1％。养护有利于降低固化产物的浸出污染程度,30％的污泥固化产物养护3d后可作为垃圾填埋场日覆盖材料。     

复掺粉煤灰吸附剂碳化固碳反应及对重金属浸出特性的影响

针对复掺方法提高粉煤灰矿物固碳效率和重金属析出钝化作用,采用粉煤灰掺入不同比例的消石灰和氧化铝制备了固碳吸附剂,利用三相高压反应釜模拟碳酸化固碳反应,利用热重-差热测试分析了不同配比固化剂CO_2固定量和固定效率,对碳酸化反应前后固化剂的化学成分进行了分析,揭示了复掺粉煤灰吸附剂固碳机理,对碳酸化反应前后固化剂材料中重金属浸出毒性进行了实验模拟。结果表明,粉煤灰基固化剂复掺消石灰后,增加了固化材料中CaO量,显著提高了碳酸化体系中pH值,当粉煤灰与消石灰质量比为1∶1时,碳固定效率最高,达到6.98%。当消石灰的投加量为50%时,As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Cr受到了较强的抑制效果,Ni、Zn的浸出浓度没有变化。因此,复掺消石灰、氧化铝的粉煤灰基碳固化材料可有效改善纯粉煤灰碳酸化固定CO_2的效率,并可降低粉煤灰碳酸化后重金属的浸出毒性。     

废弃油基钻井液提取柴油剩余废弃物无害化处理研究

针对废弃油基钻井液中柴油回收过程产生的泥渣、废水、废白土和酸碱废渣具有高色度、高pH、高COD和高石油类的特点,通过优化实验得出了一步法无害化处理废弃混合物的最佳固化配方:水泥和粉煤灰加量分别为12.5%,激活剂SG加量1.5%,促凝剂LSL加量1.5%,石灰加量1%。在最佳固化配方下,固化体浸出液的各主要污染指标都符合《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准,固化成本约100元/m3,与分别处理废渣、废液相比,其处理成本可降低约20%。     

污泥焚烧灰固化处理技术研究

研究了硅酸盐水泥、高铝水泥、高岭土和β-萘系减水剂在污泥焚烧灰固化技术中的应用效果。考察了污泥焚烧灰固化块(以下简称固化块)的抗压强度,测定了固化块的重金属浸出毒性,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析固化块组成和微观结构。结果表明,4种物质对提高固化块的抗压强度均具有较好的效果,硅酸盐水泥、高铝水泥、高岭土和β-萘系减水剂的适宜掺量分别为10、30、20、1.0g(以100g污泥焚烧灰中掺加的质量计)。XRD和SEM分析结果显示,经固化处理后制得的固化块结构密实,存在石英(SiO2)、水化硅铝酸钙(CaAl2Si2O8)和水化硅酸铝钙(Ca2Al2SiO7)等物质,其中水化硅铝酸钙等凝胶物质有利于提高固化块的抗压强度。     

矿区炼金废渣的固化/稳定化处理

通过对金矿矿区炼金废渣的酸中和能力、净产酸量及浸出毒性实验,测定了废渣的产酸潜力及重金属砷、镉、铅、锌的总量和它们的浸出量。为了合理处置矿区炼金废渣,并为矿区重金属污染土壤的修复提供技术支持,采用石灰、粉煤灰、堆肥化污泥作为添加剂对废渣进行固化/稳定化处理;通过浸出毒性实验对固化/稳定化处理效果进行综合分析,试图寻求一种最佳的稳定剂。结果表明,无论是单独添加石灰、粉煤灰或者堆肥化污泥还是两两组合混合添加,样品浸出液的pH都有升高,As、Cd的浸出浓度都有明显下降,而且两两组合添加比单独添加的固化/稳定化处理效果更好。在两两组合添加中,粉煤灰混合堆肥化污泥的处理效果最好,浸出液的pH值达到7.82,As、Cd的浸出率分别下降72.0%和72.2%。说明粉煤灰混合堆肥化污泥处理炼金废渣效果最佳,同时具有以废治污的资源化生态效能。     

Remediation of metal-contaminated soils with the addition of materials - part II: leaching tests to evaluate the efficiency of materials in the remediation of contaminated soils

The effect of the addition of materials on the leaching pattern of As and metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd) in two contaminated soils was investigated. The examined materials included bentonites, silicates and industrial wastes, such as sugar foam, fly ashes and a material originated from the zeolitization of fly ash. Soil + material mixtures were prepared at 10% doses. Changes in the acid neutralization capacity, crystalline phases and contaminant leaching over a wide range of pHs were examined by using pH_stat leaching tests. Sugar foam, the zeolitic material and MX-80 bentonite produced the greatest decrease in the leaching of pollutants due to an increase in the pH and/or the sorption capacity in the resulting mixture. This finding suggests that soil remediation may be a feasible option for the reuse of non-hazardous wastes.     

Leachates from solid wastes: chemical and eco(geno)toxicological differences between leachates obtained from fresh and stabilized industrial organic sludge

The chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics of fresh and stabilized industrial organic sludge leachates were compared to obtain information regarding how the stabilization process can influence the ecotoxic potential of this industrial waste, which could be used for the amendment of degraded soil. Physicochemical analysis of the sludge leachates, as well as a battery of eco(geno)toxicity tests on bacteria, algae, daphnids, and higher plants (including Vicia faba genotoxicity test) and the determination of hydrolytic enzyme activity, was performed according to standard methods. The chemical comparison of the two types of leachate showed that the samples obtained from stabilized sludge had a lower organic content and higher metal content than leachates of the fresh sludge. The eco(geno)toxicological results obtained with aquatic organisms showed that the stabilized sludge leachate was more toxic than the fresh sludge leachate, both originating from the same industrial organic sludge sample. Nevertheless, phytotoxicity tests carried out with a reference peat soil irrigated with stabilized sludge leachate showed the same toxicity as the fresh sludge leachate. In the case of the industrial solid organic sludge studied, stabilization through a biodegradation process promoted a higher metal mobility/bioavailability/eco(geno)toxicity in the stabilized sludge leachate compared to the fresh sludge leachate.     

Trace element inputs into soils by anthropogenic activities and implications for human health.

Trace element definition and functions, and inputs into soils from the most important anthropogenic sources, related and not related to agricultural practices, of general and local or incidental concern, are discussed in the first part of this review. Trace element inputs include those from commercial fertilizers, liming materials and agrochemicals, sewage sludges and other wastes used as soil amendments, irrigation waters, and atmospheric depositions from urban, industrial, and other sources. In the second part of the review, the most important ascertained effects of soil trace elements on human health are presented. The possible relations found between some specific soil trace elements, such as Cd, Se, As and others, and cancer incidence and mortality, and diffusion of other important human diseases are reviewed. Brief conclusions and recommendations conclude this review.     

Metal accumulation in poplar plant grown with industrial wastes

In this study the effects of different levels of industrial wastes on growth traits and metal accumulation in aerial portions were determined for Populusxeuramericana clone I-214. The experiment started in April 2003. Scions of Populusxeuramericana clone I-214, were grown outdoor near Pisa (Italy), in lisimeters filled with soil naturally present in the land around the experimental site, were daily drip irrigated, hand weeded, monthly fertilized, pruned for a unique shoot and cultivated with four increasing treatments: soil non-amended, soil amended with 4.8 kgm(-2), with 9.6 kgm(-2) and with 19.2 kgm(-2) of fresh tannery waste. The climatic parameters were daily recorded throughout the whole experiment. Growth relieves were performed during the growing season. After six months since the plantation of the scions, aerial portions of every plant were harvested for biomass and metal content analyses. Data demonstrated that the waste exerted beneficial effects on poplars mainly through a general increase of growth traits and that the nutrients relocation is the mechanisms involved in modulating growth rate. The concentration and the amount of the mineral elements analysed (N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr) changed determinately among treatments, organs and position. We concluded that phytoremediation strategies of tannery wastes might be possible and sustainable for polar plantations in soil amended with non-hazardous levels of industrial waste, which maintain total heavy metals concentration close to background values.     

Stabilization and Solidification of Metal-Laden Wastes by Compaction and Magnesium Phosphate-Based Binder

ABSTRACT

Bench-scale and full-scale investigations of waste stabilization and volume reduction were conducted using spiked soil and ash wastes containing heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Hg. The waste streams were stabilized and solidified using chemically bonded phosphate ceramic (CBPC) binder, and then compacted by either uniaxial or harmonic press for volume reduction. The physical properties of the final waste forms were determined by measuring volume reduction, density, porosity, and compressive strength. The leachability of heavy metals in the final waste forms was determined by a toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test and a 90-day immersion test (ANS 16.1). The structural composition and nature of waste forms were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively.

CBPC binder and compaction can achieve 80-wt % waste loading and 39-47% reduction in waste volume. Compressive strength of final waste forms ranged from 1500 to 2000 psi. TCLP testing of waste forms showed that all heavy metals except Hg passed the TCLP limits using the phosphate-based binder. When Na₂S was added to the binder, the waste forms also passed TCLP limits for Hg. Long-term leachability resistance of the final waste forms was achieved for all metals in both soil and ash wastes, and the leachability index was ~14. XRD patterns of waste forms indicated vermiculite in the ash waste was chemically incorporated into the CBPC matrix. SEM showed that waste forms are layered when compacted by uniaxial press and are homogeneous when compacted by harmonic press.     

Stabilization and solidification of metal-laden wastes by compaction and magnesium phosphate-based binder

Bench-scale and full-scale investigations of waste stabilization and volume reduction were conducted using spiked soil and ash wastes containing heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Hg. The waste streams were stabilized and solidified using chemically bonded phosphate ceramic (CBPC) binder, and then compacted by either uniaxial or harmonic press for volume reduction. The physical properties of the final waste forms were determined by measuring volume reduction, density, porosity, and compressive strength. The leachability of heavy metals in the final waste forms was determined by a toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test and a 90-day immersion test (ANS 16.1). The structural composition and nature of waste forms were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. CBPC binder and compaction can achieve 80-wt% waste loading and 39-47% reduction in waste volume. Compressive strength of final waste forms ranged from 1500 to 2000 psi. TCLP testing of waste forms showed that all heavy metals except Hg passed the TCLP limits using the phosphate-based binder. When Na2S was added to the binder, the waste forms also passed TCLP limits for Hg. Long-term leachability resistance of the final waste forms was achieved for all metals in both soil and ash wastes, and the leachability index was approximately 14. XRD patterns of waste forms indicated vermiculite in the ash waste was chemically incorporated into the CBPC matrix. SEM showed that waste forms are layered when compacted by uniaxial press and are homogeneous when compacted by harmonic press.     

The role of the national recycling utility in the Korean economy

As the Korean national economy has continued to grow and the industrial structure has become increasingly advanced, the amount of wastes being generated is rapidly on the rise. Recycling to cope with the environmental problems caused by wastes has become an increasingly important policy issue in developing countries such as Korea, as well as in developed countries. To provide policy-makers with practical and responsible analysis regarding the role of the national recycling utility in the economy, this study employed input–output (I–O) analysis with specific application to Korea. The major goal was the development of a static I-O framework for examining the role of the national recycling utility in the short run. The second goal was to obtain at least a preliminary indication of the role of the national recycling utility. This paper also discusses the role of a public firm that was established with an objective of promoting and facilitating the reuse of recyclable wastes. The overall results indicate that the national recycling utility may have a significant influence on the standard of living and industrial production.     

Phytoavailability and extractability of copper and zinc in calcareous soil amended with composted urban wastes

A greenhouse experiment was conducted under simulated field conditions using large-capacity plastic pots, filled each one with 25 kg of air-dried calcareous soil. Besides the control, four treatments were prepared by applying separately two rates (20 and 80 Mg ha-1) of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost, and co-composted municipal solid waste and sewage sludge (MSW-SS). Lettuce was planted and harvested 2.5 months later. The application of composted urban wastes tended to increase Cu concentration in lettuce with respect to the control, but it was only significant when the higher rate of MSW compost was applied. The control showed values of Zn concentration in plant within a deficient range. In general, composted urban wastes treatments had increased Zn concentration values, which were within the sufficiency range. Both treatments with MSW compost increased Cu and Zn uptake in comparison with MSW-SS co-compost treatments. At the postharvest, all composted urban wastes treatments increased significantly DTPA-extractable Cu content in soil with respect to the control; it was also significant the increase in AAAc-EDTA-extractable Cu in soil produced by the addition of the higher rate of MSW compost. The application of composted urban wastes increased significantly DTPA-extractable and AAAc-EDTA-extractable Zn contents in soil versus the control, except for the lower rate of MSW-SS co-compost. The values of DTPA-extractable/total ratio for Cu and Zn were under 10%, except for the treatment applying the higher rate of MSW compost which promoted higher values. The values of AAAc-EDTA-extractable/total ratio for Cu were above 10% in all treatments including the control. This tendency was also observed in AAAc-EDTA-extractable/total ratio for Zn when applying both rates of MSW compost or the higher rate of MSW-SS co-compost.     

Comparison of solid-phase and eluate assays to gauge the ecotoxicological risk of organic wastes on soil organisms

Development of methodologies to assess the safety of reusing polluted organic wastes in soil is a priority in Europe. In this study, and coupled with chemical analysis, seven organic wastes were subjected to different aquatic and soil bioassays. Tests were carried out with solid-phase waste and three different waste eluates (water, methanol, and dichloromethane).Solid-phase assays were indicated as the most suitable for waste testing not only in terms of relevance for real situations, but also because toxicity in eluates was generally not representative of the chronic effects in solid-phase.No general correlations were found between toxicity and waste pollutant burden, neither in solid-phase nor in eluate assays, showing the inability of chemical methods to predict the ecotoxicological risks of wastes. On the contrary, several physicochemical parameters reflecting the degree of low organic matter stability in wastes were the main contributors to the acute toxicity seen in collembolans and daphnids.     

Removal and degradation of aromatic compounds from a highly polluted site by coupling soil washing with photocatalysis

The possible application of two environmental remediation technologies - soil washing and photocatalysis - to remove and decompose various aromatic pollutants present in excavated soils of a contaminated industrial site has been investigated. Aqueous solutions containing the non-ionic surfactant Brij 35 were used to extract the contaminants from the soil samples. The photocatalytic treatment of the obtained washing wastes, performed in the presence of TiO(2) suspensions irradiated with simulated sunlight, showed a slow abatement of the toxic compounds due to the relevant concentrations of organics in the waste. A neat improvement of the process performances, obtained by operating in the presence of added potassium peroxydisulfate, suggests a feasible treatment route.