环境噪声达标区建设的宏观经济效益分析方法

从环境经济学观点出发，运用系统论，数理统计等方法，分析环境噪声污染的直接损失与间接损失，达标区建设的硬件与软件投资、达标区建成后的直接与间接效益，建立了环境噪声达标区建设中损失－投资－效益三者的分析法，以价格机制和价值规律，促进环境噪声污染防治。     

Spatial aggregation and the value of natural capital

Location matters for the value of capital assets. The value of changes in natural capital wealth can depend on whether natural capital asset prices are measured locally and then aggregated or whether average values are applied over aggregate representative areas. Spatial heterogeneity of resource characteristics and institutions impact approximations of the intertemporal welfare function and accounting price function because when spatial aggregation precedes valuation it implies greater arbitrage opportunities leading to more inelastic shadow (accounting) price functions than when valuation is done locally and then aggregated. Aggregation of observed values across varying resource and institutional characteristics can lead to omitted variables bias. We illustrate these results in the context of groundwater in the Kansas High Plains Aquifer and demonstrate that the accounting price function is less elastic when the accounting price is measured locally. Failure to measure locally and then aggregate could lead to undervaluing scarce resources and overvaluing plentiful ones, which biases wealth accounts in favor of passing the non-declining wealth sustainability test.     

Housing values,census estimates,disequilibrium, and the environmental cost of airport noise: A case study of Atlanta

Two unresolved issues about airport noise-property value studies are addressed. The first issue concerns the comparability of empirical results from aggregate census data vs individual sales values, and the second issue concerns the homogeneity and stability of results from housing price studies over time and across markets. Hedonic price models from two sets of data for a residential area near the Atlanta International Airport are estimated at two points in time 1979–1980 and 1970–1972. The available data yield similar estimates of the noise discount over time, and from the prices of individual house sales vs owner-appraised census block aggregates.     

上海市轨道交通明珠线对沿线不同人群噪声影响调查

采用现场监测和公众参与相结合的方法调查和评价了上海市轨道交通明珠线对沿线居民、学校师生和商办楼办公人员的噪声影响。评价结果表明:明珠线列车运行噪声对沿线居民影响较大,对沿线办公楼和学校的影响相对较轻,且居民在采取噪声防护措施方面相对较为困难。居民对噪声损害赔偿的要求比办公人员和学校师生强烈。     

烤烟优质高产施肥技术研究初报

１９９７～１９９８年在广东省五华县的紫色土田进行了烤烟优质高产施肥试验。结果表明,在一定的氮磷施用量条件下,烤烟的产量、质量及产值都是随着施钾比例的提高而提高。在一定的配比下,烤烟的产量及产值在施氮 １６５ ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２以下均随施氮量的增加而提高;均价和优级烟率以中等氮水平（ １３５ ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２）的为最高。本文还提出烤烟的最佳施肥方案。     

Option value under income and price uncertainty

We present a rigorous examination of the sign of option value under income and price uncertainty. We state and prove three theorems on the sign of option value when preferences are state independent. If income is uncertain, the sign of option value is opposite the sign of the income elasticity of the good in question. The analysis of price uncertainty is in two parts: one covers the case of own price uncertainty and the other the case where the price of some other good is uncertain. In both cases the sign of option value is generally ambiguous.     

The impact of flooding on property prices: A repeat-sales approach

In this paper we use a repeat-sales model to analyse the price path of properties affected by flooding in England between 1995 and 2014. Our dataset contains information on 4.8 million houses with at least one repeat-sale. This database is merged with high-definition GIS data delineating the spatial extent of all recorded flood incidents in England covering a total area of 2,654 km². Our results show that immediately after a flood event the price of property in a postcode entirely inundated by inland flooding is on average 24.9% lower than non-flooded property, whereas for property in a postcode entirely inundated by coastal flooding the price reduction is 21.1%. Nonetheless, we find that this discount is short-lived and the discount is no longer statistically significant for properties affected by inland flooding after 5 years, which falls to just 4 years for properties affected by coastal flooding. For lower-priced properties however, the post-flood price discount can be observed up to 6–7 years for both inland and coastal flooding. The magnitude of the impact also depends on the characteristics of the properties, the characteristics of the flood and the existence of flood protection assets.     

Durable goods and long-run electricity demand: Evidence from air conditioner purchase behavior

I estimate a dynamic structural model of demand for air conditioners, the most energy-intensive home appliance in the US. The model explores the links between demand for durable goods and expected changes in key attributes: energy efficiency and price. I incorporate expectations explicitly as a feature of the choice setting, and use parameter estimates from the model to calculate durable good demand elasticities with respect to energy efficiency, electricity price, and price of the durable itself. These estimates fill a large gap in the literature, and also shed light on consumer behavior in this setting. Results indicate that consumers are forward-looking and value the stream of future savings derived from energy efficiency.     

重庆市主城区典型道路的交通噪声

选取重庆市主城区典型道路,实测了交通噪声昼夜、水平和垂直变化,结果表明：交通噪声昼夜等效A声级高速公路最高,主干道次之,次干道最低,交通噪声随车流量增加而增大,高峰值出现在上午8：00-10：00和17：00-20：00,最小值出现在凌晨4：00;水平方向上,随着距路沿距离的增加,噪声值逐渐减小,道路路沿45m以外可满足《声环境质量标准》（GB3096-2008）要求;垂直方向上,噪声值先增加后逐渐降低。     

临街高层建筑道路交通噪声预测及其修正

选取临街高层建筑作为影响点,对现场噪声进行了实测,同时用美国FHWA道路交通噪声预测模式进行了噪声预测,实测值与预测值对比的结果表明,道路交通噪声随高度增加先由小变大再变小,而预测值呈现单一变化。原因为交通噪声垂向分布会受到建筑立面对噪声的反射及散射、车辆车身及路面材质、绿化带植被对噪声的吸收等多方面影响。在给出修正预测模式后,重新对影响点进行预测,修正后预测值与实测值误差可控制在3dB(A)以内,很好地反映出道路交通噪声在垂直方向上的变化趋势。     

Testing the rational expectations hypothesis in a secondary materials market

In the context of a supply-demand model for wastepaper in the United States, it is demonstrated that the estimated low adjustment rate associated with the hypothesis of adaptive expectations on price changes translates into an almost instantaneous adjustment in terms of price levels. Further, it is shown that the rational expectations hypothesis is an acceptable framework to analyze this market, and that using this hypothesis, the price elasticity of supply is estimated to be 0.23, which is nearly twice the value obtained using adaptive expectations.     

Discounting in the presence of scarce ecosystem services

The discount rate for cost-benefit analysis has to take account of future scarcity of ecosystem services in consumption and production. Previous literature focuses on the first aspect and shows the importance of the relative price effect, for given growth rates of consumption and ecosystem services. This paper focuses on intermediate ecosystem services in production and shows that for limited substitutability and a low growth rate of these ecosystem services, the growth rate of consumption, and thus the discount rate, declines towards a low value. Using a Ramsey growth model, the paper distinguishes three cases. If ecosystem services can be easily substituted, the discount rate converges to the usual value in the long term. Secondly, if ecosystem services can be easily substituted in production but not in consumption, the relative price effect is important. Finally, and most interestingly, if ecosystem services cannot be easily substituted in production, the discount rate declines towards a low value and the relative price effect is less important. Another part of the previous literature has shown that a declining discount rate is the result of introducing several forms of uncertainty, but this paper reaches that conclusion from an endogenous effect on the growth rate of the economy.     

石灰、钙镁磷肥对烤烟生产及土壤酸度调节的影响

广东植烟土壤酸度普查结果表明，沙泥田的pH值在3．45～5．75之间，大于5．5的很少。pH值偏低是制约沙泥田烤烟产量、质量进一步提高的主要障碍因子之一。在沙泥田烟区进行石灰施用量及提高钙镁磷肥施用比例的试验结果表明，随着石灰施用量的增加，气斑病、青枯病有下降的趋势；而赤腥病有上升的趋势，而烤烟的产值、均价、上等烟率等都是在石灰施用量1500kg／hm^2时为最高。提高钙镁磷肥的施用比例，烤烟的产量、产值、均价、上等烟率等也相应提高。施用石灰及钙镁磷肥均有提高土壤pH值的作用。建议在沙泥田烟区每公顷施石灰1500kg，全部以钙镁磷肥作为磷的来源。     

城市高层建筑大气颗粒物污染和噪声垂直分布特征

以空气颗粒物和噪声为研究对象,利用颗粒物监测仪和噪声仪,研究了颗粒物和噪声在不同天气状况下以及垂直方向上的变化规律,结果表明,(1)在0～56m之间,TSP、PM_(10)随高度增加而减小,56～116m之间随高度增加而增大.低空中的PM_(2.5)、PM_1相差不大,而100 m以上高空中的PM_(2.5)、PM_1污染程度明显大于地面.(2)天气条件影响颗粒物污染程度.晴天和大风天颗粒物的污染相对较轻,阴天时污染最重.(3)L_(eq(A))随高度增加而增大,最高点(116 m)处的噪声比地面高约4 dB.晴朗和阴天条件下,噪声差别不大;在大风天气条件下,高层建筑顶层的噪声污染较重.     

城市轨道交通在生态城市建设中的作用

以生态城市基本理论为依据,探讨了生态城市交通系统所应具备的特征。通过分析我国大城市交通面临的主要问题,以及发展城市轨道交通在提高城市交通系统资源、能源利用效率和降低城市交通污染以及引导城市结构优化等方面的巨大优势,阐明发展以城市轨道交通为骨干的交通系统将是促进我国现阶段生态城市建设重要的前瞻性举措。     

Economic Valuation of Subsistence Harvest of Wildlife in Madagascar

Wildlife consumption can be viewed as an ecosystem provisioning service (the production of a material good through ecological functioning) because of wildlife's ability to persist under sustainable levels of harvest. We used the case of wildlife harvest and consumption in northeastern Madagascar to identify the distribution of these services to local households and communities to further our understanding of local reliance on natural resources. We inferred these benefits from demand curves built with data on wildlife sales transactions. On average, the value of wildlife provisioning represented 57% of annual household cash income in local communities from the Makira Natural Park and Masoala National Park, and harvested areas produced an economic return of U.S.$0.42 ha^?1· year^?1. Variability in value of harvested wildlife was high among communities and households with an approximate 2 orders of magnitude difference in the proportional value of wildlife to household income. The imputed price of harvested wildlife and its consumption were strongly associated (p< 0.001), and increases in price led to reduced harvest for consumption. Heightened monitoring and enforcement of hunting could increase the costs of harvesting and thus elevate the price and reduce consumption of wildlife. Increased enforcement would therefore be beneficial to biodiversity conservation but could limit local people's food supply. Specifically, our results provide an estimate of the cost of offsetting economic losses to local populations from the enforcement of conservation policies. By explicitly estimating the welfare effects of consumed wildlife, our results may inform targeted interventions by public health and development specialists as they allocate sparse funds to support regions, households, or individuals most vulnerable to changes in access to wildlife. Valoración Económica de la Caza de Subsistencia de Vida Silvestre en Madagascar     

Driving mechanism and boundary control of urban sprawl

Since the reform and opening-up, China’s economy has achieved remarkable development and so does the urbanization. However, there is an unavoidable contradiction between urban sprawl and the protection of arable land and the environment. By redefining the urban sprawl boundary, this paper is to provide a solution for the conflict above on the China’s urbanization context. The ideal boundary, moderate boundary and limit boundary are defined for urban sprawl in space. Taking Nanjing city as a case, the three urban sprawl boundaries are estimated in this paper based on the calculation of agricultural land resources value in Nanjing. The results show that 1) the integrated value of agricultural (cultivated) land resources in Nanjing is 1.55 × 10⁷ CNY·hm⁻², the economic value accounts for only 8.74% of the integrated value, while 91.26% of the integrated value has not revealed itself due to the existing institutional arrangements, policy distortions, and imperfect land market; 2) it is difficult to define the ideal and moderate boundaries due to the relatively low price of North Nanjing. In South Nanjing the land price is expensive and the ideal, moderate and limit boundaries are expanded to Jiangning, Qixia, and Yuhuatai; 3) the city scale of South Nanjing should be limited within 5.82 × 10⁴ hm², which is roughly the same as the designated size of 5.81 × 10⁴ hm² in the urban planning. It is suggested that the rational scope of urban expansion should be controlled within the moderate boundary.     

A qualitative characterization of the competitive nonrenewable resource extracting firm

Using variational differential equations, a systematic qualitative analysis is carried out for the competitive nonrenewable resource extracting firm. The parameters of interest are the output price, variable input price, discount rate, lease length, initial resource stock, and various tax rates. The effects of changes in these parameters on the entire optimal time paths of the current shadow value of the stock, the resource stock, and the extraction rate are characterized in the perturbed phase plane.     

基于不同评估方法的养殖池塘富营养化环境成本研究——以上海青浦地区常规鱼类养殖池塘为例

采用物料平衡法、置换成本法、条件价值评估法（CVM）和COD价格法对池塘养殖环境成本进行评估。结果显示,基于4种评估方法估算得到的池塘养殖环境成本由大到小依次为置换成本法（4 400元.a-1.hm-2）、COD价格法（4 191.99元.a-1.hm-2）、物料平衡法（3 925.76元.a-1.hm-2）和CVM法（2 007.8元.a-1.hm-2）,认为在不考虑时间和经济成本的前提下,基于COD价格法测算得到的结果可能最接近于环境成本的真实值。采用4种评估方法测得的环境成本占常规鱼类养殖经济总收益的6%～14%,表明采取相关措施防治水产养殖环境污染很有必要。     

Exvessel Price Determination in the Alaska King Crab Fishery: A Formula Price Contract under Uncertainty?

Commercial fisheries industry structure often suggests exvessel price formation occurs in the context of a competitive harvesting sector and an oligopsonistic processing sector. However, industry conduct leading to a determination of exvessel price can be notably at odds with this inference. This paper presents empirical evidence that the conduct of at least one such fishery, the Alaska king crab industry, may emulate bilateral monopoly. Exvessel price determination is consistent with an implicit formula price contract in which fishers behave as monopolists through bargaining associations, while processors behave as countervailing monopsonists, even in the absence of explicit collusion. Both sectors appear to behave in a manner consistent with joint expected profit maximization, with profit shares apportioned via the implicit formula price contract. This price formation process simplifies empirical analysis of the bilateral monopoly conduct by avoiding complicated game theoretic/bargaining models.