Treatment and utilization of septic tank effluent using vertical-flow constructed wetlands and vegetable hydroponics

Vertical flow constructed wetlands is a typical ecological sanitation system for sewage treatment.The removal rates COD,BOD5,SS,TN and TP were 60%,80%,74%,49%and 79%,respectively,when septic tank effluent was treated by vertical flow filter.So the concentration of COD and BOD5 in the treated effluent could meet the quality standard for irrigation water.After that the treated effluent was used for hydroponic cultivation of water spinach and romaine lettuce,the removal efficiencies of the whole system for COD, BOD5,SS, TN and Tpwere 71.4%,97.5%,96.9%,86.3%,and 87.4%,respectively.And it could meet the integrated wastewater discharge standard for secondary biological treatment plant.It was found that using treated effluent for hydroponic cultivation of vegetables could reduce the nitrate content in vegetables.The removal rates for total bacteria and coliform index by using vertical flow bed system with cinder substrate were 80%-90% and 85%-96%,respectively.     

组合人工湿地对城镇污水处理厂尾水中有机物的去除特征研究

采用物理分级和三维荧光光谱法,研究了组合人工湿地对城镇污水处理厂尾水中不同形态有机物的去除特征.结果表明,组合人工湿地对污水处理厂尾水具有较好的深度处理效果,出水水质基本可以达到国家地表水环境质量标准(GB38382-2002)Ⅲ或Ⅳ类水标准.组合人工湿地处理系统对尾水中CODCr和BOD5总体去除率分别达到35.2%和44.3%,对尾水中总有机碳(TOC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)的平均去除率分别为46.9%、45.9%、48.3%.组合人工湿地系统不同单元对尾水中有机物的去除贡献率存在差异,其中,潜流湿地单元对尾水中CODCr和BOD5及其不同组分有机碳的去除效率较高.试验期间,由于藻类滋生,表流湿地单元出水中有机物含量波动较大,去除效果明显降低,藻类被打捞后,出水水质明显改善.三维荧光光谱分析结果显示,各个处理单元取样点的水样三维荧光光谱均出现4个明显的荧光峰.人工湿地各单元出水溶解性有机质(DOM)中,类蛋白和类腐殖酸物质含量较高,类富里酸物质含量较低.人工湿地对类蛋白和类腐殖酸物质有较强的去除作用.     

Enhancing treatment efficiency of swine wastewater by effluent recirculation in vertical-flow constructed wetland

Introduction Livestock w astew ater contains highly concen- trated pollutants, including suspended solids (SS), organics, nutrients and bacteria. In C hina, w astew ater generated by concentrated farm s is com m only stored in anaerobic lagoons and partia…     

Characteristics of contaminants in water and sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent

Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary effluent of livestock wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery wastewater effluent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW system and design.     

复合垂直流-水平流人工湿地系统除氮效果的影响因素

复合垂直流-水平流人工湿地系统对$NH_{4}^{+}$-N及TN去除效果的主要影响因素有水力负荷、溶解氧、植物、季节等。研究表明:复合人工湿地系统在1.2、0.8和0.4 m ³/(m ²·d)(高、中、低)3个水力负荷条件下对TN的平均去除率分别为58.28%、61.71%和63.94%,对$NH_{4}^{+}$-N的平均去除率分别为71.71%、59.74%和68.37%;有无充足的氧气对系统中$NH_{4}^{+}$-N和TN的去除效果影响较大,$NH_{4}^{+}$-N去除率从40%~50%提升到80%,TN的去除率从30%提升到70%;有植物的系统对$NH_{4}^{+}$-N及TN的去除率要比无植物的高3%~4%,二者差异不明显(P>0.05);夏秋季节系统对$NH_{4}^{+}$-N的去除率要高于春冬季节,二者具有明显差异(P<0.05),且不同停留时间条件下变化规律基本一致,夏季系统对TN的去除率最高,达86.62%,春季系统对TN的去除率最低,为30%~40%,二者相比有明显差异(P<0.05);温度和氧气是系统去除生活污水中TN和$NH_{4}^{+}$-N最主要的限制因子。     

Nitrogen mass balance in a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent

The nitrogen changes and the nitrogen mass balance in a free water surface flow constructed wetland （CW） using the four-year monitoring data from 2008 to 2012 were estimated. The CW was composed of six cells in series that include the first settling basin （Cell 1）, aeration pond （Cell 2）, deep marsh （Cell 3）, shallow marsh （Cell 4）, deep marsh （Cell 5） and final settling basin （Cell 6）. Analysis revealed that the NH4＋-N concentration decreased because of ammonification which was then followed by nitrification. The NO4＋-N and NO4＋-N were also further reduced by means of microbial activities and plant uptake during photosynthesis. The average nitrogen concentration at the influent was 37,819 kg/year and approximately 45% of that amount exited the CW in the effluent. The denitrification amounted to 34% of the net nitrogen input, whereas the accretion of sediment was only 7%. The biomass uptake of plants was able to retain only 1% of total nitrogen load. In order to improve the nutrient removal by plant uptake, plant coverage in four cells （i.e., Cells 1, 3, 4 and 5） could be increased.     

轮休措施对堵塞型垂直潜流人工湿地的影响

采用不可滤物质的定量化分析方法研究了采取轮休措施对人工湿地堵塞程度的改善效果,同时分析了轮休措施对垂直潜流人工湿地污染物去除效果的改变和植物生长的影响.结果表明,轮休措施对解决人工湿地的堵塞有明显地改善,采取轮休措施后单位基质中的不可滤物质含量较轮休前有所降低,其中不可滤有机物减少量十分明显,不可滤无机物量在短期和长时间轮休前后分别表现出基本稳定和较大幅度降低的特性;短期轮休后COD、TP和TN的去除率都较轮休前有所降低,氨氮的去除率在人工湿地轮休后较轮休前高;应结合人工湿地的基质、植物种类调整运行工况,进行不同时间长度和方式的轮休,以确保植物生长不受该措施的影响.     

Effect of artificial aeration on the performance of vertical-flow constructed wetland treating heavily polluted river water

Three lab-scale vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs), including the non-aerated (NA), intermittently aerated (IA) and continuously aerated (CA) ones, were operated at different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) to evaluate the effect of artificial aeration on the treatment efficiency of heavily polluted river water. Results indicated that artificial aeration increased the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in IA and CA, which significantly favored the removal of organic matter and NH₄⁺-N. The DO grads caused by intermittent aeration formed aerobic and anoxic regions in IA and thus promoted the removal of total nitrogen (TN). Although the removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and TN in the three VFCWs all decreased with an increase in HLR, artificial aeration enhanced the reactor resistance to the fluctuation of pollutant loadings. The maximal removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and total phosphorus (TP) (i.e., 81%, 87% and 37%, respectively) were observed in CA at 19 cm/day HLR, while the maximal TN removal (i.e., 57%) was achieved in IA. Although the improvement of artificial aeration on TP removal was limited, this study has demonstrated the feasibility of applying artificial aeration to VFCWs treating polluted river water, particularly at a high HLR.     

技术标准视角下我国污水处理厂尾水人工湿地设计分析

人工湿地已逐渐应用于我国污水处理厂提标改造和尾水资源化利用工程实践中,并成为一项备受关注的技术。为指导和规范国内各地区污水处理厂尾水人工湿地工程的设计和建设,国家和地方相关职能部门及专业协会发布实施了多部尾水人工湿地技术标准。在全面梳理国内外尾水人工湿地工程应用现状和当前指导尾水人工湿地设计、建设的相关技术标准实施情况的基础上,对不同层面尾水人工湿地技术标准从工艺选型、设计参数等方面进行对比分析。依据尾水人工湿地碳水平调控策略的可行性、经济性并结合实际工程应用可达性的综合分析,确定湿地结构优化、工艺改进、耦合工艺是优化尾水人工湿地工程设计和强化其脱氮效能的较好策略和途径。为保障人工湿地工程安全和正常运营,建议人工湿地工程设计时应依据当地的水文条件,进行湿地的总水量平衡计算。未来应构建基于基质和水生植物选择、工程运营监测等方面的基础数据库,加强技术标准在尾水人工湿地全生命周期中的指导作用。

     

水平潜流人工湿地有机物去除模型研究

以总有机碳(TOC)做为模型参数,建立了1个水平潜流人工湿地有机物去除机理模型.通过对试验数据的拟合得到模型中的未知参数,再对模型进行验证.结果表明,模型预测值与实测值的吻合较好.种植花叶芦竹的水平潜流人工湿地和空白湿地对生活污水中总有机碳的去除率分别为92%和91%,去除的主要途径为生物降解作用,生物降解量占进水总有机碳的84%.植物对总有机碳去除有促进作用,但影响不大.     

不同基质垂直流人工湿地对猪场污水季节性处理效果的研究

研究了3套不同基质垂直流人工湿地小试装置在不同季节处理猪场污水的运行效果.结果表明,垂直流人工湿地对有机污染物的去除效果随季节变化差异不明显,对有机物降解情况可用一级降解模型模拟;传统型湿地系统NH4 -N去除率在各季节稳定在52%,而沸石和沸石-煤渣型系统冬季NH4 -N去除效率分别从秋季的89.8%和93.4%下降至冬季的64.2%和73.5%,春、夏季回升至80%左右.冬季湿地系统中生物硝化与反硝化作用的减弱影响了垂直流人工湿地系统TN的去除;3套不同基质系统中,沸石-煤渣型系统各高度层硝化强度均为最高,沸石型和沸石-煤渣型系统的反硝化强度明显高于传统型系统,与实际运行过程TN去除率变化相吻合.采用沸石作为基质有利于系统的反硝化进程和TN的去除.垂直流系统对TP去除率随季节性变化波动不显著,但随着垂直流人工湿地系统的运行,基质层对TP的吸附逐渐饱和,去除效率明显下降.     

人工湿地净化海水养殖外排水影响因素与效果实验研究

以海水养殖外排水为处理对象,构建芦苇复合垂直流人工湿地模拟系统进行处理效果的影响因素(盐度,水力负荷,污染负荷)实验。植物选择芦苇,种植密度为48株/m2,基质填料选择细纱、蛭石、高炉矿渣、沸石和砾石。实验结果显示,随着盐度的升高,人工湿地对CODMn和NH4-N的去除率差异不显著(P>0.05),对PO4-P的去除率在逐渐降低,变化显著(P<0.05),但芦苇表现出较强的耐盐性,在盐度20时生长良好。随着水力负荷的增加,人工湿地对CODMn、NH4-N和PO4-P的去除率呈现出降低的趋势,变化显著(P<0.05);而当污染负荷增加时,去除率呈现出先增加后降低的趋势。综合考虑运行合理性及运行效果,得出合理工况为盐度20,水力负荷0.4 m3/(m2.d),污染负荷CODMn 10 mg/L,NH4-N 2 mg/L,PO4-P 0.5 mg/L。在此工况下,系统稳定运行2个月,显示人工湿地对海水养殖外排水中的污染物具有较好的去除效果。     

垂直流人工湿地不同填料长期运行效果研究

在高水力负荷(2400~3400mm/d)条件下,以沸石、无烟煤、页岩、蛭石、陶瓷滤料、砾石、钢渣和生物陶粒为填料,进行垂直流人工湿地模拟柱净化污水实验(历时25个月).结果表明,随着系统的运行,各填料对COD的去除能力均有不同程度提高.沸石对污水中氮素的处理能力保持在较高的水平,对TN和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别高达82.03%和91.32%.钢渣对TP和可溶性反应磷(SRP)的平均去除率分别高达89.61%和96.77%,且净化效果稳定;无烟煤第2阶段对磷素的净化能力低于钢渣,之后与钢渣无显著性差异.在垂直流人工湿地中,针对水质特性选择长期高效的填料,如沸石、无烟煤和生物陶粒,在高水力负荷条件下可获得更好的处理效果.     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands for different media

Two media bed (gravel and Filtralite NR) were tested in a mesocosm to evaluate the removal of organic matter (as chemical oxygen demand (COD)),ammonia (NH4-N),nitrite,nitrate and solid matter (as total suspended solids (TSS)) for a synthetic wastewater (acetate-based) and a domestic wastewater.The use of Filtralite allowed average removal rates (6–16.8 g COD/(m2·day),0.8–1.1 g NH4-N/(m2·day) and 3.1 g TSS/(m2·day)) and removal effciencies (65%–93%,57%–85% and 78% for COD,NH4-N and TSS,respectively),higher than that observed in the experiments with gravel.The applied loads of COD,ammonia,nitrate and TSS seem to influence the respective removal rates but only for the treatment of domestic wastewater with higher correlation coefficients for Filtralite.Regardless the type of media bed and the type of wastewater,nitrate was completely removed for nitrogen loading rates up to 1.3 g NO3-N/(m2·day).There was no evidence of the influence of nitrate loads on the removal of organic matter.     

Evaluation of the e ectiveness of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands for di erent media

Two media bed (gravel and Filtralite NR) were tested in a mesocosm to evaluate the removal of organic matter (as chemical oxygen demand (COD)), ammonia (NH4-N), nitrite, nitrate and solid matter (as total suspended solids (TSS)) for a synthetic wastewater (acetate-based) and a domestic wastewater. The use of Filtralite allowed average removal rates (6–16.8 g COD/(m2 day), 0.8–1.1 g NH4-N/(m2 day) and 3.1 g TSS/(m2 day)) and removal e ciencies (65%–93%, 57%–85% and 78% for COD, NH4-N and TSS, respectively), higher than that observed in the experiments with gravel. The applied loads of COD, ammonia, nitrate and TSS seem to influence the respective removal rates but only for the treatment of domestic wastewater with higher correlation coe cients for Filtralite. Regardless the type of media bed and the type of wastewater, nitrate was completely removed for nitrogen loading rates up to 1.3 g NO3-N/(m2 day). There was no evidence of the influence of nitrate loads on the removal of organic matter.     

锰矿石人工湿地中去除双氯芬酸的机理研究

以双氯芬酸为目标有机药物污染物,探究其在以锰矿石为填料并接种了异化金属还原菌（Geobactermetallireducens,简称GS-15细菌）的垂直流人工湿地中的去除过程.结果表明,双氯芬酸在锰矿石人工湿地中的平均去除率最高为23.56%.采用XRD和XRF对反应前后的锰矿石进行物相和元素相对含量分析,得出锰（Mn）是参与降解双氯芬酸的关键响应元素.GS-15细菌利用锰矿石发生异化还原对双氯芬酸的氧化降解是锰矿石人工湿地对双氯芬酸的主要去除途径.此外,利用液质联用技术（LC-MS/MS）对降解产物进行鉴定,发现双氯芬酸被降解生成了5-羟基双氯芬酸、双氯芬酸-2,5-亚氨基琨和1,3-二氯苯三种降解产物,该研究成果对有机药物废水的深度处理提供新的方法和理论指导.     

层状双金属氢氧化物覆膜改性人工湿地无烟煤基质除磷

分别选取MgCl2、ZnCl2、CaCl2、CoCl3、FeCl3、AlCl3等6种金属化合物合成9种不同类型层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs),利用其对垂直流人工湿地无烟煤基质进行LDHs覆膜改性;构建模拟基质试验柱,对改性前后的无烟煤基质进行模拟垂直流人工湿地净化污水试验.结果表明:相对于原始无烟煤基质,各种LDHs覆膜改性基质对总磷、溶解性总磷、颗粒态磷和磷酸盐的去除率均有不同程度的提高;Zn2+参与合成的改性基质对总磷、溶解性总磷、颗粒态磷和磷酸盐均有很好的去除效果,其中ZnCo-LDHs和ZnAl-LDHs改性基质对总磷和溶解性总磷的平均去除率超过95%,对磷酸盐平均去除率达到98%以上.     

生物沸石人工湿地强化硝化处理污水处理厂二级出水研究

以生物沸石人工湿地(CW)中试装置处理实际城镇污水处理厂二级出水,通过273 d的运行,探讨了生物沸石人工湿地强化硝化处理二级出水的性能及温度对其硝化率的影响。结果表明:生物沸石人工湿地能够快速高效地去除二级出水中的氨氮,正常运行阶段氨氮平均去除率达90.5%,出水氨氮平均浓度低于0.5 mg/L。系统重启恢复快、周期短,12 d后氨氮平均去除率达到70%以上。低温阶段(低于13 ℃),生物沸石人工湿地对氨氮的平均去除率依然保持在67.6%。温度对强化硝化效果有显著影响,当水温从低于15 ℃缓慢升至25 ℃以上时,生物沸石人工湿地的氨氮平均硝化率从28%升至62%;强化硝化出水无明显的亚硝态氮积累现象,除低温阶段,出水亚硝态氮平均浓度为0.16 mg/L。氨氮主要是被微生物强化硝化成硝态氮。     

组合生物滤池对养殖废水的净化效率及影响因素分析

生物滤池作为一种有效的污水处理技术,已有广泛应用.但是关于组合生物滤池净化效能与影响因素系统分析仍然缺乏报道.为此,设计构建了曝气垂直流滤池+折流式水平流滤池的组合系统,通过设定不同的水力负荷(131、94、60mm·d-1)及分流比(8∶2、6∶4、4∶6)来探究运行工况的调整对组合系统净化效能的影响.结果表明,曝气垂直流滤池对有机物、氨氮及溶解性氮的平均去除率在80%以上,而折流式水平流滤池对氨氮、总氮及溶解性氮的平均去除率在40%以下.不同运行工况对生物滤池的净化效能存在显著影响,且两种不同类型滤池的净化效能也存在显著差异(P0.05).氧化分解是两种滤池中有机物去除的主要途径之一.两种滤池内都存在明显的硝化-反硝化,它们是滤池去除总氮的主要途径.垂直流滤池内的硝化-反硝化强度都高于水平流滤池.磷的去除主要受控于水力负荷、温度、溶解氧、有机物等,表明微生物吸收是滤池除磷的主要方式之一.相比于单一垂直流滤池,组合系统对总有机物和总磷的去除分别提高了4.4%和23.2%,对总氮的去除却降低了12.1%.降低分流比有助于提升水平流滤池反硝化强度,但是由于从原水中引入过多的氨氮,又水平流滤池的硝化能力有限,进而导致组合系统总氮去除率下降.因此,根据处理原水组成,控制适宜的分流比、停留时间及滤池内的氧化还原条件是提升该组合系统整体净化效果的关键.     

不同合成条件对ZnAl-LDHs覆膜改性生物陶粒除磷效果的影响

采用3种Zn~(2+)/Al~(.+)金属浓度比的ZnCl_2和AlCl_3溶液,在两个不同pH值条件下,利用水热-共沉淀法对生物陶粒基质进行层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)覆膜改性.将生成的不同类型ZnAl-LDHs覆膜改性基质与原始生物陶粒基质分别填充于实验柱中,构建模拟垂直流人工湿地小试系统;对改性前后的7种基质进行磷素净化效果、等温吸附实验和解吸附实验研究,通过实验数据结合主成分分析,探讨ZnAl-LDHs覆膜改性生物陶粒除磷效果提升的影响因素.结果表明,pH=11的ZnAl-LDHs改性方式对磷素净化效果具有更为明显的提升功能;其中ZnAl-LDHs(pH=11,1∶1)改性生物陶粒基质相比于原始基质,对TP、TDP、SRP平均去除率的增幅超过70%,其最大理论吸附量达到原始生物陶粒的3倍.合成ZnAl-LDHs时的pH值和Zn~(2+)/Al~(3+)金属浓度比对改性生物陶粒的结构形态与覆膜效果有着不同程度的影响,其中合成时的pH值是ZnAlLDHs覆膜改性生物陶粒除磷效果的主要影响因素.通过合理调控制备ZnAl-LDHs覆膜改性生物陶粒时的pH值及Zn~(2+)/Al~(3+)金属浓度比,可以达到有效提高ZnAl-LDHs覆膜改性生物陶粒除磷效果的目的.