新型杀菌剂双季铵盐BQAS性能试验研究

新型杀菌剂双季铵盐以其低毒、性能优良而受到广泛的关注。以自制的N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺和1,4-二溴丁烷为原料合成产物双季铵盐(BQAS)。对双季铵盐BQAS的杀菌性能及缓蚀性能研究表明,双季铵盐对SRB和TGB的杀灭能力均优于1227,双季铵盐在有氧中性水介质中表现出一定的缓蚀性能,并具有较强的杀菌能力,是一种吸附成膜型缓蚀剂。     

含油废水脱硫杀菌工艺优化

采用催化氧化微电解技术和复配杀菌剂对渤海某钻采平台含油废水进行实验,结果表明:曝气0.5 h、静置24 h后废水中硫化物的去除率达到98.5%;复配杀菌剂HD-1对原废水和脱硫后的废水中SRB的杀灭效果良好,且具有较好的缓蚀效果与水质配伍性。经实验室微电解脱硫、重力分离和杀菌后,废水中硫化物、悬浮固体含量、SRB含量和平均腐蚀速率达到SY/T 5329—2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》的要求。     

油田注水管道固着菌检测及控制技术

油田注水管线内壁的固着菌对水质的稳定性具有较大影响,为了能真实反映油田注水系统中固着菌的生长状况及对系统的影响,研制了适合油田注水系统的固着菌取样器,并优化筛选了渗透剥离能力强的固着菌杀菌剂,在胜利油田胜利采油厂宁海站进行了应用试验。试验结果表明:研制的取样器可实现现场固着菌原位取样;在试验周期内材料表面附着了大量固着菌,并存在一定程度的微生物腐蚀;筛选的杀菌剂具有高效生物膜剥离能力,可有效控制管壁固着菌的生长。     

硫酸盐还原菌对不同钢材的腐蚀及缓蚀作用

采用静态失重法测定了硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)对A3、N80、K0-95三种钢材的腐蚀速度。用不同浓度的1227杀菌剂对上述三种钢材的杀菌效果和缓蚀作用实验结果表明,在相同的介质中,不同材质钢的腐蚀速度差别很大,三种钢材的腐蚀速度由大到小依次为:K0-95,N80,A3。杀菌剂1227对各种材质钢的缓蚀效果也不相同,由大到小依次为:K0-95,N80,A3。SRB不是腐蚀钢的惟一因素,还有其他因素也导致钢材的腐蚀。     

石南A集中处理站硫化氢治理措施及效果

石南A集中处理站在污水处理系统和原油系统中发现大量硫化氢气体,给生产带来严重安全隐患。通过对处理站污水处理系统和原油系统产生硫化氢的机理进行调查,确定硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)是产生硫化氢的主要因素。文章分析了温度、酸碱度和矿化度等影响SRB生长的因素,对比差异变化,通过现场试验对杀菌剂种类和加药量进行了调整,确定油用杀菌剂DL-328最佳投加量为50g/mL,水用杀菌剂JXSH-1最佳投加量为20g/mL。措施优化后现场应用结果表明,硫化氢得到了有效治理,并取得了良好的经济效益。     

利用高效复合菌净化城市微污染水的静态试验研究

EM经三种培养基富集培养后，用其培养液对微污染水进行净化处理。结果表明：三种培养液在曝气或静置的运行条件下，对微污染水中的COD和氨氮有稳定良好的去除效果，其去除率分别为50％和85％；对磷酸盐的去除随运行条件的不同而不同，曝气条件下比静置条件要好，其去除率也都在60％以上。试验证明：EM培养液对微污染水有良好的净化能力。     

乍得某油田回注水工程加药系统设计

乍得某油田注水系统前期采用地下水,后期采用油田采出水和地下水混合水作为回注水。由于油田采出水和地下水含有钙、镁和钡等成垢盐类,溶解氧较高,存在硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)等微生物,容易引起注水系统中管道和设备的严重腐蚀。采用向注水系统中分别添加缓释阻垢剂、杀菌剂和脱氧剂,减少上述物质对注水系统的腐蚀。注水罐入口加入缓释阻垢剂和杀菌剂,注水罐出口加入脱氧剂。在本项目中采用有效容积1 000L的加药罐和流量100L/h的加药泵(1用1备)组合合成的加药撬装设备。     

吉林油田X区块腐蚀防护技术研究及应用

吉林油田X区块腐蚀结垢严重,造成的环境污染及安全生产隐患越来越突出。文章以X区块为研究对象,通过常规水质测定、高温高压釜失重法、气相色谱、XRD衍射分析等方法研究了矿化度、SRB细菌、CO2分压等腐蚀因素对区块注采系统腐蚀的影响。结果表明在X区块工况条件下,空白水样腐蚀速率达到0.3854mm/a,注水系统以CO2和SRB细菌腐蚀为主,油井以CO2腐蚀为主,SRB腐蚀为辅。以此为基础研发了抗CO2缓蚀杀菌剂体系,同时开展了涂层防腐工艺的试验,矿场监测数据表明注采系统腐蚀速率控制在0.076mm/a以内,失效漏失次数降低40％以上,减轻了环境污染,保障了老油田的安全高效生产。     

采油用油田化学剂对鱼类的急性毒性实验研究

以白鲢鱼为实验生物,采用半静态实验方法,研究了几种油田化学剂的半致死浓度和安全浓度。研究表明:防膨剂、杀菌剂K、杀菌剂L、清蜡剂、四氟硼酸、酸化缓蚀剂、阻垢剂、阻垢缓蚀剂、缓蚀阻垢剂和破乳剂的96h半致死浓度LC50值分别为0.68、1.6、9.3、25、123、510、620、3240、4570、7410mg/L。根据化学物质对鱼类毒性物质分级标准,防膨剂属于剧毒物质;杀菌剂K、杀菌剂L和清蜡剂属于高毒物质;四氟硼酸、酸化缓蚀剂和阻垢剂属于中毒物质;阻垢缓蚀剂、缓蚀阻垢剂和破乳剂属于低毒物质。这几种油田化学剂的安全浓度为0.068～741mg/L。此研究可为评价油田化学剂对水生生物的影响,制定废水排放浓度标准提供依据。     

渤海某油田硫化氢治理措施及效果

针对渤海某油田上下游流程中存在的硫化氢问题,分析了硫化氢成因,展示了对上下游硫化氢治理采取的不同治理措施及效果。具体措施为:在上游.通过在注水井中加注生物抑菌剂,刺激地层中的NRB生长,与SRB争夺营养源,抑制SRB的繁殖.从而降低实验区块的硫化氢含量;下游处理厂在原油沉降罐、调储罐、气浮选罐各排气口设置活性炭脱硫塔,对尾气充分脱硫后再外排.使厂区环境得到明显改善。     

塔中油田硫酸盐还原菌恶性繁殖机理分析＊

硫酸盐还原菌等的恶性繁殖使油田生产管线设施腐蚀破坏、结垢堵塞,注入地层后对油层造成伤害。研究发现,塔中油田联合站水体可检测SRB菌数高达2.5×104个/mL,注水管垢含FeS高达29.8%,属硫酸盐还原菌恶性繁殖代谢产物。塔中油田水系统各主要环节中硫酸盐还原菌和硫化氢含量与油田水处理工艺特点密切相关,其中塔中油田联合站完全密闭的水处理压力流程是造成该站硫酸盐还原菌恶性繁殖的主要原因。实验表明,前端适度曝氧、添加H2O2等氧化性杀菌剂和300mg/L冲击式加药等都是抑制硫酸盐还原菌的有效方法。     

油田采出水处理系统用药剂进展

介绍了油田采出水回注处理包括水质净化和水质稳定两方面。通过应用分析得出最佳药剂投加顺序依次为阻垢剂、杀菌剂、缓蚀剂。指出新型药剂和绿色药剂研究的侧重点,提出开发无毒、无害的绿色工业水处理药剂是重要发展方向。     

采气污水中硫酸盐还原菌选育方法及其生长特性研究

从陕北某含菌采气污水中分离一株硫酸盐还原菌的过程中,对三种培养基进行了筛选,对分离出的菌株进行鉴定、数量检测,同时分别用光学显微镜和扫描电镜进行了形态观察。结果表明:该菌株革兰氏染色阴性,芽孢染色阴性,表面不光滑,有鞭毛,作摇摆式运动;菌体呈杆状或弧状,在SRB测试瓶中呈阳性反应,确定该菌株属于脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)。在适宜条件下,分离得到的SRB在筛选出的培养基中6h后进入对数生长期,48h达到生长最高峰,含菌量为9.5×108个/mL。     

矿山尾矿酸性废水源头控制技术研究进展

矿山尾矿酸性废水的治理是采矿行业关注的一个热点问题。作者在论述矿山尾矿酸性废水的成因、水质特征及危害的基础上,评述了主要的源头控制技术方法,包括尾矿脱硫技术、施用T.f菌杀菌剂技术、覆盖法、表面钝化处理技术,指出了各种源头控制技术方法在实际应用中面临的一些问题,提出源头控制技术和末端治理技术的联合使用将会是未来研究的重点。     

The treatment of textile wastewater including chromium(VI) and reactive dye by sulfate-reducing bacterial enrichment

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) that could grow on modified Postgate C medium (PC) containing chromium(VI) were isolated from industrial wastewaters and their chromium(VI) reduction capacities were investigated as a function of changes in the initial pH values, chromium, sulfate, NaCl and reactive dye concentrations. The optimum pH value at 50 mg l(-1) initial chromium(VI) concentration was determined to be 8. Chromium(VI) reduction by SRB was investigated at 22.7-98.4 mg l(-1) initial chromium(VI) concentrations. At the end of the experiments, the mixed cultures of SRB were found to reduce within 2-6 days more than 99% of the initial chromium(VI) levels, which ranged from 22.7 to 74.9 mg l(-1). The effects of the initial 0-9.0 g l(-1) concentrations of disodium sulfate and 0-6% (w/v) concentrations of NaCI to chromium reduction showed that the lowest concentrations of sulfate and NaCI were the best for chromium reduction in the PC medium including 50 mg l(-1) chromium(VI). Chromium(VI) reduction in 50 mg l(-1) and 25-100 mg l(-1) Remazol Blue, Reactive Black B or Reactive Red RB containing media were also investigated. In the experiments, 25-30% of the initial dye concentrations and 95% of the chromium(VI) was removed from the medium at the end of 72-h and 24-h incubation periods, respectively.     

Reducing Streamflow Forecast Uncertainty: Application and Qualitative Assessment of the Upper Klamath River Basin,Oregon1

Abstract: The accuracy of streamflow forecasts depends on the uncertainty associated with future weather and the accuracy of the hydrologic model that is used to produce the forecasts. We present a method for streamflow forecasting where hydrologic model parameters are selected based on the climate state. Parameter sets for a hydrologic model are conditioned on an atmospheric pressure index defined using mean November through February (NDJF) 700‐hectoPascal geopotential heights over northwestern North America [Pressure Index from Geopotential heights (PIG)]. The hydrologic model is applied in the Sprague River basin (SRB), a snowmelt‐dominated basin located in the Upper Klamath basin in Oregon. In the SRB, the majority of streamflow occurs during March through May (MAM). Water years (WYs) 1980‐2004 were divided into three groups based on their respective PIG values (high, medium, and low PIG). Low (high) PIG years tend to have higher (lower) than average MAM streamflow. Four parameter sets were calibrated for the SRB, each using a different set of WYs. The initial set used WYs 1995‐2004 and the remaining three used WYs defined as high‐, medium‐, and low‐PIG years. Two sets of March, April, and May streamflow volume forecasts were made using Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP). The first set of ESP simulations used the initial parameter set. Because the PIG is defined using NDJF pressure heights, forecasts starting in March can be made using the PIG parameter set that corresponds with the year being forecasted. The second set of ESP simulations used the parameter set associated with the given PIG year. Comparison of the ESP sets indicates that more accuracy and less variability in volume forecasts may be possible when the ESP is conditioned using the PIG. This is especially true during the high‐PIG years (low‐flow years).     

Passive treatment of acid mine drainage in bioreactors using sulfate-reducing bacteria: critical review and research needs

Acid mine drainage (AMD), characterized by low pH and high concentrations of sulfate and heavy metals, is an important and widespread environmental problem related to the mining industry. Sulfate-reducing passive bioreactors have received much attention lately as promising biotechnologies for AMD treatment. They offer advantages such as high metal removal at low pH, stable sludge, very low operation costs, and minimal energy consumption. Sulfide precipitation is the desired mechanism of contaminant removal; however, many mechanisms including adsorption and precipitation of metal carbonates and hydroxides occur in passive bioreactors. The efficiency of sulfate-reducing passive bioreactors is sometimes limited because they rely on the activity of an anaerobic microflora [including sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)] which is controlled primarily by the reactive mixture composition. The most important mixture component is the organic carbon source. The performance of field bioreactors can also be limited by AMD load and metal toxicity. Several studies conducted to find the best mixture of natural organic substrates for SRB are reviewed. Moreover, critical parameters for design and long-term operation are discussed. Additional work needs to be done to properly assess the long-term efficiency of reactive mixtures and the metal removal mechanisms. Furthermore, metal speciation and ecotoxicological assessment of treated effluent from on-site passive bioreactors have yet to be performed.     

浙江油田管5井区块注水处理研究

浙江油田管5井区块属于低渗透区块,油田开发过程中产出水悬浮物(SS)、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、腐生菌(TGB)等指标严重超标。未经处理的油田污水如果直接注入到地层中,注入水中的悬浮颗粒会伤害油层的渗透率,导致注水井的吸水能力降低和油井产能下降,从而影响开发效果。因而,对其油田产出水采用内压式中空纤维超滤工艺处理。文章介绍了注水处理工艺及流程,结果表明:超滤工艺出水水质:SS为0.25mg/L,SRB菌数为0,铁细菌数为17个/mL,腐生菌数0,相关水质指标符合《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》(SY/T5329-94)的要求。     

Evaluation of Satellite‐Derived Rainfall Data for Multiple Physio‐Climatic Regions in the Santiago River Basin,Mexico

Assessment of water resources requires reliable rainfall data, and rain gauge networks may not provide adequate spatial representation due to limited point measurements. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) provides rainfall data at global scale, and has been used with good results. However, TRMM data are an indirect measurement of rainfall, and therefore must be validated for its proper use. In this work, a validation scheme was designed and implemented to compare the TRMM Version 7 (V7) monthly rainfall product at different time frames with data measured in two hydrologic subregions of the Santiago River Basin (SRB) in Mexico: Río Alto Santiago and Río Bajo Santiago (RBS). Additionally, three physio‐climatic regions provide an assessment of the interplay of topography, distance from coastal regions, and seasonal weather patterns on the correspondence between both datasets. The TRMM V7 rainfall product exhibited good agreement with the rain gauge data particularly for the RBS and for the whole SRB during wettest summer and autumn seasons. However, strong regional dependence was observed due to differences in climate and topography. Overall, in spite of some noted underestimations, the monthly TRMM V7 rainfall product was found to provide useful information that can be used to complement limited monitoring as is the case of RBS. An improved combined rainfall product could be generated and thus gaining the most benefits from both data sources.     

Hydrologic Sensitivity to Climate and Land Use Changes in the Santiam River Basin,Oregon

Future changes in water supply are likely to vary across catchments due to a river basin's sensitivity to climate and land use changes. In the Santiam River Basin (SRB), Oregon, we examined the role elevation, intensity of water demands, and apparent intensity of groundwater interactions, as characteristics that influence sensitivity to climate and land use changes, on the future availability of water resources. In the context of water scarcity, we compared the relative impacts of changes in water supply resulting from climate and land use changes to the impacts of spatially distributed but steady water demand. Results highlight how seasonal runoff responses to climate and land use changes vary across subbasins with differences in hydrogeology, land use, and elevation. Across the entire SRB, water demand exerts the strongest influence on basin sensitivity to water scarcity, regardless of hydrogeology, with the highest demand located in the lower reaches dominated by agricultural and urban land uses. Results also indicate that our catchment with mixed rain‐snow hydrology and with mixed surface‐groundwater may be more sensitive to climate and land use changes, relative to the catchment with snowmelt‐dominated runoff and substantial groundwater interactions. Results highlight the importance of evaluating basin sensitivity to change in planning for planning water resources storage and allocation across basins in variable hydrogeologic settings.