Distribution of heavy metal contents of urban soils in parks of Seville

Several metals in urban soils of Seville were extracted by two methods, which respectively give estimates of the available and ‘quasi total’ contents. Although the soils did not show strong heterogeneity in their general properties, high dispersion of the contents in those metals with greater relative availability, Cu, Pb and Zn, as compared to others suggested that pollution with these three metals could occur in some sampling sites. It was shown that the contents in these metals tend to increase as the historic quarters of the city are approached. Using reference values given by the Québec Ministry of Environment it was shown that those green areas closer to the historic centre present contents in Pb, Zn and particularly Cu that often exceed the acceptable limits for residential, recreational and institutional sites. From background contents for Seville soils estimated from a park located on the outskirts, a pollution load index (PLI) for each sampling site was calculated for the set of these three metals. It was shown that the PLI tends to increase as traffic density increases and as distance from main traffic decreases, but poor regressions were obtained, suggesting that other variables different from traffic should be considered.     

Salinity increases mobility of heavy metals in soils

The effect of salinity induced by CaCl₂, MgCl₂, NaCl and Na₂SO₄ on the mobility of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn was studied. An increase of ionic strength by any salts promoted a higher release of Cd than the others metals. When CaCl₂ and NaCl were applied, Cd and Pb showed the highest degree of mobilization. When MgCl₂ was applied, Cd and Cu were mobilized the most. Finally, an increase of Na₂SO₄ also promoted the strongest mobilization of Cd and Cu.As the total heavy metal content was higher, the percentage of Pb and Cu released upon salinization decreased, indicating that these metals are strongly bound to soil constituents. An increase of carbonates in the soil promoted a higher release of Pb for all used salts and for Zn when MgCl₂ and NaCl were used. This indicates that Pb and Zn are adsorbed on the surface of carbonate crystals. An increase of fine particles promoted a decrease of percentage of released Cd for all salts, indicating that Cd is strongly retained in the fine fractions.The main mechanism regulating Pb and Cd mobility was competition with Ca²⁺ for sorption sites followed for metal chloro-complexation, association between the Cd/Pb-sulfates and competition with Mg²⁺. The main mechanism regulating Cu mobility was the formation of Cu-sulfate, followed by competition with cations (Mg > Ca) and chloride. For Zn, competition with Ca²⁺ for sorption sites was the most important process for its mobility; followed by Zn-sulfate association and, finally, chloride and competition with Mg with the same effect.     

乙二胺二琥珀酸和柠檬酸对黑土中外源重金属的活化效应

通过解吸实验和小麦盆栽实验,研究了生物可降解有机配体乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)、柠檬酸(CIT)对黑土中外源Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的活化效应.不同浓度EDDS﹑CIT对黑土中外源重金属解吸实验表明,EDDS对黑土中外源Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的解吸远高于CIT.重金属/EDDS摩尔比为1∶1时,4种重金属的解吸率在50.8%～69.2%.小麦盆栽实验表明,EDDS为5 mmol/kg时,对小麦幼苗茎叶和根系中重金属含量影响较大,明显导致小麦幼苗茎叶和根系中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的富集量增加.EDDS处理组Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的茎叶富集系数远高于对照组和CIT处理组.随时间的增加,EDDS处理组和CIT处理组重金属的根系富集量均增加,但对照组和CIT处理组大部分重金属14 d茎叶富集量略低于7 d茎叶富集量.因此,EDDS对黑土中外源重金属有较强的解吸和活化能力,可以较大程度地强化小麦幼苗根系对黑土中外源Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的吸收并诱导这些重金属由根系向茎叶迁移.     

混合洗脱剂对土壤中重金属和多氯联苯的同步高效洗脱

针对电子垃圾拆解、焚烧场地周边污染土壤中的重金属和疏水性有机物的复合污染问题,对重金属和有机物同步高效洗脱方法进行了研究。将皂素、吐温-80和柠檬酸按照不同浓度配比组合并制成混合洗脱剂,采用批量平衡振荡的方法,研究其对Cu、Pb、Cd和多氯联苯（PCBs）复合污染土壤的洗脱效果,以及浓度配比、pH和洗脱时间对洗脱效果的影响,并找出最优的洗脱条件。结果表明：在混合洗脱剂中皂素、吐温-80和柠檬酸的浓度分别为12、10和5 g·L-1,pH值为5,批量平衡振荡洗脱时间为6 h的条件下,洗脱效果最佳,对Cu、Pb、Cd和PCBs的洗脱率分别为88.32%、82.75%、94.89%和80.56%,实现了复合污染土壤中重金属和疏水性有机物的同步高效洗脱。     

Quantitative assessment of the toxic effects of heavy metals on 1,2-dichloroethane biodegradation in co-contaminated soil under aerobic condition

1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) is one of the most hazardous pollutant of soil and groundwater, and is produced in excess of 5.44 × 10⁹ kg annually. Owing to their toxicity, persistence and potential for bioaccumulation, there is a growing interest in technologies for their removal. Heavy metals are known to be toxic to soil microorganisms at high concentrations and can hinder the biodegradation of organic contaminants. In this study, the inhibitory effect of heavy metals, namely; arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead, on the aerobic biodegradation of 1,2-DCA by autochthonous microorganisms was evaluated in soil microcosm setting. The presence of heavy metals was observed to have a negative impact on the biodegradation of 1,2-DCA in both soil samples tested, with the toxic effect being more pronounced in loam soil, than in clay soil. Generally, 75 ppm As³⁺, 840 ppm Hg²⁺, and 420 ppm Pb²⁺ resulted in 34.24%, 40.64%, and 45.94% increase in the half live (t_½) of 1,2-DCA, respectively, in loam soil, while concentrations above 127.5 ppm Cd²⁺, 840 ppm Hg²⁺ and 420 ppm of Pb²⁺ and less than 75 ppm As³⁺ was required to cause a >10% increase in the t_½ of 1,2-DCA in clay soil. A dose-dependent relationship between degradation rate constant (k₁) of 1,2-DCA and metal ion concentrations was observed for all the heavy metals tested, except for Hg²⁺. This study demonstrated that different heavy metals have different impacts on the degree of 1,2-DCA degradation. Results also suggest that the degree of inhibition is metal specific and is also dependent on several factors including; soil type, pH, moisture content and available nutrients.     

污染土壤中重金属生物有效性的植物指示法研究

污染土壤中重金属生物活性的判断是污染土壤修复的关键所在。植物指示法是近年来发展起来的判断污染土壤中重金属生物可利用性的一种经济简便且可靠的方法。综述了近年来国内外科研工作者在重金属污染程度的植物指示方面所做的工作，重点阐述了用指示植物监测环境污染以及指示植物的选择问题。     

Pedogenesis, geochemical forms of heavy metals, and artifact weathering in an urban soil chronosequence, Detroit, Michigan

An urban soil chronosequence in downtown Detroit, MI was studied to determine the effects of time on pedogenesis and heavy metal sequestration. The soils developed in fill derived from mixed sandy and clayey diamicton parent materials on a level late Pleistocene lakebed plain under grass vegetation in a humid-temperate (mesic) climate. The chronosequence is comprised of soils in vacant lots (12 and 44 years old) and parks (96 and 120 years old), all located within 100 m of a roadway. An A-horizon 16 cm thick with 2% organic matter has developed after only 12 years of pedogenesis. The 12 year-old soil shows accelerated weathering of iron (e.g. nails) and cement artifacts attributed to corrosion by excess soluble salts of uncertain origin. Carbonate and Fe-oxide are immobilizing agents for heavy metals, hence it is recommended that drywall, plaster, cement and iron artifacts be left in soils at brownfield sites for their ameliorating effects.     

运河（杭州段）底质有机质与重金属元素相关性的探讨

通过对京杭大运河 (杭州段 )底质的监测 ,探讨了底质有机质与 8种重金属元素的相关性 ,并对其成因作出了解释 ,得出了 8种重金属在运河 (杭州段 )底质中易积累的顺序。     

Distribution of pesticides and heavy metals in trophic chain

Determination of triazines herbicides (atrazine and simazine) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in samples of trophic chain were worked out. Determination limits of 0.5 μg g⁻¹ for atrazine, 0.8 μg g⁻¹ for simazine with pesticides recovery of 70–77% in trophic chain samples were obtained. The content of simazine in soils was in range 1.72–57.89 μg g⁻¹, in grass 5–88 μg g⁻¹, in milk 2.32–15.29 μg g⁻¹, in cereals 10.98–387 μg g⁻¹, in eggs 30.14–59.48 μg g⁻¹, for fruits: 2.45–6.19 μg g⁻¹. The content of atrazine in soils was in range 0.69–19.59 μg g⁻¹, in grass 7.85–23.85 μg g⁻¹, in cereals 1.88–43.08 μg g⁻¹. Cadmium, lead and zinc were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) in the same samples as atrazine and simazine. Determination limits for cadmium 5 × 10⁻³ μg g⁻¹, for lead 1 × 10⁻² μg g⁻¹, and for zinc 0.2 × 10⁻³ μg g⁻¹, were obtained. The content of cadmium in soil was in range 0.13–5.89 μg g⁻¹, in grass 114–627.72 × 10⁻³ μg g⁻¹, in milk 8.88–61.88 × 10⁻³ μg g⁻¹, in cereals 0.20–0.31 μg g⁻¹, in eggs 0.11–0.15 μg g⁻¹, in fruits 0.23–0.59 μg g⁻¹. The content of lead in soils was in range 0.57–151.50 μg g⁻¹, in grass 0.16–136.57 μg g⁻¹, in milk 1.16–3.74 μg g⁻¹, in cereals 1.05–5.47 μg g⁻¹, in eggs 5.79–55.87 μg g⁻¹, in fruits 21.00–87.36 μg g⁻¹. Zinc content in soil was in range 9.15–424.5 μg g⁻¹, in grass 35.20–55.87 μg g⁻¹, in milk 20.00–34.38 μg g⁻¹, in cereals 14.94–28.78 μg g⁻¹, in eggs 15.67–32.01 μg g⁻¹, in fruits 14.94–18.88 μg g⁻¹.

Described below extraction and mineralization methods for particular trophic chains allowed to determine of atrazine, simazine, cadmium, lead and zinc with good repeatability and precision. Emphasis was focused on liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction of atrazine and simazine from analysed materials, as well as, on monitoring the content of herbicides and metals in soil and along trophic chain. Higher concentration of pesticides in samples from west region of Poland in comparison to that of east region is likely related to common applying them in Western Europe in relation to East Europe. The content of metals strongly depends on samples origin (industry area, vicinity of motorways).     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属的受热特性

研究了飞灰重金属在不同煅烧温度下的挥发情况及其存在形态.结果表明:重金属挥发能力由强到弱依次为Hg＞Pb＞As、Cd＞Zn＞Cr、Ni、Cu;其中Hg、Pb、As和Cd属易挥发重金属,在1 150 ℃时几乎全部挥发;Zn属较易挥发重金属,1 150 ℃时的挥发率在40%～50%;Cr、Ni和Cu属难挥发重金属,在1 150 ℃的挥发率不超过10%;在400～1 150 ℃,随温度的升高,部分Zn、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni和As由可溶态向残渣态、铁锰氧化态转化;在400～900 ℃,随温度的升高Cr可溶态比例减少,而在900～1 150 ℃,随温度的升高其可溶态比例增加.     

污泥中重金属的去除及回收试验

论述了利用离子交换技术循环使用柠檬酸去除污泥中重金属,并置换回收重金属的适宜工艺条件.经柠檬酸处理后,污泥中90%以上的重金属被去除;柠檬酸处理液中的重金属用离子交换法回收,考察了树脂种类、流速、操作方式等因素对离子交换、再生效果的影响;在适宜工艺条件下,重金属的交换率均为100%,而洗脱率均接近90%;柠檬酸及离子交换树脂循环使用,重金属也得到回收,降低了处理成本.     

用通用浸提剂Mehlich 3研究城市污泥重金属生物有效性

采用Mehlich3(M3)通用浸提剂对经稳定化处理的城市污泥中重金属元素Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn、Cu的有效态进行提取,同时进行了小麦盆栽试验,将M3通用浸提剂浸提所得的重金属元素有效态含量与该元素在小麦幼苗茎叶和根系中的元素的富集量进行相关分析.结果表明,城市污泥中不同元素的有效态含量明显不同.M3提取的有效态Cd、Cr、Cu与幼苗茎叶富集Cd、Cr、Cu极显著相关,但Pb、Ni、Zn的有效态含量与植物茎叶富集量相关性不明显,主要原因可能与元素从植物根系向茎叶迁移能力有关.M3提取的污泥中重金属的有效态含量与小麦幼苗根系富集的重金属元素的含量呈现显著的相关性.因而M3可用于污泥中重金属元素潜在的生物有效性评价.     

Radionuclides and heavy metals in Borovac,Southern Serbia

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: The paper presents the complex approach to the assessment of the state of the environment in Southern Serbia, surroundings of Bujanovac, the region which is of great concern as being exposed to contamination by depleted uranium (DU) ammunition during the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) attacks in 1999. It includes studies on concentrations of radionuclides and heavy metals in different environmental samples 5 years after the military actions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In October 2004, samples of soil, grass, lichen, moss, honey, and water were collected at two sites, in the immediate vicinity of the targeted area and 5 km away from it. Radionuclide ((7)Be, (40)K, (137)Cs, (210)Pb, (226)Ra, (232)Th, (235)U, (238)U) activities in solid samples were determined by standard gamma spectrometry and total alpha and beta activity in water was determined by proportional alpha-beta counting. Concentrations of 35 elements were determined in the samples of soil, moss, grass, and lichen by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). RESULTS: The results are discussed in the context of a possible contamination by DU that reached the environment during the attacks as well as in the context of an environmental pollution by radionuclides and heavy metals in Southern Serbia. The results are compared to the state of environment in the region and other parts of the country both prior to and following the attacks. DISCUSSION: This is the first comprehensive study of the contents of radionuclides and heavy metals in Southern Serbia and consequently highly important for the assessment of the state of environment in this part of the country concerning possible effects of DU ammunition on the environment, as well as anthropogenic source of pollution by radionuclides and heavy metals and other elements. Also, the highly sensitive method of INAA was used for the first time to analyze the environmental samples from this area. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study of radionuclides in the samples of soils, leaves, grass, moss, lichen, honey, and water in Southern Serbia (Bujanovac) gave no evidence of the DU contamination of the environment 5 years after the military actions in 1999. Activities of radionuclides in soils were within the range of the values obtained in the other parts of the country and within the global average. The ratio of uranium isotopes confirmed the natural origin of uranium. In general, concentrations of heavy metals in the samples of soils, plant leaves, mosses, and lichen are found to be less or in the lower range of values found in other parts of the country, in spite of the differences in plant and moss species or soil characteristics. Possible sources of heavy metal contamination were identified as a power coal plant in the vicinity of the sampling sites and wood and waste burning processes. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The collected data should provide a base for the health risk assessments on animals and humans in the near future. It should be emphasized that the sampling was carried out 5 years after the military action and that the number of samples was limited; therefore, the conclusions should be accepted only as observed tendencies and a detailed study should be recommended in the future.     

Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process

The occurrence and the fate of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Ni) during the wastewater treatment process were investigated in the wastewater treatment plant (WTP) of the city of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, operating in the activated sludge mode. For this purpose, wastewater and sludge samples were collected from six different points of the plant, namely, the influent (raw wastewater, RW), the effluent of the primary sedimentation tank (primary sedimentation effluent, PSE), the effluent of the secondary sedimentation tank (secondary sedimentation effluent, SSE), sludge from the primary sedimentation tank (primary sludge, PS), activated sludge from the recirculation stream (activated sludge, AS), and the digested/dewatered sludge (final sludge, FS).

The distribution of metals between the aqueous and the solid phase of wastewater was investigated. Good exponential correlation was found between the metal partition coefficient, logK_p, and the suspended solids concentration. The mass balance of heavy metals in the primary, secondary and the whole treatment process showed good closures for all metal species. The relative distribution of individual heavy metals in the treated effluent and the sludge streams indicated that Mn and Cu are primarily (>70%) accumulated in the sludge, while 47–63% of Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe, Ni and Zn remain in the treated effluent.     

Sequential sorption of lead and cadmium in three tropical soils

It is important to examine mechanisms of Pb and Cd sorption in soils to understand their bioavailability. The ability of three tropical soils to retain Pb, Cd, and Ca was evaluated. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the extent to which soil sorption sites are metal specific, (2) investigate the nature of reactions between metals and soil surfaces, and (3) identify how metals compete for sorption sites when they are introduced to soils sequentially or concurrently. Lead was shown to be much less exchangeable than Cd and inhibited Cd sorption. Cadmium had little effect on Pb sorption, though both Ca and Cd inhibited the adsorption of Pb at exchange sites. Lead appears to more readily undergo inner-sphere surface complexation with soil surface functional groups than either Cd or Ca. Thus, regardless of when Pb is introduced to a soil, it should be less labile than Cd.     

Contribution of heavy metals and As-loaded lupin root mineralization to the availability of the pollutants in multi-contaminated soils

White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is an annual crop that has been used for phytostabilization of acidified multi-contaminated soils. Once the culture cycle is over, after shoot harvesting, a progressive transference of contaminants from roots to soil may take place as decomposition of roots occurs. An incubation experiment with Cu, Zn, Cd, and As-loaded roots of white lupin and soils with different pH values and concentrations of these contaminants from the area affected by a mine spill at Aznalcóllar (near Seville, Spain) was performed in order to assess the effect of the decomposition of the roots to the pH and (NH4)2SO4-extractable levels of these pollutants in the soils. Pollutants loaded-roots were mineralized (56 d) at a ratio similar to animal manures (15.8-19.4% of total organic carbon) in soil. The estimated root inputs of contaminants in comparison to their extractable concentrations in soil were high, especially in the control, non-contaminated and neutral contaminated soils. However, the extractable concentrations of the toxic elements in the soil were mainly governed by soil pH. Hence, the correction and maintenance of the soil pH within the range 5-6 after lupin culture is essential for long-time phytostabilization of acidified multi-contaminated soils.     

Effect of humate on biological treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals

This paper presents results of investigations on the influence of humic substances (humate, HS) on the biological treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn). Respirometric studies indicated that the investigated system complied with the Haldane model for inhibitory wastes. Chemical analyses showed that, while the soluble COD removal was high (82%), only 7% of ammonia was oxidized to nitrate. An addition of HS (500 mg L⁻¹) mitigated the inhibitory effect of the wastewater on the returned activated sludge. The system with HS complied with the Monod model for non-inhibitory wastes, and the removal of ammonia and metals was 99% and over 90%, respectively. It is suggested that an application of HS could be beneficial for treatment plants receiving wastewater streams containing heavy metals.     

Availability and bio-accessibility of metals in the clay fraction of urban soils of Sevilla

The availability of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn present in the finest size particles of urban soils is studied by comparing the concentrations in the clay fraction with those extracted from the whole soil by either single-extraction or sequential extraction method. Many metals are preferentially present in the finest particles as compared to coarser fractions. This is true for most metals studied, except Mn and, perhaps, Cd. Those metals present in the clay fraction are often in easily bio-accessible forms, especially Cu, Pb and Zn. The results suggest that bio-accessible forms of these three metals are distributed among the three sequential fractions, and even the fraction considered as ‘residual’ is also bio-accessible to a significant extent. The statistical analysis shows some distinctions among metals that are compared to the ‘urban’, ‘natural’, or intermediate behaviour of the various metals as proposed earlier in the literature.     

铜、镉对水螅的急性和联合毒性作用

试验研究重金属铜(Cu2 )、镉(Cd2 )对水螅的急性毒性和联合毒性作用,探索水螅(Hydra sp.)对Cu2 、Cd2 以及两者混合的毒性效应,为水产动物病害的防治中合理使用消毒、杀虫剂以及水体污染评价提供一些参考信息.结果表明,Cu2 对水螅的24 h半致死浓度(LC50)、48 hLC50、72 hLC50、96 hLC50分别为0.072、0.054、0.042、0.037 mg/L;Cd2 对水螅的24 hLC50、48hLC50、72 hLC50、96 hLC50分别为0.001 70、0.000 63、0.000 36、0.000 36 mg/L;Cu2 、Cd2 对水螅的安全浓度分别为3.7×10-4、3.6×10-6mg/L.水螅对两种重金属的毒性反应既快速又敏感,其中Cu2 对水螅的毒性较Cd2 快,但Cd2 的毒性比Cu2 的强.等毒性配比的两种重金属混合液对水螅的毒性大于单一毒性,为协同作用.两种重金属对水螅的LC50随试验时间的延长而减小,它们对水螅的安全浓度远低于渔业水质标准.     

雷州半岛土壤重金属分布特征及其污染评价

在雷州半岛采集了106个土壤表层样品,分析了其中8种重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、Hg和As)的全量.结果表明,雷州半岛土壤重金属污染由高到低排序为Ni＞Cr＞Hg＞Cu＞Zn＞Cd＞As＞Pb,Zn、Cd、As和Pb质量浓度均没有超标,Hg和Cu质量浓度超标率亦不高,但Ni和Cr平均质量浓度达49.81、87.13 mg/kg,高于国内外其他对照区域,超标率分别为25.47%和24.53%;重金属元素在雷州半岛各土壤利用类型中分布规律不明显,按4种主要土壤利用类型受重金属污染程度大小排序为甘蔗地＞果园土＞水田＞菜地;雷州半岛土壤综合污染指数总平均为0.970,土壤总体上尚清洁,重金属污染处于警戒水平;雷州半岛各区域中,徐闻、雷州两地土壤重金属质量浓度明显高于其他地区,其主要原因是徐闻、雷州两地成土母质主要为玄武岩,造成土壤Cr、Ni及其他重金属背景值较高.