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1.
西樵山国家森林公园有害植物现状分析 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
结合西樵山国家森林公园管理公司提供的植被及道路图,运用面上调查和点调查相结合的方法对西樵山国家森林公园的有害植物进行了系统和全面的调查,对西樵山国家森林公园的有害植物危害现状进行了分析.调查结果显示,西樵山国家森林公同有害植物共有25种,录属19科25属,包括本地种20种,外来种5种,达到严重危害的有19种.本地植物成灾面积达56万m2,外来植物成灾面积14万m2,本地植物与外来植物的成灾比例是4:1.针对主要的15种有害植物,对其分布、危害面积与危害特点进行了逐一分析与描述.根据西樵山国家森林公园有害植物的危害现状的分析,本地植物的危害程度和范围都比外来植物大得多,并分析了西樵山国家森林公园有害植物的发展趋势. 相似文献
2.
《生态环境学报》2017,(1)
开展城市外来植物种类构成的研究,可以为城市植物多样性的保护和城市绿地的科学设计提供重要依据。为剖析厦门城市外来植物种类构成的主要特点,规避外来植物对城市环境带来的潜在威胁,采用大样本分层随机抽样调查法结合K-means聚类分析、方差分析、重要值、频数分布等方法进行系统分析。结果显示,(1)记录到厦门市城区外来植物67科174属223种,占各绿地类型植物种数的49.1%~55.2%;其中最常见的优势种类有乔木植物凤凰木(Delonix regia)、垂叶榕(Ficus benjamina),灌木植物黄金榕(Ficus microcarpa‘Golden Leaves’)、矮黄假连翘(Duranta repens),草本植物沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)、喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)和小蓬草(Conyza canadensis)。(2)国外外来植物主要来自美洲,占各绿地类型国外外来植物种数的58.4%~70.8%、频数的71.9%~89.0%;其次是来自非洲或亚洲的植物。(3)频数分布图显示,优势种的优势性明显,高频植物种仅占少数。(4)调查到入侵植物7科13属13种,其中小蓬草是出现频数最高的入侵种类,已成为草本植物中的优势种类。文章揭示了外来种在厦门市城市植物中的重要地位和特点,分析了外来植物种类结构的特征,并指出要加强对外来优势植物的进一步研究,相关结果可为厦门市城市绿地的可持续发展和管理监控提供建议和理论参考。 相似文献
3.
应用能量利用特性对外来植物入侵潜力的判别分析研究 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
判别分析是多元统计分析中判断研究对象所属类型的一种重要方法.以华南地区5种主要入侵植物及其伴生或近缘的本地种为研究对象,测定了它们的生物量建成成本(construction cost,CC)和比叶面积(special leafarea,SLA),并以此作为判别因子尝试建立入侵种和本地种的判别模型.结果表明,入侵种和本地种之间的平均CC和SLA存在显著差异.以CC和SLA作为判别因子建立的判别模型进行回代检验,总的预测正确率为82.6%,判别效果较好.其中CC的判别函数系数较大,表明它在判别分析中起到了较为重要的作用,进一步证明了植物的能量利用特性是影响外来种入侵潜力的重要因素.利用此判别模型可以根据任何一种外来植物的CC和SLA来定量判断该物种入侵潜力的大小,为有效评价外来植物入侵潜力提供了新的定量方法;但由于所获得数据的不全面,该模型还存在不足,有待在今后的研究中进一步完善. 相似文献
4.
海南鹦哥岭的外来植物与生态环境影响评价 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
通过对鹦哥岭外来植物的调查,以及外来植物区系的种类组成、原产地、生长型、生境和危害程度等的分析,阐明鹦哥岭的外来植物现状及其对当地生态环境的影响。分析表明:共有53种外来植物,约占鹦哥岭种子植物总数的2.73%,主要来自新大陆热带地区(35种)。其中草本(36种)和灌木(13种)占优势,藤本(3种)和小乔木(2种)相对不明显。外来种对鹦哥岭自然生态系统的影响较小,对人为干扰严重的生态系统影响较大。最后对外来植物进行评估,并提出防控措施。 相似文献
5.
外来入侵植物对金沙江流域生物多样性和生态系统稳定性构成了较大威胁,但对其本底状况知之甚少.为掌握金沙江下游乌东德和白鹤滩电站库区外来入侵植物的组成特征和分布格局,进而为外来入侵植物的防治提供科学依据,基于83个调查点位上的757个群落样方调查数据进行研究.结果表明,库区共有外来入侵植物103种,隶属28科70属,并以菊科(24种)、豆科(15种)和茄科(10种)为主.区系组成上,科、属表现出较强烈的热带分布性质,并有63种外来入侵植物原产地为北美洲.引入途径分析结果显示,62种被有意引入,占比60.19%.从入侵等级来看,65种具有明显入侵性,包括19种恶性入侵种和26种严重入侵种.三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa Linnaeus)、白苞猩猩草(Euphorbia heterophylla Linnaeus)、赛葵[Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Gurcke]等10种入侵植物重要值较高,是优势入侵物种.在空间分布方面,乌东德电站库区外来入侵植物种类数(87种)多于白鹤滩电站(59种).库区海拔800-1 200 m范围内入侵植物种类数最多,并随... 相似文献
6.
《生态环境学报》2017,(2)
天然杂交能够改变外来种对环境的适应性并提高外来种的入侵能力,甚至使其演变为入侵种。目前有研究发现,入侵植物三裂叶蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata)与其本地同属近缘种蟛蜞菊(Wedelia chinensis)发生了杂交。为进一步探讨该杂交种在极端高温下的入侵潜力和扩散趋势,本研究从植物的生长、光合气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性3个方面对3种蟛蜞菊属植物在模拟极端高温(40/35℃处理28 d)下的生态适应性进行了比较。主要结果如下,(1)入侵种三裂叶蟛蜞菊对高温的耐受性最强,经高温处理后其净光合速率(P_n)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)分别下降了52.23%和23.09%,其生物量(0.43 g?ind~(-1))显著高于本地蟛蜞菊(0.20 g?ind~(-1))。(2)本地蟛蜞菊对高温最为敏感,处理7 d后即表现出生长受到抑制,高温处理后P_n和F_v/F_m的降幅最大,分别为84.09%和68.05%。(3)杂交种对高温有一定的耐受性,处理14 d后开始表现出生长受到抑制,经高温处理后P_n和F_v/F_m分别下降74.43%和52.90%,其生物量(0.38 g?ind~(-1))介于入侵种三裂叶蟛蜞菊和本地种蟛蜞菊之间。以上结果表明,杂交种对高温的耐受能力介于两亲本之间。由于杂交种对高温的耐受性强于本地种,在未来极端暖事件频发的背景之下,杂交种的扩散可能会对本地蟛蜞菊种群的生存构成进一步的威胁,应当引起关注。 相似文献
7.
为了解汶川地震后滑坡体的植被恢复状况及驱动因子,于2012年8-9月在都江堰市四川龙溪–虹口国家级自然保护区对地震滑坡体上的植物物种组成、生长状况及环境因子进行了调查,共调查了127个10 m×10 m样方;并利用广义线性模型分析了影响滑坡体自然植被恢复的关键因子.结果显示:(1)滑坡体生长的维管植物有38科67属75种,以菊科(13种)和蔷薇科(7种)物种最为丰富,其余科的种类都较少;(2)物种生活型方面,草本植物种类最多,有47种,占总数的62.67%;其次为木本植物,有25种(包括灌木19种,小乔木6种);藤本植物仅3种;(3)滑坡体植被类型主要为灌丛及灌草丛,进一步可划分为10个群系,主要以灌丛为主,川莓(Rubus setchuenensis)和光滑悬钩子(R.tsangii)为主要的建群种,在滑坡体上常构成单优势片层或混合生长形成共优种;(4)植被总盖度大于30%的样方占62.99%,最高达85%;植被平均高度超过1 m的样方占60.63%,最高达2.5 m;植物物种数超过5种的样方占84.25%,最多的有17种;(5)广义线性模型结果表明,坡度、样方位置、距林缘最近距离以及地表砾石盖度为影响滑坡体自然植被恢复的关键因子:坡度越大,灌木盖度越低,植物物种数也越少(B0,P0.001);砾石盖度越高,植被总盖度、灌木盖度和植被平均高度都越低,植物物种数也越少(B0,P0.05);距林缘最近距离越远,植被总盖度和平均高度都越高(B0,P0.05);残留植被盖度越高,灌木层的盖度也越高(B0,P0.05);位于滑坡体下部样方的植被总盖度显著高于中部和上部(B0,P0.01).研究表明,汶川地震后滑坡体上的植被大多都能够进行自然恢复,并逐渐向灌木和乔木林方向正向演替,但不同区域的恢复速度和建群种会存在差异;次生演替初期,小尺度范围内地形条件及地表基质状况的差异性对植被的恢复状况以及演替进程都有着显著的影响. 相似文献
8.
路域生态系统是外来植物入侵的重要场所,对该生态系统中的外来植物危害风险进行评估具有重要意义。按Webb和Presten列出的确定本地种和外来种的9条标准,通过查阅资料和实地调查,获得帽儿山国家森林公园路域生态系统的外来植物名录;依据公路性质、行车量、路面宽度和路面铺设情况等将境内公路分成高、中、低3个干扰水平;应用层次分析法(AHP)构建风险评估指标体系,对该地区所有外来植物危害风险进行评估。结果表明:帽儿山国家森林公园路域生态系统共39种外来植物,相比低纬度路域生态系统,外来植物种类少,风险低;外来植物多为草本,来源美洲,在中国广布,具有重要用途,且菊科所占比例最高;高风险外来植物有月见草(Oenothera biennis)、鬼针草(Bidens bipinnata)、一年蓬(Erigeron annuus)、反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)和欧洲千里光(Senecio vulgaris)5种;所有外来植物在高、中干扰水平公路风险得分高于低干扰水平公路;反枝苋、欧洲千里光和鬼针草在中干扰水平公路的风险得分显著高于高干扰水平公路。为保障帽儿山国家森林公园的生态安全,应尽量减少公园公路建设时对原有环境的破坏并重视公路建设后的生态恢复,同时加强对外来植物检疫和清除等方面的管理工作。 相似文献
9.
城市野生草本植物种类构成的特征——以宁波市为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
《生态环境学报》2016,(1)
城市野生草本植物物种丰富,在全球城市化的背景下,对城市生物多样性、生态系统健康与环境质量具有重要作用。为剖析城市野生草本植物的种类结构特征,通过分层随机抽样法调查宁波市野生草本植物及立地条件,分析多样性、来源、区系等植物种类结构特征,并通过方差分析、独立样本t检验、LSD多重比较等方法计算不同立地条件下样方植物多样性的差异显著性。结果显示:(1)宁波市野生草本植物物种丰富,60个样方中共记录到野生草本植物48科101属127种;(2)植物地理区系分布广泛,涉及12个地理区类型和4个地理区系变型,其中泛热带分布属的比例最高,占总属数的30.8%;(3)乡土植物占调查植物的大多数,占总种数的89.9%、总盖度的83.3%、总株数的83.3%;(4)多年生与一年生草本是主要的生活类型,占总种数的73.4%;(5)优势种具有明显的优势性,种的频度分布曲线显示,高频植物种仅占少数,频度1.0%以内的低频植物种类则占到81.1%;(6)立地条件因子的分析结果,仅Pilou均匀度指数和Patrick丰富度指数在不同土地利用类型间具有显著差异性。文章系统剖析了宁波市城市野生草本植物的种类结构特征,揭示了土地利用类型等因素的潜在影响作用,可为城市规划及设计过程中保护野生草本植物以提高城市植物多样性、保护城市生态系统提供参考。 相似文献
10.
几种典型边坡植被的产流、产沙特征 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
乡土植物灌木化建植是高速公路边坡防护的重要途径。为了探明西南地区5种典型边坡植被配置模式的护坡性能及年际间差异,拟以成渝高速永川段K309+145~K309+370处为试验观测区,以景观过渡带(小乔木、地被植物)+坡面防护带(灌木、草本植物)的群落结构为基础,对比研究2010—2012年间各植被配置模式在自然降雨条件下的产流、产沙特征及年际间差异。结果表明:1)建坪初期,一年生草本植物狗尾草(Setaria viridis)所在的草灌混合群落(M5)生长快、成坪早,在2010年汛期即表现出较强的护坡性能:蓄水、保土能力分别达到59.14%、96.22%,产流量、产沙量(61.2 mm,52.0 g.m-2)也明显低于其它小区(P<0.05);狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)等多年生草本所在群落(M3、M4)成坪迟、生长慢,护坡性能普遍较差。2)在2011年汛期,多年生草本植物所在群落(M1~M4)的护坡性能较2010年明显提高,以M3、M4即苜蓿(Medicagofalcate)+狗牙根、小冠花(Coronilla varia)+黑麦草最为显著。3)2012年汛期,具有发达根系结构的狗牙根所在群落(M3)护坡性能最强:蓄水、保土能力分别达到80.03%、98.49%,产流量、产沙量分别为32.40 mm、17.67 g.m-2);M5的护坡性能最差,其产流量、产沙量(62.1 mm,150.33 g.m-2)也明显高于其他观测区。可以看出,在种植密度、建植措施等建群条件相同条件下,植被的护坡性能与其群落结构有关:建坪初期,护坡性能与地上生物量大小正相关(r2≥0.987),后期则与根系重量正相关(r2≥0.998)。 相似文献
11.
Introduced Birds and the Fate of Hawaiian Rainforests 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Abstract: The Hawaiian Islands have lost nearly all their native seed dispersers, but have gained many frugivorous birds and fleshy-fruited plants through introductions. Introduced birds may not only aid invasions of exotic plants but also may be the sole dispersers of native plants. We assessed seed dispersal at the ecotone between native- and exotic-dominated forests and quantified bird diets, seed rain from defecated seeds, and plant distributions. Introduced birds were the primary dispersers of native seeds into exotic-dominated forests, which may have enabled six native understory plant species to become reestablished. Some native plant species are now as common in exotic forest understory as they are in native forest. Introduced birds also dispersed seeds of two exotic plants into native forest, but dispersal was localized or establishment minimal. Seed rain of bird-dispersed seeds was extensive in both forests, totaling 724 seeds of 9 native species and 2 exotics with over 85% of the seeds coming from native plants. Without suitable native dispersers, most common understory plants in Hawaiian rainforests now depend on introduced birds for dispersal, and these introduced species may actually facilitate perpetuation, and perhaps in some cases restoration, of native forests. We emphasize, however, that restoration of native forests by seed dispersal from introduced birds, as seen in this study, depends on the existence of native forests to provide a source of seeds and protection from the effects of ungulates. Our results further suggest that aggressive control of patches of non-native plants within otherwise native-dominated forests may be an important and effective conservation strategy. 相似文献
12.
The abundance of exotic plants is thought to be limited by competition with resident species (including plants and generalist herbivores). In contrast, observations in semiarid Chile suggest that a native generalist rodent, the degu (Octodon degus), may be facilitating the expansion of exotic annual plants. We tested this hypothesis with a 20-year data set from a World Biosphere Reserve in mediterranean Chile. In this semiarid environment, rainfall varies annually and dramatically influences cover by both native and exotic annual plants; degu population density affects the composition and cover of exotic and native annual plants. In low-rainfall years, cover of both native and exotic herbs is extremely low. Higher levels of precipitation result in proportional increases in cover of all annual plants (exotic and native species), leading in turn to increases in degu population densities, at which point they impact native herbs in proportion to their greater cover, indirectly favoring the expansion of exotic plants. We propose that bottom-up control of consumers at our site results in top-down indirect facilitation of invasive annual herbs, and that this pattern may be general to other semiarid ecosystems. 相似文献
13.
Increased plant size in exotic populations: a common-garden test with 14 invasive species 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The "evolution of increased competitive ability" (EICA) hypothesis predicts that exotic species will adapt to reduced herbivore pressure by losing costly defenses in favor of competitive ability. Previous studies often support the prediction that plants from exotic populations will be less well defended than plants from native populations. However, results are mixed with respect to the question of whether plants from exotic populations have become more competitive. In a common-garden experiment involving plants from two native and two exotic populations of 14 different invasive species, we tested whether exotic plants generally grow larger than conspecific native plants, and whether patterns of relative growth depend on the intensity of competition. We found a quite consistent pattern of larger exotic than native plants, but only in the absence of competition. These results suggest that invasive species may often evolve increased growth, and that increased growth may facilitate adaptation to noncompetitive environments. 相似文献
14.
Ranking Lepidopteran Use of Native Versus Introduced Plants 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract: In light of the wide-scale replacement of native plants in North America with introduced, invasive species and noninvasive ornamental plants that evolved elsewhere, we compared the value of native and introduced plants in terms of their ability to serve as host plants for Lepidoptera. Insect herbivores such as Lepidoptera larvae are critically important components of terrestrial food webs and any reduction in their biomass or diversity due to the loss of acceptable host plants is predicted to reduce the production of the many insectivores in higher trophic levels. We conducted an exhaustive search of host records in the literature. We used the data we gathered to rank all 1385 plant genera that occur in the mid-Atlantic states of the United States by their ability to support Lepidoptera richness. Statistical comparisons were made with Welch's test for equality of means. Woody plants supported more species of moths and butterflies than herbaceous plants, native plants supported more species than introduced plants, and native woody plants with ornamental value supported more Lepidoptera species than introduced woody ornamentals. All these differences were highly significant. Our rankings provide a relative measure that will be useful for restoration ecologists, landscape architects and designers, land managers, and landowners who wish to raise the carrying capacity of particular areas by selecting plants with the greatest capacity for supporting biodiversity. 相似文献
15.
青海湖几种主要湿地植物的种群分布格局及动态 总被引:23,自引:2,他引:23
应用种群生态空间分布的分析方法,研究了青海湖四种主要湿地植物:杉叶藻(Hippuris vulgaris)、槽杆荸荠(Eleocharis valleculosa)、华扁穗莞(Blysmus sinocompresus)、碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)的空间分布格局及其动态,研究表明:杉叶藻、槽杆荸荠、华扁穗莞三种群由侵入期、定期初期到种群发育盛期的过程中,其集群程度先增大后减小,总体呈扩散的趋势;碱蓬种群,从幼苗到繁殖期,集群程度增大,呈聚集的趋势,说明前三种植物的克隆繁殖方式于滨湖湿地生境具有更好的生态适应性,图2表3参11 相似文献
16.
大气污染指示植物的研究 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
蒋高明 《城市环境与城市生态》1992,5(4):40-45
自50年代以来.为寻找一种经济、实用和灵敏的方法来监测环境变化,开展了大量大气污染指示植物的研究.这些工作包括用植物叶片典型症状、树皮、草本植物、附生植物指示气体污染(O_3、PANs、NO_x、SO_2、HF、乙烯等)、粉尘以及重金属污染.进入80年代以后,有关研究集中到利用植物富集的污染物含量结合计算机等先进技术指示和监测大气环境变化及进行大气质量评价.本文对国内外开展的大气污染指示植物研究的历史及其主要方法作了简要介绍,并就利用植物指示和监测大气污染的若干问题进行了探讨. 相似文献
17.
LLEWELLYN C. FOXCROFT VOJTĚCH JAROŠÍK PETR PYŠEK DAVID M. RICHARDSON MATHIEU ROUGET 《Conservation biology》2011,25(2):400-405
Abstract: Human land uses surrounding protected areas provide propagules for colonization of these areas by non‐native species, and corridors between protected‐area networks and drainage systems of rivers provide pathways for long‐distance dispersal of non‐native species. Nevertheless, the influence of protected‐area boundaries on colonization of protected areas by invasive non‐native species is unknown. We drew on a spatially explicit data set of more than 27,000 non‐native plant presence records for South Africa's Kruger National Park to examine the role of boundaries in preventing colonization of protected areas by non‐native species. The number of records of non‐native invasive plants declined rapidly beyond 1500 m inside the park; thus, we believe that the park boundary limited the spread of non‐native plants. The number of non‐native invasive plants inside the park was a function of the amount of water runoff, density of major roads, and the presence of natural vegetation outside the park. Of the types of human‐induced disturbance, only the density of major roads outside the protected area significantly increased the number of non‐native plant records. Our findings suggest that the probability of incursion of invasive plants into protected areas can be quantified reliably. 相似文献
18.
固氮放线菌Frankia与放线菌根植物共生进化的研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
固氮放线菌Frankia是能够诱导大范围的放线菌根植物(actinorhizal plants)产生根瘤放线菌.放线菌根植物是植物受Frankia侵染后能够形成根瘤的植物[1].目前,它们之间的进化研究虽然取得了很大进展,但是仍然存在许多不清楚的东西.本文根据最近对植物和Frankia系统进化研究成果、根瘤中放线菌Frankia的多样性研究情况,综述放线菌根植物和共生Frankia进化的研究进展. 相似文献
19.
林祁 《湖南环境生物职业技术学院学报》1996,(2)
根据14个国家94个标本馆所收藏的近万份八角科标本的分类学研究,本文确认中国现有八角科植物24种,分布于黄河流域以南的19个省区,其中15种有药用功能,它们于18个省区的467个县。本文给出了国产八角科植物分种检索表,记录了各个药用种类的分布和各自的主要医药用途,还就资源开发利用、综合药用功能、中毒解毒等方面作了讨论或报道。 相似文献
20.
Phenotypic plasticity of native vs. invasive purple loosestrife: a two-state multivariate approach 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The differences in phenotypic plasticity between invasive (North American) and native (German) provenances of the invasive plant Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) were examined using a multivariate reaction norm approach testing two important attributes of reaction norms described by multivariate vectors of phenotypic change: the magnitude and direction of mean trait differences between environments. Data were collected for six life history traits from native and invasive plants using a split-plot design with experimentally manipulated water and nutrient levels. We found significant differences between native and invasive plants in multivariate phenotypic plasticity for comparisons between low and high water treatments within low nutrient levels, between low and high nutrient levels within high water treatments, and for comparisons that included both a water and nutrient level change. The significant genotype x environment (G x E) effects support the argument that invasiveness of purple loosestrife is closely associated with the interaction of high levels of soil nutrient and flooding water regime. Our results indicate that native and invasive plants take different strategies for growth and reproduction; native plants flowered earlier and allocated more to flower production, while invasive plants exhibited an extended period of vegetative growth before flowering to increase height and allocation to clonal reproduction, which may contribute to increased fitness and invasiveness in subsequent years. 相似文献